This document discusses load frequency control for a distributed grid system involving wind, hydro, and thermal power plants. It proposes using a PI controller to suppress frequency deviations caused by load and generation fluctuations from renewable resources connected to the grid. It models a system with four thermal plants, a wind farm, and a hydro plant in MATLAB. Load frequency control methods are explored to minimize deviations in area frequency and tie-line power interchange for reliable grid operation with both conventional and renewable resources.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO AREA NETWORK INCLUDING DGIAEME Publication
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is associate integral a part of Energy Management
System. This paper deals with the automatic generation control of interconnected multi area grid
network. The first purpose of the AGC is to balance the full system generation against system load
and losses so the specified frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained. Any pair between generation and demand causes the system frequency to deviate from
regular worth. So high frequency deviation could result in system collapse. This necessitates
associate correct and quick acting controller to take care of constant nominal frequency. The
limitations of the conventional controls are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system nonlinearity.
This leads to develop a control technique for AGC. In this paper both conventional and
PI viz. Proportional Integral controller approach of automatic generation control has been
examined. PI based AGC has been used for all optimization purposes. System performance has
been evaluated at various disturbances such as, load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load
and grid disturbances. Various responses due to conventional and proposed PI based AGC
controllers have been compared at load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load and grid
disturbances.
DESIGN OF CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC) IN MULTI AR...IAEME Publication
This paper features the Differential Evolution (DE) by controller parameters tuning algorithm
and also an application of a multi source power system to a Load Frequency Control (LFC) by
having several sources of power generation techniques. At first, a single area multi-source power
system using integral controllers for every unit is taken and DE procedure is implemented to attain
the controller parameters. Several mutation procedures of DE are estimated and the control
parameters of DE for best obtained procedure are tuned by implementing numerous runs of
algorithm for every change in parameter. Multi-area multi-source power system is also discussed
and a HDVC link is also taken in accordance with the current AC tie line for the internal
connection between the areas. The two variables of Integrals which are to be enhanced using tuned
DE algorithm are proportional integral and proportional integral derivative.
Load Frequency Control of Two Area SystemManash Deka
This is a synopsis presentation on a project of designing and analyzing Load Frequency Control (LFC) of a two area system. This is useful for students, basically of Electrical Engineering branch. This project will be simulated in simulink of MATLAB.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO AREA NETWORK INCLUDING DGIAEME Publication
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is associate integral a part of Energy Management
System. This paper deals with the automatic generation control of interconnected multi area grid
network. The first purpose of the AGC is to balance the full system generation against system load
and losses so the specified frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained. Any pair between generation and demand causes the system frequency to deviate from
regular worth. So high frequency deviation could result in system collapse. This necessitates
associate correct and quick acting controller to take care of constant nominal frequency. The
limitations of the conventional controls are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system nonlinearity.
This leads to develop a control technique for AGC. In this paper both conventional and
PI viz. Proportional Integral controller approach of automatic generation control has been
examined. PI based AGC has been used for all optimization purposes. System performance has
been evaluated at various disturbances such as, load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load
and grid disturbances. Various responses due to conventional and proposed PI based AGC
controllers have been compared at load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load and grid
disturbances.
DESIGN OF CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC) IN MULTI AR...IAEME Publication
This paper features the Differential Evolution (DE) by controller parameters tuning algorithm
and also an application of a multi source power system to a Load Frequency Control (LFC) by
having several sources of power generation techniques. At first, a single area multi-source power
system using integral controllers for every unit is taken and DE procedure is implemented to attain
the controller parameters. Several mutation procedures of DE are estimated and the control
parameters of DE for best obtained procedure are tuned by implementing numerous runs of
algorithm for every change in parameter. Multi-area multi-source power system is also discussed
and a HDVC link is also taken in accordance with the current AC tie line for the internal
connection between the areas. The two variables of Integrals which are to be enhanced using tuned
DE algorithm are proportional integral and proportional integral derivative.
Load Frequency Control of Two Area SystemManash Deka
This is a synopsis presentation on a project of designing and analyzing Load Frequency Control (LFC) of a two area system. This is useful for students, basically of Electrical Engineering branch. This project will be simulated in simulink of MATLAB.
A new approach for Tuning of PID Load Frequency Controller of an Interconnect...Editor IJMTER
Load frequency control is one of the important issues in electrical power system
design/operation and is becoming much more significant recently with increasing size,
changing structure and complexity in interconnected power system. This paper deals with a
new approach of PID tuning and their dynamic responses are compared with PID classical
Controller when both controllers are applied to three area interconnected Thermal-ThermalHydro. The dynamical response of the load frequency control problem in an interconnected
power system is improved by designing PID controller using Pessen Integral Rule (similar to
Ziegler Nichols -2nd method). The results indicate that the proposed controller gives the better
performance.
Load frequency control in co ordination with frequency controllable hvdc link...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper decentralized load frequency control (LFC) for suppression of oscillations in multi-area power systems using fuzzy logic
controller was studied. A three area system is considered in which areas 1 and 2 and areas 1 and 3 are connected by HVDC
transmission links and areas 2 and 3 are connected by normal AC tie-line. The performance of the fuzzy logic controller is compared
with the conventional PI controller and the simulation results shows that fuzzy logic controller is very effective enhancing better
damping performance in non-linear conditions.
Keywords: Load Frequency Control, High Voltage Direct Current transmission Link, Proportional Integral Controller,
Fuzzy Logic Control.
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROLPreet_patel
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROL
Load frequency control
Automatic Generation Control
Voltage Control
Primary regulation.
Secondary regulation
real power
Why voltage control is important?
Load Frequency Control in Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controllerijtsrd
In interconnected power system load frequency control has been used extensively. This study presents an application of a fuzzy gain scheduled proportional and integral (FGPI) controller for load-frequency control of a three-area electrical interconnected power system. The main aim is to design a FGPI controller that can ensure good performance. The paper present analysis on dynamic performance of Load Frequency Control (LFC) of three area interconnected thermal non-reheat power system by the use of Fuzzy Intelligence. The fuzzy rules are developed to ensure there is minimum frequency deviation occur when load is changed. The proposed controller limits the frequency deviations effectively as compared to conventional controller. The results has been verified by using MATLAB/Simulink software. Nazia Kosser"Load Frequency Control in Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controller" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12955.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/12955/load-frequency-control-in-three-area-power-system-using-fuzzy-logic-controller/nazia-kosser
frequency regulation of deregulated power system having grc integrated with r...Yedukondalachari B
frequency regulation of deregulated power system having grc integrated with renewable source project first review, it is the one of the best power system project
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Load Frequency Control of Multi Area System using Integral-Fuzzy ControllerIJERA Editor
The power system is interconnected to enhance the security and reliability. With large interconnected system, unexpected external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and the model uncertainties make big challenges for stability of system. Load Frequency Control (LFC) deals with the control of real power and frequency of the system. The LFC is used to reduce the transient deviations in the power system. It limits the frequency within limits and controls the tie-line exchange power. Various controllers are used for this purpose. Recently Artificial Intelligence Techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), fuzzy logic, Genetic Algorithm etc. are used for the designing of controllers. These controllers provide a faster response and are flexible to adjust according to system conditions. In this paper, I have designed integral controller which is conventional method for Load Frequency Control and Artificial Intelligence Technique based Fuzzy Logic controller to deal with the Load Frequency Control Problem for Multi-area System. The simulation of the system is done with MATLAB. These controllers provide a robust system which is more stable and reliable and helps the system to regain its normal state after any disturbance.
Automatic load frequency control of two area power system with conventional a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
A new approach for Tuning of PID Load Frequency Controller of an Interconnect...Editor IJMTER
Load frequency control is one of the important issues in electrical power system
design/operation and is becoming much more significant recently with increasing size,
changing structure and complexity in interconnected power system. This paper deals with a
new approach of PID tuning and their dynamic responses are compared with PID classical
Controller when both controllers are applied to three area interconnected Thermal-ThermalHydro. The dynamical response of the load frequency control problem in an interconnected
power system is improved by designing PID controller using Pessen Integral Rule (similar to
Ziegler Nichols -2nd method). The results indicate that the proposed controller gives the better
performance.
Load frequency control in co ordination with frequency controllable hvdc link...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper decentralized load frequency control (LFC) for suppression of oscillations in multi-area power systems using fuzzy logic
controller was studied. A three area system is considered in which areas 1 and 2 and areas 1 and 3 are connected by HVDC
transmission links and areas 2 and 3 are connected by normal AC tie-line. The performance of the fuzzy logic controller is compared
with the conventional PI controller and the simulation results shows that fuzzy logic controller is very effective enhancing better
damping performance in non-linear conditions.
Keywords: Load Frequency Control, High Voltage Direct Current transmission Link, Proportional Integral Controller,
Fuzzy Logic Control.
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROLPreet_patel
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROL
Load frequency control
Automatic Generation Control
Voltage Control
Primary regulation.
Secondary regulation
real power
Why voltage control is important?
Load Frequency Control in Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controllerijtsrd
In interconnected power system load frequency control has been used extensively. This study presents an application of a fuzzy gain scheduled proportional and integral (FGPI) controller for load-frequency control of a three-area electrical interconnected power system. The main aim is to design a FGPI controller that can ensure good performance. The paper present analysis on dynamic performance of Load Frequency Control (LFC) of three area interconnected thermal non-reheat power system by the use of Fuzzy Intelligence. The fuzzy rules are developed to ensure there is minimum frequency deviation occur when load is changed. The proposed controller limits the frequency deviations effectively as compared to conventional controller. The results has been verified by using MATLAB/Simulink software. Nazia Kosser"Load Frequency Control in Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controller" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12955.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/12955/load-frequency-control-in-three-area-power-system-using-fuzzy-logic-controller/nazia-kosser
frequency regulation of deregulated power system having grc integrated with r...Yedukondalachari B
frequency regulation of deregulated power system having grc integrated with renewable source project first review, it is the one of the best power system project
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Load Frequency Control of Multi Area System using Integral-Fuzzy ControllerIJERA Editor
The power system is interconnected to enhance the security and reliability. With large interconnected system, unexpected external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and the model uncertainties make big challenges for stability of system. Load Frequency Control (LFC) deals with the control of real power and frequency of the system. The LFC is used to reduce the transient deviations in the power system. It limits the frequency within limits and controls the tie-line exchange power. Various controllers are used for this purpose. Recently Artificial Intelligence Techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), fuzzy logic, Genetic Algorithm etc. are used for the designing of controllers. These controllers provide a faster response and are flexible to adjust according to system conditions. In this paper, I have designed integral controller which is conventional method for Load Frequency Control and Artificial Intelligence Technique based Fuzzy Logic controller to deal with the Load Frequency Control Problem for Multi-area System. The simulation of the system is done with MATLAB. These controllers provide a robust system which is more stable and reliable and helps the system to regain its normal state after any disturbance.
Automatic load frequency control of two area power system with conventional a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
Load / Frequency balancing Control systems studyCAL
In this project, the load and frequency control problem on the power generator at 'Britannia sugar factory' is investigated under different governor action. The existing system employs a Mechanical-hydraulic governor. It is desired to improve the system's response to load disturbances on the interconnected power grid.
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
It is very useful power point presentation on the "Grid Voltage Regulation"
it consist all thing related with topic.
I have already presented and got 100% credit.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimized servo-speed control of wind turbine coupled to doubly fed inductio...IJECEIAES
Optimal control of any variable speed wind turbine needs maximum power point tracking (MPPT) coupled to doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for better power generation. This paper offers a novel direct power servo-speed control of wind turbine. This latter is based on DFIG optimal hysteresis MPPT inverter current control combined with space voltage modulation (SVM) inverter voltage technique, thus providing a stable and continuous energy flow to power grid. In this design, the asynchronous machine stator is directly connected to the grid. Bidirectional power converter, acting as frequency converter, is rotor circuit located. Rectifier supplies rotor windings with voltages and reference frequency resulting from control procedure of the power exchange between the stator and grid. Inverter is directly controlled by means of SVM technique to maintain direct current (DC) bus voltage constant. Simulation results show that the proposed configuration improves power converters efficiency due that rotor circuit needs less power than stator circuit which is injected into the grid.
Improving Light-Load Efficiency by Eliminating Interaction Effect in the Grid...IJAPEJOURNAL
A wind turbine equipped with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is used in wind power plant industry. This paper studies the maximum power extraction of DFIG via evaluation of state-space equations in closed loop control condition for improving light-load efficiency. The DFIG state-space equations have been considered in the form of a multi-input- multi output (MIMO) system. Also, the tracing table has been used to determine the speed which the generated power will be proportional to the maximum load. The tracing table input is the generator speed, and its output is the optimum active power that has been considered as the reference power of the active power control system of the convertor. A controller is presented for the tracing table and the extracted power is able to follow the reference power with minimum ripple. Then, the results are compared with the single-input and single-output (SISO) case, for the values up to 0.2 times of the rated load. Therefore, in MIMO modeling, in the case that the DFIG connected to the grid, by eliminating the interaction effect, the efficiency in light-load can be increased
Stability Improvement in Grid Connected Multi Area System using ANFIS Based S...IJMTST Journal
Generally, the non-conventional energy sources are being extensively used in case of power electronic
converter based distribution systems. This paper mainly focuses on the wind energy system integrating with
grid connected system and also improvement of power quality features. The wind energy power plant is
modelled based on associated equations. For improving this power quality problems, this paper proposes the
concepts of shunt converter controllers. This paper also proposes the concepts of ANFIS based Static
Compensator. And also the results are compared for this cases. Thus with such a control, a balanced load
currents are obtained even in the presence of non-linear load. The experimental setup is done in Matlab and
verified the simulation results
Load Frequency Control of Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controllerijtsrd
This paper proposes a method to determine the magnitude and location of load disturbances in multi area power systems via monitoring tie line power flows, implementing demand response regionally. In this work, proposes an intelligent coordination between secondary control and demand response through a supervisory fuzzy PI based coordinator. The simulations were performed in the environment of MATLAB SIMULINK. K. Sumanth Kumar | S. Thirumalaiah ""Load Frequency Control of Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controller"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29823.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29823/load-frequency-control-of-three-area-power-system-using-fuzzy-logic-controller/k-sumanth-kumar
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Active and Reactive Power Control of a Doubly Fed Induction GeneratorIJPEDS-IAES
Wind energy has many advantages, it does not pollute and it is an inexhaustible source. However, the cost of this energy is still too high to compete with traditional fossil fuels, especially on sites less windy. The performance of a wind turbine depends on three parameters: the power of wind, the power curve of the turbine and the generator's ability to respond to wind fluctuations. This paper presents a control chain conversion based on a double-fed asynchronous machine (D.F.I.G). To improve the transient and steady state performance and the power factor of generation, a stator flux oriented vector control scheme is used in this work. The vector control structure employs conventional PI controllers for the decoupled control of the stator side active and reactive power. The whole system is modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink and the results are analyzed.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Flux Based Sensorless Speed Sensing and Real and Reactive Power Flow Control ...ijeei-iaes
This aim of this paper is to design controller for Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) converters and MPPT for turbine and a sensor-less rotor speed estimation to maintain equilibrium in rotor speed, generator torque, and stator and rotor voltages. It is also aimed to meet desired reference real and reactive power during the turbulences like sudden change in reactive power or voltage with concurrently changing wind speed. The turbine blade angle changes with variations in wind speed and direction of wind flow and improves the coefficient of power extracted from turbine using MPPT. Rotor side converter (RSC) helps to achieve optimal real and reactive power from generator, which keeps rotor to rotate at optimal speed and to vary current flow from rotor and stator terminals. Rotor speed is estimated using stator and rotor flux estimation algorithm. Parameters like tip speed ratio; coefficient of power, stator and rotor voltage, current, real, reactive power; rotor speed and electromagnetic torque are studied using MATLAB simulation. The performance of DFIG is compared when there is in wind speed change only; alter in reactive power and variation in grid voltage individually along with variation in wind speed.
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4.power quality improvement in dg system using shunt active filterEditorJST
Injection of power generated by the wind turbine system into an electric grid mainly effects the power quality. The performance of this wind turbine and its power quality is determined on the basis of its measurement of power ratings as per IEEE standards. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation. To mitigate the power quality problems this paper proposes the shunt compensator techniques. Here, the proposed system is verified experimentally using both STATCOM and TSC compensators. This control schemes for grid connected wind energy system is simulated using Matlab/Simulink.
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
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Iaetsd load frequency control for a distributed grid
1. LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL FOR A DISTRIBUTED GRID
SYSTEM INVOLVING WIND, HYDRO AND THERMAL POWER
PLANTS
P Suresh Kumar Dr.K.Rama Sudha
PG scholar Professor
Department Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam,
Andhra pradesh
Abstract- In an interconnected power system, as a
power load demand varies randomly both area
frequency and tie-line power interchange also vary. The
objectives of load frequency control (LFC) are to
minimize the deviations in these variables (area
frequency and tie-line power interchange) and to ensure
their steady state errors to be zero. In this area of
energy crisis, renewable energy is the most promising
solution to man’s ever increasing energy needs. But the
power production by these resources cannot be
controlled unlike in thermal plants. As a result,
standalone operation of renewable energy is not
reliable. Hence grid-connection of these along with
conventional plants is preferred due to the improved
performance in response to dynamic load. It is observed
that fluctuations in frequency caused due to load
variations are low with increase in penetration of
renewable resources. Load frequency control (LFC)
including PI controller is proposed in order to suppress
frequency deviations for a power system involving wind,
hydro and thermal plants owing to load and generating
power fluctuations caused by penetration of renewable
resources. A system involving four thermal plants, a
wind farm and a hydro plant will be modeled using
MATLAB.
Index Terms—Continuous power generation, load
frequency, Control (LFC), wind power, hydro power,
and thermal power plants LFC of multi area system,
Frequency deviation in the multi area system.
I. NOMENCLATURE
∆PC Command signal
∆F Frequency change
∆YE Changes in steam valve opening
R Speed regulation of the governor
Ksg Gain of speed governor
Tsg Time constant of speed governor
Rp Permanent droop
Rt Temporary droop
Tg Main servo time constant
D Change in load with respect to frequency
Tw Water starting time
Tr Reset time
Kt Gain of turbine
Tt Time constant of turbine
II. INTRODUCTION
The high Indian population coupled with increase in
industrial growth has resulted in an urgent need to increase
the installed power capacity. In India, majority of power
production, around 65 percent is from thermal power
stations. Due to problems related to uncertainty in pricing
and supply of fossil fuels, renewable resources have been
identified as a suitable alternative [7]. However, standalone
operation of renewable resources is not reliable as they are
intermittent in nature. The intermittent nature of resource
increases the frequency deviations which further add to the
deviation caused by load variation. This necessitates the
grid connection of renewable resources [4] [2]. Frequency
deviation is undesirable because most of the AC motors run
at speeds that are directly related to frequency. Also the
generator turbines are designed to operate at a very precise
speed. Microcontrollers are dependent on frequency for
their timely operation. Thus it is imperative to maintain
system frequency constant. This is done by implementing
Load Frequency Control (LFC). There are many LFC
methods developed for controlling frequency. They include
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2. flat frequency control (FFC), tie-line bias control (TBC)
and flat tie-line control (FTC) [1]. In FFC, Some areas act
as load change absorbers and others as base load. The
advantage is the higher operating efficiencies of the base
load as they run at their maximum rated value at all times.
But the drawback here is the reduced number of areas
absorbing load changes which makes the system more
transient prone. In FTC load changes in each area are
controlled within the area, thereby maintaining tie line
frequency constant. The most commonly used method is
the tie-line load bias control in which all power systems in
the interconnection aid in regulating frequency regardless
of where the frequency change originates. In this paper, the
power system considered has a Thermal system with four
thermal areas, a Hydro plant and a wind farm.
III. MODELING OF THERMAL AREAS
The thermal areas have been modeled using transfer
function. Speed governor, turbine and generator constitute
the various parts namely the speed governing system,
turbine model, generator load model .A complete block
diagram representation of an isolated power system
comprising Speed governor, turbine and generator and load
is easily obtained by combining the block diagrams of
individual components. [7].
A. Mathematical modeling of speed Governing
System
The command signal ∆PC initiates a sequence of events-the
pilot valve moves upwards, high pressure oil flows on to
the top of the main piston moving it downwards; the steam
valve opening consequently increases, the turbine generator
speed increases, i.e. the frequency goes up which is
modeled mathematically.
∆ܻாሺݏሻ = ቂ∆ܲሺݏሻ − ቀ
ଵ
ோ
ቁ ∗ ∆ܨሺݏሻቃ ∗ ሺ
ೞ
ଵା்ೞ∗௦
ሻ (1)
Fig 1.Block diagram representation of speed governing
system
B. Mathematical modeling Turbine model
The dynamic response of steam turbine is related to
changes in steam valve opening ∆YE in terms of changes in
power output. Typically the time constant Tt lies in the
range 0.2 to 2.5 sec.
The dynamic response is largely influenced by two factors
(i) entrained steam between the inlet steam valve and first
Stage of the turbine,
(ii) The storage action in the reheater which causes the
Output of the low pressure stage to lag behind that of
the
High pressure stage
Fig 2.Turbine transfer function model
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3. C. Mathematical modeling Generator Load
Model
The increment in power input to the generator-load system
is related to frequency change as
∆ܨሺݏሻ = ሾ∆ܲீሺݏሻ − ∆ܲሺݏሻሿ ∗ ൬
ೞ
ଵା்ೞௌ
൰ (2)
Fig 3. Block diagram representation of generator-load
Model
D. Entire thermal area
Typical values of time constants of load frequency control
system are related as Tsg< Tt << Tps. Fig. 4 shows the
required block diagram and Table 1 shows the different
parameters of the four thermal areas.
Fig 4. Block diagram of entire thermal area
Table 1 Parameters of all four thermal areas
IV. MODELING OF HYDRO AND WIND
AREA
A. Modeling of hydro area
The representation of the hydraulic turbine and water
column in stability studies is usually based on certain
assumptions. The hydraulic resistance is considered
negligible. The penstock pipe is assumed inelastic and
water incompressible. Also the velocity of the water is
considered to vary directly with the gate opening and with
the square root of the net head and the turbine output power
is nearly proportional to the product of head and volume
flow [3]. Hydro plants are modeled the same way as
thermal plants. The input to the hydro turbine is water
instead of steam. Initial droop characteristics owing to
reduced pressure on turbine on opening the gate valve has
to be compensated. Hydro turbines have peculiar response
due to water inertia; a change in gate position produces an
initial turbine power change which is opposite to that
sought. For stable control performance, a large transient
(temporary) droop with a long resettling time is therefore
required in the forms of transient droop compensation as
shown in Fig. 5. The compensation limits gate movement
until water flow power output has time to catch up. The
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4. result is governor exhibits a high droop for fast speed
deviations and low droop in steady state.
Fig 5.Block diagram of hydro area.
B. Modeling of wind farm
Wind passes over the blades, generating lift and exerting a
turning force. The rotating blades turn a shaft inside the
nacelle, which goes into a gearbox. The gearbox increases
the rotational speed to that which is appropriate for the
generator, which uses magnetic fields to convert the
rotational energy into electrical energy. The power in the
wind that can be extracted by a wind turbine is proportional
to the cube of the wind speed and is given in watts by
P= ( Aν3
Cp)/2 where ρ is the air density, A is the rotor
swept area, ν is the wind speed and Cp is the power
coefficient. A maximum value of Cp is defined by the Betz
limit, which states that a turbine can never extract more
than 59.3% of the power from an air stream. In reality,
wind turbine rotors have maximum Cp values in the range
25–45%.
A wind farm consisting of Doubly-fed induction generator
(DFIG) wind turbine is considered. DFIG consists of a
wound rotor induction generator and an AC/DC/AC IGBT-
based PWM converter. The stator winding is connected
directly to the 50 Hz grid while the rotor is fed at variable
frequency through the AC/DC/AC converter. The wind
speed is maintained constant at 11 m/s. The control system
uses a torque controller in order to maintain the speed at 1.2
pu [6] [9] [10].
Fig 6. Block diagram of simple wind turbine
V. LFC FOR A MULTI-AREA SYSTEM
An extended power system can be divided into a number of
load frequency control areas interconnected by means of tie
lines. The control objective now is to regulate the frequency
of each area and to simultaneously regulate the tie line
power as per inter-area contacts. As in case of frequency,
proportional plus integral controller will be installed so as
to give zero steady state error in the tie line power flow as
compared to the contracted power. It is conveniently
assumed that each control area can be represented by an
equivalent turbine, generator and governor system.
Symbols used with suffix 1 refer to area 1 & those with
suffix 2 refer to area 2 and so on. Incremental tie line power
out of area 1 given by [5].
∆ܲ௧,ଵ = 2ߨܶଵଶሺ ∆݂ଵ݀ݐ − ∆݂ଶ݀ݐሻ (3)
Similarly, the incremental tie line power output of area 2
is given by
∆ܲ௧,ଶ = 2ߨܶଵଶሺ ∆݂ଶ݀ݐ − ∆݂ଵ݀ݐሻ (4)
Where T12 = synchronizing coefficient
f1 and f2 represent frequency of the respective area.
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5. ∆ܲ௧,ଶሺܵሻ = −
ଶగభమ்భమ
ௌ
∗ ሾ∆ܨଵሺݏሻ − ∆ܨଶሺݏሻሿ (5)
This has been represented by fig.7
Fig 7. Block diagram of Tie-line power flow
With the primary LFC loop a change in the system load
will result in a steady state frequency deviation, depending
on the governor speed regulation. In order to reduce the
frequency deviation to zero we must provide a reset action
by introducing an integral controller to act on the load
reference setting to change the speed set point. The integral
controller increases the system type by 1 which forces the
final frequency deviation to zero. The integral controller
gain must be adjusted for a satisfactory transient response.
It is seen from the above discussion that with the speed
governing system installed on each machine, the steady
load frequency characteristic for a given speed changer
setting has considerable droop, from no load to full load
.system frequency system specifications are rather stringent
and, therefore so much change in frequency cannot be
tolerated. In fact, it is expected that the steady change in
frequency will be zero. While steady state frequency can be
brought back to the scheduled value by adjusting speed
changer setting, the system could undergo intolerable
dynamic frequency changes with changes in load. It leads
to the natural suggestion that the speed changer setting be
adjusted automatically by monitoring the frequency
changes.
For purpose, a single from ∆f is fed through an integrator to
the speed changer resulting in block diagram configuration
shown .the system now modifies to a proportional plus
integral controller, which is well known from control
theory, gives zero steady state error.
Therefore In the case of an isolated control area, ACE (area
control error) is the change in area frequency which when
used in integral control loop forced the steady state
frequency error to zero. In order that the steady state tie line
power error in a two area control be made zero another
integral control loop (one for each area) must be introduced
to integrate the incremental tie line power signal and feed it
back to the speed changer as shown in Fig 8
Fig.8 Diagram for Proportional plus Integral Load
frequency Control
For free governor operation the steady change in system
frequency for a sudden change in load demand (Pd) is given
as
∆ܨሺݏሻ =
ିೞ∆ವ/ೄ
൫ଵା்ೞ൯ା
಼ೞ಼಼ೞ
ೃ
൫భశೞೞ൯∗ሺభశೞሻ
(6)
This is accomplished by a single integrating block by
redefining ACE as a linear combination of incremental
frequency and tie line power. Thus for control area 1
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6. ACE1 = ∆Ptie,1 +b1∆f1
Taking Laplace transform
ACE1(s) = ∆Ptie,1(s) +b1∆f1(s)
Similarly, for control area n,
ACEn(s) = ∆Ptie,n(s) +bn∆fn(s)
Combining the basic block diagrams of multiple control
areas with ∆Pc1(s) to ∆Pcn(s) generated by integrals of
respective ACEs (obtained through signals representing
changes in tie line power and local frequency bias) and
employing the block diagram of Fig. 7, we easily obtain the
composite block diagrams.
VI. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
A. LFC for thermal system four area system
The four thermal systems have been combined and the
composite block diagram is simulated in Simulink/Matlab
R2010a as shown in Fig. 9. Fig.9 Thermal system
Let the loads ∆PD1 to ∆PD4 be simultaneously applied in
control areas 1 to 4 respectively. The system parameters of
4 area system are given in Table I. The frequency deviation
versus time scale of 4 thermal areas for step load change is
shown in Fig. 10
Frequency deviation Vs time for thermal system only
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7. Fig. 10. Response for Fixed load (Thermal system only)
B. LFC for Thermal and Hydro System (multi
area)
The four thermal systems along with hydro unit are
combined and composite block diagram is simulated as
shown in figure.11
Fig.11 Hydro and thermal systems (multi area)
Frequency deviation versus time for integrated thermal and
hydro system for step load change is shown in Fig. 12 from
the curves it can be concluded that penetration of hydro
energy (renewable) does not affect the system frequency
adversely as the frequency deviation is well within limits.
Frequency deviation Vs time for (thermal hydro) system
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
-0.025
-0.02
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
Time (sec)
f(Hz)
Frequency Deviation Vs Time(s)
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8. Fig. 12. Response for Fixed load (thermal +hydro system)
C. LFC for Thermal, Hydro and Wind system
To compensate the intermittent nature of renewable, grid
connection of the same is imperative for reliable power
generation.
It is possible to divide an extended power system into sub
areas in which the generators are tightly coupled together so
as to form a coherent group, i.e. all the generators respond
in unison to changes in load or speed changer settings. Such
a coherent area is called control area in which frequency is
assumed to be same throughout in static and dynamic
conditions. For the purpose of developing a suitable control
strategy, a control area can be reduced to a single speed
governor, turbo generator and load system consisting of
four thermal areas, a hydro area and wind farm is controlled
by a controller. By a batch control, the load is divided
amongst various power plants in the ratio of their capacities
by control system. This entire power system is modeled as
shown in fig.13
Fig.13 LFC for Thermal, Hydro and Wind system
The four thermal areas and the hydro unit are combined
together in the ‘Thermal & Hydro’ subsystem which is
same as the model shown in Fig. 8. The output ∆F of this
subsystem gets reflected in the grid voltage. DFIG wind
farm draws supply for stator from grid and the changing
wind speeds has an impact on its output. Power from the
DFIG is fed to the grid via stator and rotor depending on
the wind speed. Higher the wind speed, higher is the power
output, rotor feeds power; lower the wind speed, power
output is low, hence rotor draws power from grid to have
constant power flow through stator.
Frequency Deviation (Hz) vs. Time(s) for the Integrated
System
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9. Fig. 14. Response for Fixed Load (Thermal + Hydro +
Wind Systems)
The output of wind farm is sent to the central control
system to calculate the load distribution over thermal
station. Random load of 1.7pu with maximum variation of
0.8pu is considered here. Frequency deviation versus Time
for Integrated Thermal, Hydro and Wind system for step
load change is shown in Fig. 14 Real time systems are best
described by introducing random load variation. From the
curves, it can be concluded that in an integrated system
with high penetration of renewable, frequency deviation has
increased. Nevertheless, it is within limits thereby making
renewable energy sources desirable.
VII. CONCLUSION
Load frequency control becomes more important, when a
large amount of renewable power supplies like wind power
generation are introduced. In this paper Load Frequency
Control with considerable penetration of renewable has
been analyzed in the presence of Thermal, Hydro and Wind
Systems with pi controller. It is observed that frequency
deviation is low when wind system is introduced into the
actual thermal systems, and it is within the tolerable limits
for fixed load variations. The loads are distributed among
different units using Tie Line Bias Control method of LFC
as it gives minimal frequency deviation.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1] R. Oba, G. Shirai, R. Yokoyama, T. Niimura, and G.
Fujita, “Suppression of Short Term Disturbances from
Renewable Resources by Load Frequency Control
Considering Different Characteristics of Power Plants”,
IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, pp.1 –
7, Jul.2009.
[2] N. R. Ullah, T. Thiringer, and Daniel
Karlsson,“Temporary Primary Frequency Control
Support by Variable Speed Wind Turbines— Potential
And Applications”, IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, vol.23, No.2, May 2008.
[3] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, 1st
ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.
[4] L. Freris and D. Infield, Renewable Energy in Power
Systems, 1st ed., J.Wiley Sons Ltd., 2008.
[5] H. Saadat, Power System Analysis, 1st ed., Tata
McGraw- Hill, 2002.
[6] O. Anaya-Lara, N. Jenkins, J. Ekanayake, P.
Cartwright, M. Hughes, Wind Energy generation
Modeling and Control, 1st
ed., J. Wiley Sons Ltd.,
2009.
[7] O. Elgerd, Electric Energy Systems Theory An
Introduction, 2nd ed., Tata McGraw-Hill, 1983
[8] L.R. Chang-Chien, W.T. Lin and Y.C. Yin,
“Enhancing frequency response control by DFIGs in
The high wind penetrated power systems,” IEEE
Transactions on power systems, 2010
[9] G. Lalor, A. Mullane, and M. O’Malley, “Frequency
Control and wind turbine technologies,” IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1905–1913, Nov.
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ISBN:378-26-138420-0253
10. 2005.
[10] J. de Almeida and R. G. Lopes, “Participation of
Doubly fed induction wind generators in system
Frequency regulation,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol.
22, no. 3, pp. 944–950, Aug. 2007.
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