The frequency of a system is dependent on active power balance
As frequency is a common factor throughout the system, a change in active power demand at one point is reflected throughout the system
Because there are many generators supplying power into the system, some means must be provided to allocate change in demand to the generators
speed governor on each generating unit provides primary speed control function
supplementary control originating at a central control center allocates generation
In an interconnected system, with two or more independently controlled areas, the generation within each area has to be controlled so as to maintain scheduled power interchange
The control of generation and frequency is commonly known as load frequency control (LFC) or automatic generation control (AGC)
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
The frequency of a system is dependent on active power balance
As frequency is a common factor throughout the system, a change in active power demand at one point is reflected throughout the system
Because there are many generators supplying power into the system, some means must be provided to allocate change in demand to the generators
speed governor on each generating unit provides primary speed control function
supplementary control originating at a central control center allocates generation
In an interconnected system, with two or more independently controlled areas, the generation within each area has to be controlled so as to maintain scheduled power interchange
The control of generation and frequency is commonly known as load frequency control (LFC) or automatic generation control (AGC)
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency
A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a system composed of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronics-based system.
In conventional AC transmission system, the ability to transfer AC power is limited by several factors like thermal limits, transient stability limit, voltage limit, short circuit current limit etc. These limits define the maximum electric power which can be efficiently transmitted through the transmission line without causing any damage to the electrical equipments and the transmission lines. This is normally achieved by bringing changes in the power system layout. However this is not feasible and another way of achieving maximum power transfer capability without any changes in the power system layout. Also with the introduction of variable impedance devices like capacitors and inductors, whole of the energy or power from the source is not transferred to the load, but a part is stored in these devices as reactive power and returned back to the source. Thus the actual amount of power transferred to the load or the active power is always less than the apparent power or the net power. For ideal transmission the active power should be equal to the apparent power. In other words, the power factor (the ratio of active power to apparent power) should be unity. This is where the role of Flexible AC transmission System comes.
Power System Stability
Power system stability is the ability of an electric power
system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a
state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a
physical disturbance, with most system variables bounded
so that practically the entire system remains intact.
Ability to maintain a steady frequency within a nominal range, following a disturbance resulting in a significant imbalance between system generation and load
of interest is the overall response as evidenced by mean frequency, rather than relative motions of machines
In a small "island" system, frequency stability could be of concern for any disturbance causing a significant loss of load or generation
In a large interconnected system, frequency stability could be of concern only following a severe system upset resulting in the system splitting into one or more islands
Depends on the ability to restore balance between generation and load of island systems with minimum loss of load and generation
Generally, frequency stability problems are associated with inadequacies in equipment responses, poor coordination of control and protection systems
Er.Amit Chaurasiya studies at Azad Technical Campus Lucknow.All slide make very clear and easily understood suitable for Electrical Engineering students. I hope you will easily understand.
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
The presentation is delivering the general aspects of transmission of electric energy. At the beginning need of transmission is presented, and then the various aspects of transmission, which affect the choice of scheme of transmission are presented. At the end of presentation, the topic is summarized as comparison among the HVAC and HVDC transmission.
This presentation was given by shivlal mohal, during the final semester of electric engineering.
Load Frequency Control of Multi Area System using Integral-Fuzzy ControllerIJERA Editor
The power system is interconnected to enhance the security and reliability. With large interconnected system, unexpected external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and the model uncertainties make big challenges for stability of system. Load Frequency Control (LFC) deals with the control of real power and frequency of the system. The LFC is used to reduce the transient deviations in the power system. It limits the frequency within limits and controls the tie-line exchange power. Various controllers are used for this purpose. Recently Artificial Intelligence Techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), fuzzy logic, Genetic Algorithm etc. are used for the designing of controllers. These controllers provide a faster response and are flexible to adjust according to system conditions. In this paper, I have designed integral controller which is conventional method for Load Frequency Control and Artificial Intelligence Technique based Fuzzy Logic controller to deal with the Load Frequency Control Problem for Multi-area System. The simulation of the system is done with MATLAB. These controllers provide a robust system which is more stable and reliable and helps the system to regain its normal state after any disturbance.
Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency Power System Frequency
A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a system composed of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronics-based system.
In conventional AC transmission system, the ability to transfer AC power is limited by several factors like thermal limits, transient stability limit, voltage limit, short circuit current limit etc. These limits define the maximum electric power which can be efficiently transmitted through the transmission line without causing any damage to the electrical equipments and the transmission lines. This is normally achieved by bringing changes in the power system layout. However this is not feasible and another way of achieving maximum power transfer capability without any changes in the power system layout. Also with the introduction of variable impedance devices like capacitors and inductors, whole of the energy or power from the source is not transferred to the load, but a part is stored in these devices as reactive power and returned back to the source. Thus the actual amount of power transferred to the load or the active power is always less than the apparent power or the net power. For ideal transmission the active power should be equal to the apparent power. In other words, the power factor (the ratio of active power to apparent power) should be unity. This is where the role of Flexible AC transmission System comes.
Power System Stability
Power system stability is the ability of an electric power
system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a
state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a
physical disturbance, with most system variables bounded
so that practically the entire system remains intact.
Ability to maintain a steady frequency within a nominal range, following a disturbance resulting in a significant imbalance between system generation and load
of interest is the overall response as evidenced by mean frequency, rather than relative motions of machines
In a small "island" system, frequency stability could be of concern for any disturbance causing a significant loss of load or generation
In a large interconnected system, frequency stability could be of concern only following a severe system upset resulting in the system splitting into one or more islands
Depends on the ability to restore balance between generation and load of island systems with minimum loss of load and generation
Generally, frequency stability problems are associated with inadequacies in equipment responses, poor coordination of control and protection systems
Er.Amit Chaurasiya studies at Azad Technical Campus Lucknow.All slide make very clear and easily understood suitable for Electrical Engineering students. I hope you will easily understand.
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
The presentation is delivering the general aspects of transmission of electric energy. At the beginning need of transmission is presented, and then the various aspects of transmission, which affect the choice of scheme of transmission are presented. At the end of presentation, the topic is summarized as comparison among the HVAC and HVDC transmission.
This presentation was given by shivlal mohal, during the final semester of electric engineering.
Load Frequency Control of Multi Area System using Integral-Fuzzy ControllerIJERA Editor
The power system is interconnected to enhance the security and reliability. With large interconnected system, unexpected external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and the model uncertainties make big challenges for stability of system. Load Frequency Control (LFC) deals with the control of real power and frequency of the system. The LFC is used to reduce the transient deviations in the power system. It limits the frequency within limits and controls the tie-line exchange power. Various controllers are used for this purpose. Recently Artificial Intelligence Techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), fuzzy logic, Genetic Algorithm etc. are used for the designing of controllers. These controllers provide a faster response and are flexible to adjust according to system conditions. In this paper, I have designed integral controller which is conventional method for Load Frequency Control and Artificial Intelligence Technique based Fuzzy Logic controller to deal with the Load Frequency Control Problem for Multi-area System. The simulation of the system is done with MATLAB. These controllers provide a robust system which is more stable and reliable and helps the system to regain its normal state after any disturbance.
Load Frequency Control of Multi Area System using Integral-Fuzzy ControllerIJERA Editor
The power system is interconnected to enhance the security and reliability. With large interconnected system, unexpected external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and the model uncertainties make big challenges for stability of system. Load Frequency Control (LFC) deals with the control of real power and frequency of the system. The LFC is used to reduce the transient deviations in the power system. It limits the frequency within limits and controls the tie-line exchange power. Various controllers are used for this purpose. Recently Artificial Intelligence Techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), fuzzy logic, Genetic Algorithm etc. are used for the designing of controllers. These controllers provide a faster response and are flexible to adjust according to system conditions. In this paper, I have designed integral controller which is conventional method for Load Frequency Control and Artificial Intelligence Technique based Fuzzy Logic controller to deal with the Load Frequency Control Problem for Multi-area System. The simulation of the system is done with MATLAB. These controllers provide a robust system which is more stable and reliable and helps the system to regain its normal state after any disturbance.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
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Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Effects of the Droop Speed Governor and Automatic Generation Control AGC on G...IJAPEJOURNAL
In power system, as any inequality between production and consumption results in an instantaneous change in frequency from nominal, frequency should be always monitored and controlled. Traditionally, frequency regulation is provided by varying the power output of generators which have restricted ramp rates. The Automatic Generation Control AGC process performs the task of adjusting system generation to meet the load demand and of regulating the large system frequency changes. A result of the mismatches between system load and system generation, system frequency and the desired value of 50 Hz is the accumulation of time error. How equilibrium system frequency is calculated if load parameters are frequency dependent, and how can frequency be controlled. Also, how do parameters of a speed governor affect generated power. The transient processes before system frequency settles down to steady state. Finally, AGC in what way is it different from governor action. This paper presents new approaches for AGC of power system including two areas having one steam turbines and one hydro turbine tied together through power lines.
Stability Improvement in Grid Connected Multi Area System using ANFIS Based S...IJMTST Journal
Generally, the non-conventional energy sources are being extensively used in case of power electronic
converter based distribution systems. This paper mainly focuses on the wind energy system integrating with
grid connected system and also improvement of power quality features. The wind energy power plant is
modelled based on associated equations. For improving this power quality problems, this paper proposes the
concepts of shunt converter controllers. This paper also proposes the concepts of ANFIS based Static
Compensator. And also the results are compared for this cases. Thus with such a control, a balanced load
currents are obtained even in the presence of non-linear load. The experimental setup is done in Matlab and
verified the simulation results
Load Frequency Control in Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controllerijtsrd
In interconnected power system load frequency control has been used extensively. This study presents an application of a fuzzy gain scheduled proportional and integral (FGPI) controller for load-frequency control of a three-area electrical interconnected power system. The main aim is to design a FGPI controller that can ensure good performance. The paper present analysis on dynamic performance of Load Frequency Control (LFC) of three area interconnected thermal non-reheat power system by the use of Fuzzy Intelligence. The fuzzy rules are developed to ensure there is minimum frequency deviation occur when load is changed. The proposed controller limits the frequency deviations effectively as compared to conventional controller. The results has been verified by using MATLAB/Simulink software. Nazia Kosser"Load Frequency Control in Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controller" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12955.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/12955/load-frequency-control-in-three-area-power-system-using-fuzzy-logic-controller/nazia-kosser
Improving Distribution Feeders for Photovoltaic Generation by Loop Power Cont...IJMER
Now a day’s solar power plants are more reliable, because no fuel and reduced CO2 emission. But the solar power generation system do not work in all weather conditions, it is power generated only solar radiation time .To overcome this problem by using (pv)). In fuel cell power generation there will be no problems, where as in fuel cell power distribution systems have some problems like overloading the distribution feeders. In this project to overcome this overloading by using Loop Power Controller (LPC).The loop power controller to control real power and reactive power flow by adjusting voltage ratio and phase shift. Daily loading unbalance is determined by analyzing (pv) power generation recording by using SCADA system and load profile based on Data Automation System (DAS).The loop power controller can improve controllability, operational flexibility and reduce power loss of the distribution system. The Loop Power Controller (LPC) is based on the MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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A New approach for controlling the power flow in a transmission system using ...IJMER
Electrical power systems is a large interconnected network that requires a careful design to maintain the system with continuous power flow operation without any limitation. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) is an application of a power electronics device to control the power flow and to improve the system stability of a power system. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a new concept for the compensation and effective power flow control in a transmission system.Through common DC link, any inverters within the UPFC is able to transfer real power to any other and there by facilitate real power transfer among the line. In this paper a test system is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results of the network with and without UPFC are compared and when the voltage sag is compensated, reactive power is controlled and transmission line efficiency is improved.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Load frequency control in a deregulated power system
1. Load Frequency Control in a
Deregulated Power System Using
IPP Design
-Presented
By
R.selvakumar
1) Dept of electrical engg
Reg no : 922215105305
Tksct , Theni
2. Abstract:
This paper deals with a load frequency control in a
deregulated power system, in which the independent generator
utilities may or may not participate. A suitable method has been
developed for analyzing the performance of such a system. The
load frequency control is performed by this method on the basis
of parameters set by the participating generator companies.
The method is based on an Independent System Operator (ISO).
The participated companies are generators utility and
Independent Power Producer (IPP). The generator utilities
define which units will be under load frequency control , while
the independent power producer may or may not participate in
the load frequency control. The generator utility defines the
generation limits, rate of change and economic participation.
The ISO gets this information. The ISO also controls the
interconnected system operation while at the same time
allows the utilities to economically dispatch system.
4. Introduction :
The world – wide many electric utilities and
power companies have been forced to change their
way of operation and business, from vertically
integrated utilities to open market systems. For
developing countries the demand of power has been
increased ,complexity is associated with it like
management and irrational tariff policies.
The restructured or deregulated system is more
economical and beneficial to the consumers, but the
problem of load frequency control is associated with
it. The power systems are interconnected and their
operation has an important aspect of load frequency
control problem. In an interconnected system
operation load frequency control needs the technical
consideration.
5. Area control error(ACE):
The area control error (ACE)has the ability to monitor the
load-generation-and-frequency. On the basis of the ACE
value the generating units of the system are controlled. At
least after few minutes utilities have been operated in such
a way that the area control error of each utility would
reached to zero, meaning that the load and generation
balance each other and the frequency is equal to the
normal .
Due to this the system performance increases but it
influences the cost of the system. The increased cost is not
preferable of the infrastructure, required for the feedback.
From the frequency control action the wear and tear
occurs on the power plant equipment. The system gives
the excellent performance as all the utilities are
participating in the load frequency control problem. The
excellent performance justifies the increased cost of the
load frequency control.
7. Load frequency control in a deregulated power
System:
Now a days the electric utilities preferred
deregulated or restructured system for trading. The
load frequency control in the open market and
deregulated environment has become a commodity
which can be traded. In such a system the
generating utilities may or may not preferred to
take part in the bidding competition of load
frequency control. The performance of such a
system is to maintain nearly constant frequency and
closely monitoring the load. Thus for large deviation
of load at a time the load frequency control is low
compared to the load.
8. Independent power producer (IPPs):
Independent Power Producers (IPPs) or non-
utility generator (NUG) are private entities
(under unbundled market), which own and or
operate facilities to generate electricity and then
sell it to a utility, central government buyer and
end users. IPPs may be privately-held facilities,
cooperatives or non -energy industrial concerns
capable of feeding excess energy into the
system.
11. Deregulated power system:
Electric deregulation is the process of changing
rules and regulations that control the electric
industry to provide customers the choice of
electricity suppliers who are either retailers or
traders by allowing competition. Deregulation
improves the economic efficiency of the
production and use of electricity.
12. The main objectives of the deregulated power
market:
• To provide electricity for all reasonable
demands.
• To encourage the competition in the
generation and supply of
electricity.
• To improve the continuity of supply and the
quality of services.
• To promote efficiency and economy of the
power system.
14. Deregulated for LFC:
The vertically integrated utility are not
attracted by the market. For existing into the
competitive environment the vertically
integrated utility needs to restructured. The
restructured system consists of Generating
companies (GENCOs), Distribution companies
(DESCOs), Transmission companies (TRANSCOs)
and independent system operators (ISO).
15. The goal is to control the load frequency in the
power system:
i.e. restoring the frequency and the net
interchanges to their desired values for each
control area, still remain. For the load frequency
control, a flexible method is required which
should be suitable for the simulation of the
operation of the system.
Two specific control loops have been applied:
(a) utility control loop which performs
economic dispatch and provides the parameters
to the independent system operator for the load
frequency control
16. (b) the load frequency control is performed by
the independent system operator control loop.
The independent power producers (IPP) and
utilities provide the information or parameters
to the independent system operator on the
basis of which it controls the load frequency in
the power system. For the specific conditions
the model computes the load frequency of the
system.
System performance is measured in two types :
(a) utility control error and (b) independent
unit – load balance
17. The interconnected power system in tie area
system :
The model consists of four interconnected
Power systems with three independent power
producers. The power system 1has two
generator at bus number 1 and 2 and it is
interconnected with power system 2,3 and 4
through 4 tie lines. The IPP1 is also connected at
bus number 1. The Power system 2 has one
generator at bus number 3 and it is connected
with two tie lines to power system 1and 3.
19. The Power system 3 has one generator at
bus number 4 and it is connected to power
system 1and 2 through two tie lines. The bus
number 4 is also connected with IPP2. Finally,
the power system 4 has one generator at bus
number 5 and it is connected to power system 1
with two tie lines. The IPP3 is also connected
with bus number 5. For the proposed model
each generator model is important.
20. Conclusion :
It is observed that if the number of participating
generating unit in the load frequency control
method is less, the system performance is not
satisfactory which is unacceptable. But in the
deregulated environment it is the choice of the
generating unit to participate or not to participate
in the load frequency control operation. It is thus
recommended that there must be a minimum
participation. The minimum participation depends
up the system establishment. There is a need of
further study to establish a minimum acceptable
limit of the nonparticipating unit to the load
frequency control problem.
21. REFERENCES:
1. International Journal of Engineering
Research and General Science Volume 5, Issue 3,
May-June, 2017
2. IEEE Std. 95, Definition for
Terminology for Automatic Generation Control
on Electric Power Systems.
3.NPTEL Phase-2 course in deregulated
power system in IIT ,MADRAS.