Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile, Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of power supply.
The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free supply.
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile, Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of power supply.
The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free supply.
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
##CONTENT##
Introduction
Voltage control
Power system control
Control of reactive power and power factor
Interconnected control and frequency ties
Supervisory control
Line compensation
Series compensation
Series and shunt compensation schemes for ac transmission system
Infinite bus bar is one which keeps constant voltage and frequency although the load varies. Thus it may behave like a voltage source with zero internal impedance and infinite rotational inertia.
This Power Point Presentation includes Automatic Generation control :
Learning Objective: To illustrate the automatic frequency and voltage control strategies for single and two
area case and analyze the effects, knowing the necessity of generation control.
Learning Outcome:Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to Analyze the generation-load balance in real time operation and its effect on frequency and
develop automatic control strategies with mathematical relations.
Concept of AGC, complete block diagram representation of load-frequency control of an
isolated power system, steady state and dynamic response,
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
##CONTENT##
Introduction
Voltage control
Power system control
Control of reactive power and power factor
Interconnected control and frequency ties
Supervisory control
Line compensation
Series compensation
Series and shunt compensation schemes for ac transmission system
Infinite bus bar is one which keeps constant voltage and frequency although the load varies. Thus it may behave like a voltage source with zero internal impedance and infinite rotational inertia.
This Power Point Presentation includes Automatic Generation control :
Learning Objective: To illustrate the automatic frequency and voltage control strategies for single and two
area case and analyze the effects, knowing the necessity of generation control.
Learning Outcome:Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to Analyze the generation-load balance in real time operation and its effect on frequency and
develop automatic control strategies with mathematical relations.
Concept of AGC, complete block diagram representation of load-frequency control of an
isolated power system, steady state and dynamic response,
Basics of Power systems
Network topology
Transmission and Distribution
Load and Resource Balance
Economic Dispatch
Steady State System Analysis
Power flow analysis
Dynamic System Analysis
Transient stability
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Halogenation process of chemical process industries
Unit 4 Automatic Generation Control
1. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
JSPMS
BHIVARABAISAWANTINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYANDRESEARCH,
WAGHOLI,PUNE
A.Y. 2020-21 (SEM-I)
Class: B.E.
Subject: Power System Operation Control
Unit No-4 Automatic Generation and Control
Prepared by Prof. S. D. Gadekar
Santoshgadekar.919@gmail.com
Mob. No-9130827661
2. Content
• Introduction
• Concept of Automatic Generation and Control (AGC)
• Block Diagram of AGC
• Turbine Speed Governing System
• Complete block diagram representation of load frequency
control of an isolated power system
• Free Governor Operation
• Numerical on Free Governor Operation
• Dynamics Response
• Proportional Plus Integral Control
• Automatic Voltage Control
• Two area load frequency control
3. Introduction
𝐏 𝐦 𝐏𝐒
F
For Steady operation or to keep frequency of supply constant
(F=50 Hz).
𝐏 𝐦 = 𝐏𝐒 = 𝐏 𝐑
If 𝐏 𝐌 > 𝐏𝐒 −− −𝐅 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬
If 𝐏 𝐌 < 𝐏𝐒 −− −𝐅 𝐝𝐞𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬
𝐏 𝐑
4. Introduction Continue
𝐐 𝐒 𝐐 𝐑 𝐕 𝐑
For Steady operation the voltages at all buses must be constant
(Voltage at Bus=Rated Value).
𝑬 = 𝑽 𝒔 + 𝑰(𝑹 + 𝒋𝑿 𝒔)
Induced Emf E is called Excitation of Generator and it depends on field
current 𝑰 𝒇 and Power Factor of Generator.
𝐐 𝐒 = 𝐐 𝐑
𝐕 𝐑 − −𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
𝐈 𝐟 𝐄 Power Factor
5. Introduction
In modern power system both active power and reactive power demands are
never steady and they continuously changes.
The mechanical power input must be continuously regulated to match the
active power demand, failing which the machine speed will vary with
consequent change in frequency.
The permissible maximum change in power frequency in power frequency is
∓0.5 Hz.
The excitation of generators must be continuously regulated to match the
reactive power demand with reactive generation otherwise the voltages at
various buses may go beyond the prescribed limit.
8. Control Area-
All generators in an knit electric area constitute a
coherent group so that all the generators speed up and
slow down together maintaining their relative power
angles. Such an area is called as control area.
9. Turbine Speed Governing System-
Lower
Raise
Speed Changer Setting
Fly Ball Speed Governor
High
Pressure
Oil
A
B
C
D
Pilot
Valve
Pilot
Valve
Direction of
Positive
Movement
E Steam Out
Turbine
Steam In
L1
L2 L3
L4
Hydraulic Amplifier
10. Turbine Speed Governing System-
1. Fly Ball Speed Governor- It sense the change in speed. As the speed
increases the fly balls move outwards and the point b on linkage
mechanism moves downwards.
2. Hydraulic Amplifier- It comprises a pilot valve and main piston valve
movement. Low power level pilot valve movement is converted in to
high power level piston valve movement.
3. Linkage Mechanism- ABC and CDE are two rigid links pivoted at B
and D. This link mechanism provides a movement to the control
valve in proportion to change in speed.
4. Speed Changer- It provides a steady state power output setting for
the turbine. Its downward motion opens the upper pilot valve, so
that more steam is admitted to the turbine under steady conditions.
11. Complete block diagram representation of load frequency
control of an isolated power system-
• Model of Speed Governing System
• Turbine Model
• Generator Load Model
12. 1. Model of Speed Governing System-
Let the point A on the linkage mechanism be moved downwards by a small amount
∆YA. It is a command which causes the turbine power output to change.
∆YA = KC∆PC
Where ∆PC is the commanded increase in power.
15. 2. Generator Load Model-
The increment in power input to the generator load system is,
∆𝑷 𝑮 − ∆𝑷 𝑫
Where ∆𝑷 𝑮 = ∆𝑷 𝒕 is the incremental turbine power output and ∆𝑷 𝑫 is the
load increment.
The increment in power input to the system is accounted for,
• Rate of increase of stored kinetic energy in the generator rotor.
• The loads sensitive to change in speed such as motor are changes.
+ -
𝝎
∆𝑷 𝒕
∆𝑷 𝑮
∆𝑷 𝑫V, F
21. Continue…
∆𝑭 = −
𝟏
𝑩 +
𝟏
𝑹
∗ ∆𝑷 𝑫
This equation gives the steady state changes in frequency caused by changes in
load demand.
Frequency in
Percentage
Percentage
Load
Droop
Characteristic
100%
50%
−
𝟏
𝑩 +
𝟏
𝑹
≅
𝟏
𝑹
22. Continue…
Consider now the steady effect of changing speed changer setting ∆𝑃𝐶 𝑠 =
∆𝑃 𝐶
𝑆
with load demand remaining fixed ∆𝑃 𝐷 𝑠 = 0.
A
B
X 𝑠 + 𝑌 𝑠
𝑻 𝒔 =
𝒀(𝑺)
𝑿(𝑺)
=
𝑨
𝟏 + 𝑨𝑩-
∆𝑭 =
𝟏
𝑩 +
𝟏
𝑹
∗ ∆𝑷 𝑪
If the speed changer setting is changed by ∆𝑃𝐶, while the load demand changes by ∆𝑃 𝐷,
the steady frequency change is
∆𝑭 =
𝟏
𝑩+
𝟏
𝑹
∗ (∆𝑷 𝑪 − ∆𝑃 𝐷)
23. Numerical-1
A 100 MVA Synchronous generator operates on full load at a frequency of 50 Hz.
The load is suddenly reduced to 50 Mw. Due to time lag in governor system the
steam valve begins to close after 0.4 seconds. Determine the change in frequency
that occurs in this time. (H=5 kWs/kVA of generator capacity)
𝑲𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 =H*Rating of Machine in kVA
= 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
= 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝒌𝑾𝒔
Solution -------
𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒔 𝟎. 𝟒 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒔 = 𝟓𝟎 𝑴𝑾 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟒
= 𝟓𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟒
= 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝒌𝑾𝒔
𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 ∝ 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 2
50000 ∝ 502
(50000 + 20000) ∝ 𝐹2
2
𝐹2 = 50 ∗
50000 + 20000
50000
𝑭 𝟐 = 𝟓𝟏 𝑯𝒛
24. Numerical-2
Two Generators rated 200 MW and 400 MW are operating in parallel. The droop
characteristics of their governors are 4% and 5%, respectively from no load to full
load. Assuming that the generators are operating at 50 Hz at no load, how would a
load of 600 MW be shared between them? What will be the system frequency at this
load? Assume free governor operation. Repeat the problem if both governor s have a
droop of 4%.
∆𝑭 = 𝑫𝑹𝑶𝑶𝑷 × ∆𝑷 𝑫
Solution -------
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍,
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒚 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒚 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 1 200 𝑀𝑊 = 𝑥 𝑀𝑊
𝐹
50
= 0.04 ×
𝑥
200
… … . . 1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 2 400 𝑀𝑊 = (600 − 𝑥) 𝑀𝑊
𝐹
50
= 0.05 ×
(600 − 𝑥)
400
… … . . 2
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 1 200 𝑀𝑊 𝑥 = 𝟐𝟑𝟏 𝑴𝑾
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 2 400 𝑀𝑊 = 600 − 𝑥 = 𝟑𝟔𝟗 𝑴𝑾
25. Numerical-2
Two Generators rated 200 MW and 400 MW are operating in parallel. The droop
characteristics of their governors are 4% and 5%, respectively from no load to full
load. Assuming that the generators are operating at 50 Hz at no load, how would a
load of 600 MW be shared between them? What will be the system frequency at this
load? Assume free governor operation. Repeat the problem if both governors have a
droop of 4%.
∆𝑭 = 𝑫𝑹𝑶𝑶𝑷 × ∆𝑷 𝑫
Solution -------
∆𝐹 = 0.04 × 50 ×
231
200
∆𝐹 = 2.31 𝐻𝑧
𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 50 − 2.31
= 47.69 𝐻𝑧
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝟐𝟑𝟏 𝑴𝑾
26. Numerical-3
A 100 MVA, 50 Hz generator is operating at no load at 3000 RPM. The load of 25 MW
is suddenly applied to the machine. Due to inertia the valve does not open
immediately but after 0.5 seconds. Inertia constant of generator is 4.5 MW-Seconds
per MVA. Find frequency deviation before the valve opens to meet the load demand.
Assume no change in load due to change in frequency.
𝑲𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 =H*Rating of Machine in MVA
= 𝟒. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝑴𝑾 − 𝒔
Solution -------
𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑲𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒔 = 𝟐𝟓 𝑴𝑾 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓
= 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝑴𝑾 − 𝒔
𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 ∝ 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 2
450 ∝ 502
(450 − 12.5) ∝ 𝐹2
2
𝐹2 = 50 ∗
450 − 12.5
450
𝑭 𝟐 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟑𝑯𝒛
27. Numerical-3
A 100 MVA, 50 Hz generator is operating at no load at 3000 RPM. The load of 25 MW
is suddenly applied to the machine. Due to inertia the valve does not open
immediately but after 0.5 seconds. Inertia constant of generator is 4.5 MW-Seconds
per MVA. Find frequency deviation before the valve opens to meet the load demand.
Assume no change in load due to change in frequency.
Solution -------
𝑭 𝟐 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟑𝑯𝒛
𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝟓𝟎 − 𝟒𝟗. 𝟑
𝟓𝟎
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝟏. 𝟒 %
28. Numerical-4
A 100 MVA, 50 Hz generator is operating at rated speed. The load of 50 MW is
suddenly applied to the machine. Due to inertia the valve does not open immediately
but after 0.5 seconds. Inertia constant of generator is 5 kW-Seconds per kVA. Find
frequency deviation before the valve opens to meet the load demand. Assume no
change in load due to change in frequency.
𝑲𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 =H*Rating of Machine in MVA
= 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
= 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝒌𝑾 − 𝒔
Solution -------
𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑲𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒔 = 𝟓𝟎 𝑴𝑾 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓
= 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑
𝒌𝑾 − 𝒔
𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 ∝ 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 2
𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟓
∝ 502
(𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 − 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑) ∝ 𝐹2
2
𝐹2 = 50 ∗
𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 − 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑
𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝑭 𝟐 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟕𝟑 𝑯𝒛
29. Numerical-4
Solution -------
𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝟓𝟎 − 𝟒𝟖. 𝟕𝟑
𝟓𝟎
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝟐. 𝟓𝟑𝟐 %
A 100 MVA, 50 Hz generator is operating at rated speed. The load of 50 MW is
suddenly applied to the machine. Due to inertia the valve does not open immediately
but after 0.5 seconds. Inertia constant of generator is 5 kW-Seconds per kVA. Find
frequency deviation before the valve opens to meet the load demand. Assume no
change in load due to change in frequency.
𝑭 𝟐 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟕𝟑 𝑯𝒛
30. Dynamic Response
It is the change infrequency as a function of the time for a step
change in load.
∆𝐹 𝑆 = −
𝐾 𝑝𝑠
1 + 𝑇𝑝𝑠 ∗ 𝑆
1 +
𝐾 𝑝𝑠
1 + 𝑇𝑝𝑠 ∗ 𝑆
∗
𝐾𝑡
1 + 𝑇𝑡 ∗ 𝑆
∗
𝐾𝑠𝑔
1 + 𝑇𝑠𝑔 ∗ 𝑆
∗
1
𝑅
∗
∆𝑃 𝐷
𝑆
∆𝑷 𝑪 𝒔 = 𝟎
To obtain the dynamic response the above third order equation is required to
approximate as first order as
𝑇𝑠𝑔 ≪ 𝑇𝑡 ≪ 𝑇𝑝𝑠
33. Proportional Plus Integral Control-
In a dynamic response we studied that there is a steady
state drop in frequency of 0.029 Hz from no load to full load.
System frequency specifications are rather stringent and
therefore, so much change in frequency cannot be tolerated. In
fact, it is expected that the steady change in frequency will be
zero.
While steady state frequency can be brought back to the
scheduled value by adjusting speed changer setting, the system
could undergo intolerable dynamic frequency changes with
changes in load. So a signal from ∆f is fed through an integrator
to the speed changer setting.
34. 𝐾𝑖
𝑆
1
(1 + 𝑇𝑠𝑔. 𝑆)(1 + 𝑇𝑡. 𝑆)
𝐾𝑝𝑠
1 + 𝑇𝑝𝑠. 𝑆
∆𝐅(𝐬)
1
𝑅
1
∆𝑃 𝐷(𝑆)
+
-+
-
The system now modifies to a proportional plus integral
controller, which gives zero steady state error.
37. Automatic Voltage Control-
It generally consists of main exciter which excites the alternator field
to control the output voltage.
The exciter field is automatically controlled through error
𝑒 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑉𝑇
The error is suitably amplified through voltage and power amplifiers.
39. The Main components are,
• Potential Transformer-It gives sample of terminal voltage 𝑉𝑇.
• Differencing Device-It gives the actuating error, 𝑒 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑉𝑇.
• Error Amplifier-It modulates and amplifies the error signal.
• SCR Power Amplifier and Exciter Field-It provides the necessary
power amplification to the signal for controlling the exciter field.
• Alternator-Its field is excited by the main exciter voltage 𝑉𝐸.
• Stabilizing Transformer-
40. Two Area Load Frequency Control-
An extended power system can be divided into a number of load
frequency control areas interconnected by means of tie lines. Such
operation is called a pool operation.
The basic principle of a pool operation in the normal steady provides
i. Interconnected area share their reserve power to handle
anticipated load peaks and unanticipated generator outages.
ii. Absorption of own load change by each area.
Control
Area 1
Control
Area 2
Tie Line
42. Turbine Speed Governing System-
Lower
Raise
Speed Changer Setting
Fly Ball Speed Governor
High
Pressure
Oil
A
B
C
D
Pilot
Valve
Direction of
Positive
Movement
E Steam Out
Turbine
Steam In
L1
L2
L3
L4
Hydraulic Amplifier
Pilot
Valve
Pilot
Valve
43. Turbine Speed Governing System-
Lower
Raise
Speed Changer Setting
Fly Ball Speed Governor
High
Pressure
Oil
A
B
C
D
Direction of
Positive
Movement
E Steam Out
Turbine
Steam In
L1
L2
L3
L4
Hydraulic Amplifier
Pilot
Valve
Pilot