The power system is interconnected to enhance the security and reliability. With large interconnected system, unexpected external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and the model uncertainties make big challenges for stability of system. Load Frequency Control (LFC) deals with the control of real power and frequency of the system. The LFC is used to reduce the transient deviations in the power system. It limits the frequency within limits and controls the tie-line exchange power. Various controllers are used for this purpose. Recently Artificial Intelligence Techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), fuzzy logic, Genetic Algorithm etc. are used for the designing of controllers. These controllers provide a faster response and are flexible to adjust according to system conditions. In this paper, I have designed integral controller which is conventional method for Load Frequency Control and Artificial Intelligence Technique based Fuzzy Logic controller to deal with the Load Frequency Control Problem for Multi-area System. The simulation of the system is done with MATLAB. These controllers provide a robust system which is more stable and reliable and helps the system to regain its normal state after any disturbance.
frequency regulation of deregulated power system having grc integrated with r...Yedukondalachari B
frequency regulation of deregulated power system having grc integrated with renewable source project first review, it is the one of the best power system project
frequency regulation of deregulated power system having grc integrated with r...Yedukondalachari B
frequency regulation of deregulated power system having grc integrated with renewable source project first review, it is the one of the best power system project
Automatic load frequency control of two area power system with conventional a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Load Frequency Control of Two Area SystemManash Deka
This is a synopsis presentation on a project of designing and analyzing Load Frequency Control (LFC) of a two area system. This is useful for students, basically of Electrical Engineering branch. This project will be simulated in simulink of MATLAB.
DESIGN OF CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC) IN MULTI AR...IAEME Publication
This paper features the Differential Evolution (DE) by controller parameters tuning algorithm
and also an application of a multi source power system to a Load Frequency Control (LFC) by
having several sources of power generation techniques. At first, a single area multi-source power
system using integral controllers for every unit is taken and DE procedure is implemented to attain
the controller parameters. Several mutation procedures of DE are estimated and the control
parameters of DE for best obtained procedure are tuned by implementing numerous runs of
algorithm for every change in parameter. Multi-area multi-source power system is also discussed
and a HDVC link is also taken in accordance with the current AC tie line for the internal
connection between the areas. The two variables of Integrals which are to be enhanced using tuned
DE algorithm are proportional integral and proportional integral derivative.
Load Frequency Control in Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controllerijtsrd
In interconnected power system load frequency control has been used extensively. This study presents an application of a fuzzy gain scheduled proportional and integral (FGPI) controller for load-frequency control of a three-area electrical interconnected power system. The main aim is to design a FGPI controller that can ensure good performance. The paper present analysis on dynamic performance of Load Frequency Control (LFC) of three area interconnected thermal non-reheat power system by the use of Fuzzy Intelligence. The fuzzy rules are developed to ensure there is minimum frequency deviation occur when load is changed. The proposed controller limits the frequency deviations effectively as compared to conventional controller. The results has been verified by using MATLAB/Simulink software. Nazia Kosser"Load Frequency Control in Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controller" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12955.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/12955/load-frequency-control-in-three-area-power-system-using-fuzzy-logic-controller/nazia-kosser
A new approach for Tuning of PID Load Frequency Controller of an Interconnect...Editor IJMTER
Load frequency control is one of the important issues in electrical power system
design/operation and is becoming much more significant recently with increasing size,
changing structure and complexity in interconnected power system. This paper deals with a
new approach of PID tuning and their dynamic responses are compared with PID classical
Controller when both controllers are applied to three area interconnected Thermal-ThermalHydro. The dynamical response of the load frequency control problem in an interconnected
power system is improved by designing PID controller using Pessen Integral Rule (similar to
Ziegler Nichols -2nd method). The results indicate that the proposed controller gives the better
performance.
Load frequency control in co ordination with frequency controllable hvdc link...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper decentralized load frequency control (LFC) for suppression of oscillations in multi-area power systems using fuzzy logic
controller was studied. A three area system is considered in which areas 1 and 2 and areas 1 and 3 are connected by HVDC
transmission links and areas 2 and 3 are connected by normal AC tie-line. The performance of the fuzzy logic controller is compared
with the conventional PI controller and the simulation results shows that fuzzy logic controller is very effective enhancing better
damping performance in non-linear conditions.
Keywords: Load Frequency Control, High Voltage Direct Current transmission Link, Proportional Integral Controller,
Fuzzy Logic Control.
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROLPreet_patel
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROL
Load frequency control
Automatic Generation Control
Voltage Control
Primary regulation.
Secondary regulation
real power
Why voltage control is important?
Performance Analysis of Adaptive DOA Estimation Algorithms For Mobile Applica...IJERA Editor
Spatial filtering for mobile communications has attracted a lot of attention over the last decade and is cur-rently considered a very promising technique that will help future cellular networks achieve their ambi-tious goals. One way to accomplish this is via array signal processing with algorithms which estimate the Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) of the received waves from the mobile users. This paper evaluates the per-formance of a number of DOA estimation algorithms. In all cases a linear antenna array at the base station is assumed to be operating typical cellular environment.
Automatic load frequency control of two area power system with conventional a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Load Frequency Control of Two Area SystemManash Deka
This is a synopsis presentation on a project of designing and analyzing Load Frequency Control (LFC) of a two area system. This is useful for students, basically of Electrical Engineering branch. This project will be simulated in simulink of MATLAB.
DESIGN OF CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC) IN MULTI AR...IAEME Publication
This paper features the Differential Evolution (DE) by controller parameters tuning algorithm
and also an application of a multi source power system to a Load Frequency Control (LFC) by
having several sources of power generation techniques. At first, a single area multi-source power
system using integral controllers for every unit is taken and DE procedure is implemented to attain
the controller parameters. Several mutation procedures of DE are estimated and the control
parameters of DE for best obtained procedure are tuned by implementing numerous runs of
algorithm for every change in parameter. Multi-area multi-source power system is also discussed
and a HDVC link is also taken in accordance with the current AC tie line for the internal
connection between the areas. The two variables of Integrals which are to be enhanced using tuned
DE algorithm are proportional integral and proportional integral derivative.
Load Frequency Control in Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controllerijtsrd
In interconnected power system load frequency control has been used extensively. This study presents an application of a fuzzy gain scheduled proportional and integral (FGPI) controller for load-frequency control of a three-area electrical interconnected power system. The main aim is to design a FGPI controller that can ensure good performance. The paper present analysis on dynamic performance of Load Frequency Control (LFC) of three area interconnected thermal non-reheat power system by the use of Fuzzy Intelligence. The fuzzy rules are developed to ensure there is minimum frequency deviation occur when load is changed. The proposed controller limits the frequency deviations effectively as compared to conventional controller. The results has been verified by using MATLAB/Simulink software. Nazia Kosser"Load Frequency Control in Three Area Power System using Fuzzy Logic Controller" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12955.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/12955/load-frequency-control-in-three-area-power-system-using-fuzzy-logic-controller/nazia-kosser
A new approach for Tuning of PID Load Frequency Controller of an Interconnect...Editor IJMTER
Load frequency control is one of the important issues in electrical power system
design/operation and is becoming much more significant recently with increasing size,
changing structure and complexity in interconnected power system. This paper deals with a
new approach of PID tuning and their dynamic responses are compared with PID classical
Controller when both controllers are applied to three area interconnected Thermal-ThermalHydro. The dynamical response of the load frequency control problem in an interconnected
power system is improved by designing PID controller using Pessen Integral Rule (similar to
Ziegler Nichols -2nd method). The results indicate that the proposed controller gives the better
performance.
Load frequency control in co ordination with frequency controllable hvdc link...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper decentralized load frequency control (LFC) for suppression of oscillations in multi-area power systems using fuzzy logic
controller was studied. A three area system is considered in which areas 1 and 2 and areas 1 and 3 are connected by HVDC
transmission links and areas 2 and 3 are connected by normal AC tie-line. The performance of the fuzzy logic controller is compared
with the conventional PI controller and the simulation results shows that fuzzy logic controller is very effective enhancing better
damping performance in non-linear conditions.
Keywords: Load Frequency Control, High Voltage Direct Current transmission Link, Proportional Integral Controller,
Fuzzy Logic Control.
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROLPreet_patel
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROL
Load frequency control
Automatic Generation Control
Voltage Control
Primary regulation.
Secondary regulation
real power
Why voltage control is important?
Performance Analysis of Adaptive DOA Estimation Algorithms For Mobile Applica...IJERA Editor
Spatial filtering for mobile communications has attracted a lot of attention over the last decade and is cur-rently considered a very promising technique that will help future cellular networks achieve their ambi-tious goals. One way to accomplish this is via array signal processing with algorithms which estimate the Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) of the received waves from the mobile users. This paper evaluates the per-formance of a number of DOA estimation algorithms. In all cases a linear antenna array at the base station is assumed to be operating typical cellular environment.
Investigating the Performance of NoC Using Hierarchical Routing ApproachIJERA Editor
The Network-on-Chip (NoC) model has appeared as a revolutionary methodology for incorporatingmany number of intellectual property (IP) blocks in a die. As said by the International Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), it is must to scale down the device size. In order to reduce the device long interconnection should be avoided. For that, new interconnect patterns are need. Three-dimensional ICs are proficient of achieving superior performance, resistance against noise and lower interconnect power consumption compared to traditional planar ICs. In this paper, network data routed by Hierarchical methodology. We are analyzing total number of logic gates and registers, power consumption and delay when different bits of data transmitted using Quartus II software.
A Design Technique To Reduce Nbti Effects From 5t Sram CellsIJERA Editor
This paper focuses on designing an NBTI tolerant system by addressing the major reason of NBTI especially the devices that consists of SOC. To address this issue a thorough study of 5T SRAM cells has been done. This paper is based on idea of switch capacitors and the fact that only few transistors are ON at any particular time. RD model is primary and base model that us used to describe NBTI and aging degradation in this paper The proposed technique improve read power by 8% and leakage power by 12.87%
A Synchronizing Devicefor Power Electronic ConvertersIJERA Editor
In this paper we introduce a synchronizing device for power electronic converters with single-phase or threephase
AC input voltage. The voltage synchronizing transformer in this device has been replaced by a current
transformer and a double galvanic isolation has been realized by means of optical media. Results from computer
simulation and experimental studies have been brought out.
Design and Implementation of Automatic Street Light Control Using Sensors and...IJERA Editor
Solar Photovoltaic panel based street lighting systems are becoming more common these days. But the limitation with these ordinary street light systems is that it lacks intelligent performance. It is very essential to automate the system so that we can conserve energy as well as to maximize the efficiency of the system. In this paper a new method is suggested so as to maximize the efficiency of the street lighting system and to conserve the energy usage the LED lights sensors. Here automation of street lights is done by LDR sensor. Intensity of led street lights can be controlled by IR sensor and pulse width modulation.
Study and Development of Temperature & Humidity monitoring system through Wir...IJERA Editor
Wireless sensor networks have become an integral part of any developing country as it is being used nowadays as the primary monitoring system in various applications. The wireless sensor networks eliminate the hazards associated with the wiring systems and make data measurement and monitoring process much easier and cost effective. The decentralized architecture of the wireless sensor network and its flexibility of deployment make wireless networks most suitable for various process plants, industries and remote & rural communication. In this work, applications of wireless sensor network is carried out on online measurement and monitoring of reaction chamber, furnace etc, which is to be measured in the industries.
Study of Linear and Non-Linear Optical Parameters of Zinc Selenide Thin FilmIJERA Editor
Thin film of Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) was deposited onto transparent glass substrate by thermal evaporation technique. ZnSe thin film was characterized by UV-Visible spectrophotometer within the wavelength range of 310 nm-1080 nm. The Linear optical parameters (linear optical absorption, extinction coefficient, refractive index and complex dielectric constant) of ZnSe thin film were analyzed from absorption spectra. The optical band gap and Urbach energy were obtained by Tauc’s equation. The volume and surface energy loss function of ZnSe thin film were obtained by complex dielectric constant. The Dispersion parameters (dispersion energy, oscillation energy, moment of optical dispersion spectra, static dielectric constant and static refractive index) were calculated using theoretical Wemple-DiDomenico model. The oscillation strength, oscillator wavelength, high frequency dielectric constant and high frequency refractive index were calculated by single Sellmeier oscillator model. Also, Lattice dielectric constant, N/m* and plasma resonance frequency were obtained. The electronic polarizibility of ZnSe thin film was estimated by Clausius-Mossotti local field polarizibility. The non-linear optical parameters (non-linear susceptibility and non-linear refractive index) were estimated.
Structural Weight Optimization of Aircraft Wing Component Using FEM Approach.IJERA Editor
One of the main challenges for the civil aviation industry is the reduction of its environmental impact by better fuel efficiency by virtue of Structural optimization. Over the past years, improvements in performance and fuel efficiency have been achieved by simplifying the design of the structural components and usage of composite materials to reduce the overall weight of the structure. This paper deals with the weight optimization of transport aircraft with low wing configuration. The Linear static and Normal Mode analysis were carried out using MSc Nastran & Msc Patran under different pressure conditions and the results were verified with the help of classical approach. The Stress and displacement results were found and verified and hence arrived to the conclusion about the optimization of the wing structure.
Design and Structuring of a Multiprocessor System based on TransputersIJERA Editor
In this paper the Authors present the design of a high performance transputer based fault-tolerant multiprocessor system for critical applications such as aircraft control, nuclear power station control, satellite applications etc. Fault-tolerant building blocks designed with potential for real time processing. The systematic architecture, regularity and recursiveness enables the system to be more fault-tolerant. Real-time applications have to function correctly even in the presence of faults. Link failure of the network is deeply analysed with reliability analysis.
Computational Aerodynamic Prediction for Integration of an Advanced Reconnais...IJERA Editor
In this paper a computational aerodynamic prediction to support the aeromechanical integration of an advanced reconnaissance pod on a 5th generation fighter type aircraft is presented. The aim of the activity was to compare the aerodynamic characteristics of the new pod to a previous one already cleared on the same aircraft fleet, given verified inertial and structural similarity. Verifying the aforementioned aerodynamic similarity without involving extensive flight test activity was a must, to save time and to reduce costs. A two steps approach was required by the Certification Authority to verify, initially, the performance data compatibility in terms of aerodynamic coefficients of the old pod with the new one, in order to allow performance flight manual data interchangeability (a quantitative comparison was required); afterwards, a qualitative assessment was conducted to verify the absence of unsteadiness induced by the introduction in the external structure of the new pod of an auxiliary antenna case. Computational results are presented both for Straight and Level Un-accelerated Flight and Steady-Sideslip flight conditions at different Angles of Attack.
The Information Communication and Technology industry is made up of enterprises concerned with the design, manufacture, installation, development, support and management of computer-based information systems (both software and hardware). The rapid expansion of electronic technologies within the global TELECOM industry has been accompanied by an explosion of automation applications that are redefining the way we perceive and experience communication, entertainment and security in our personal and professional environments. Convenience is now a function of the extent to which electronic appliances and gadgets are „online‟ and accessible through land and wireless networks. Information flow is expected on demand -constant, reliable, accurate and accessible. Such changes have understandably raised expectations with regards to the how effectively we function, in the places we live and work. No where have the effects of this new technology been felt as powerfully as in the global real estate industry.
Study of The Technological Profile of The Red Ceramic Industry of AlagoasIJERA Editor
The red ceramic industry in Brazil is a sector that is growing every year, characterized by the production of ceramic tiles as brick, tile, ceramic blocks, which basically uses, as main raw material, the clay. Due to the constant evolution of mechanization and production increase, plus the emergence of new companies, it is clear that processing techniques as well as technological modernization are key to achieving a higher performance segment of red ceramic process thus winning, this way, the market, about terms of competitiveness and productivity. This time, watching these aspects, the present study aims to analyze the technological landscape of the production process of the Red Ceramic Industry in Alagoas State, with regard to equipment used in the manufacturing steps, checking for the possibility of existing technological levels these industries in Alagoas in its production process, analyzing these, aiming thus conduct a study of the technological profile of the Red Ceramic Industry. The methodology will support the field research through questionnaires with entrepreneurs as well as qualitative bibliographic nature, with content analysis. Thus, the data surveys have indicated the existence of technological levels for this segment, mapping the characteristics of the productive process and its technological profile in the State of Alagoas and can verify in a few steps a possible disharmony. Therefore, by the the analysis of the data allowed the highlight of four steps to the red ceramic production process, these being the extraction of raw materials, the conformation of parts by molding and extrusion, and thermal processes through the final stages of drying and burning, considering the existence of technological levels by analyzing the study of technological profile, with regard to equipment used in the production process of state Red Ceramic Industries.
Geotechnical Properties of Sabkha Soil in the southern part of Al-Khobar city...IJERA Editor
The geotechnical properties of sabkha soil covering most parts of the southern portion of Al-Khobar area –Saudia Arabia were determined. These soil have very low strength, low bearing capacity and high compressibility. The expected settlement is always above the recommended tolerable limits. The chemical analysis of both soil and water from sabkha flat shows a very high concentration of salts. These high concentrations of salts give rise to a very corrosive environment and therefore it is recommended to protect concrete and reinforcement by using sulphate resisting cement, pozzolanic materials, use of corrosion inhibitors and by applying suitable water proofing membranes . The properties determined during this study has a significant impact on both technical and economical values of each project and therefore, the outcome of the study is much important for planners and developers .
Determination of homogenous regions in the Tensift basin (Morocco).IJERA Editor
The aim of this study is to determine homogenous region in the Tensift basin within which the hydrological behavior is similar. In order to do this we used two methods: The Principal components analysis on the monthly precipitation registered at the 23 rainfall stations. This resulted in setting apart 4 groups of stations. The second method is analysis of land use map, geological map, pedagogical map, vegetation map and slope map of the studied area. This method allowed us to delineate 4 homogenous areas. The two methods yielded complementary results and the superposition of groups and regions obtained allowed us to retain 4 homogenous regions corresponding to 3 groups of stations.
Design and Analysis of Flange CouplingIJERA Editor
The approach utilizes standard design equations of these couplings and links them together in computer software to determine the design parameters of the couplings. In general, most flange coupling is available in transformation system and automobile industries. A flange coupling usually applies to a coupling having two cast iron flanges. To achieve a require goal, a design of bolted unprotected flange coupling is modeled in to a cad package named Solid works. Furthered the finite element analysis module is created in ANSYS Workbench by using ANSYS Static Structural module which has a predefined process to obtain optimum results.
Cloud computing is an Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software, and information are
provided to computers and other devices on demand. However, adopting a cloud computing paradigm may have
positive as well as negative effects on the data security of service consumers [1]. Cloud Computing is a term
used to describe both a platform and type of application. As a platform it supplies, configures and reconfigures
servers, while the servers can be physical machines or virtual machines. On the other hand, Cloud Computing
describes applications that are extended to be accessible through the internet and for this purpose large data
centers and powerful servers are used to host the web applications and web services. Authentication is one the
most important security primitive [6]. Password authentication is most widely used authentication mechanism.
Password provides security mechanism for authentication and protection services against unwanted access to
resource. In this paper, we applied a technique to preserve our password using graphical authentication.
Analysis of multistoried braced steel space frame subjected to gravity and se...IJERA Editor
Steel structures are generally more flexible than other types of structure and lower in weight. Earthquake loads
are random in nature. It is difficult to predict them exactly. The action applied to a structure by an earthquake is
a ground movement with horizontal and vertical components. The horizontal movement is the most specific
feature of earthquake action because of its strength and because structures are generally better designed to resist
gravity than horizontal forces. These forces produce large stresses, strains, deformation and displacement
particularly in tall structures. To keep displacement within limit generally bracing is provided in steel structure. .
Bracings are generally used to increase lateral-stiffness, lateral- strength as well as lateral stability of the frame.
Variations in the column stiffness can influence the mode of failure and lateral stiffness of the bracing. In this
study steel frame is modeled and analyzed three Parts viz., (i) Model without Steel bracing (bare frame), (ii)
Model completely with fully braced steel frame („Cross‟ bracing), (iii) Model completely with fully braced steel
frame („Single diagonal‟ bracing).
An Ant colony optimization algorithm to solve the broken link problem in wire...IJERA Editor
Aco is a well –known metahuristic in which a colony of artificial ants cooperates in explain Good solution to a combinational optimization problem. Wireless sensor consisting of nodes with limited power is deployed to gather useful information From the field. In wireless sensor network it is critical to collect the information in an energy efficient Manner.ant colony optimization, a swarm intelligence based optimization technique, is widely used In network routing. A novel routing approach using an ant colony optimization algorithm is proposed for wireless sensor Network consisting of stable nodes illustrative example details description and cooperative performance test result the proposed approach are included. The approach is also implementing to a small sized hardware component as a router chip simulation result show that proposed algorithm Provides promising solution allowing node designers to efficiency operate routing tasks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ER Publication,
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Journals,
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Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
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erpublication.org,
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MUTUAL EFFECT BETWEEN LFC AND AVR LOOPS IN POWER PLANTelelijjournal
This paper is proposed to show the mutual interaction between of both LFC and the AVR loops. The coupling effects of these two AVR and LFC loops are studied by extending the linear zed AGC system and it include the excitation system also. For a complete system model we have to study the oscillation of LFC and AVR loops with PID CONTROLLERS. This combined model of LFC and AVR loops is tested on single-area power system. These results are shown in simulation; and will be reachable in dynamic and steady state responses [1][2].
Power Quality Improvement in a Grid connected pv systemVijayMuni2
In this case, the network voltage has the symmetric voltage
sag and voltage swell with 30% of the voltage drop from
0.51 to 0.54 and 30% of the voltage swell from 0.54 to 0.57.
Fig. 9 shows the simulation results for symmetric Voltage
sag and voltage swell. To show the better performance of
the proposed method, the voltage difference between the
desired voltage, network voltage, and load voltage has been
investigated. In Fig. 10, the results of the proposed controller
method and the PWM switching method are compared to
prove the efciency of the proposed controller method.
STATCOM compensates for symmetrical voltage swell and
voltage sag with the PWM switching method, but the steady-
state voltage difference is greater than STATCOM with the
proposed control.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Design Fuzzy-PI Based Controller for Load Frequency Control of Thermal - Ther...ijtsrd
This paper presents how to design proportional integral controller and Fuzzy-PI based controller for efficiently load frequency control. Loads on the electrical system always vary in relation to that time, which results in diversity of frequency, causing frequency control problems to be loaded. The frequency difference is highly undesirable and the maximum allowable difference in frequency is ± 0.5 Hz. This paper load frequency control is done by PI controller, which is a conventional controller. This type of controller is slow and the controller does not allow the designer to keep in mind the potential change in operating conditions and non-linearity in the generator unit. To overcome these flaws, new intelligent controllers like Fuzzy-PI Controller are presented to extinguish tie-line power due to deviation in frequency and various load disturbances. The effectiveness of the proposed controller has been confirmed using the MATLAB SIMULINK software. The results show that the PI-fuzzy controller provides fast response, little undershoots and negligible overshoot with small state transfer time to reach the final stable position. Ajay Kumar Maurya | Dr. G. K. Banerjee | Dr. Piush Kumar "Design Fuzzy-PI Based Controller for Load Frequency Control of Thermal - Thermal Area Interconnected Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19164.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/19164/design-fuzzy-pi-based-controller-for-load-frequency-control-of-thermal---thermal-area-interconnected-power-system/ajay-kumar-maurya
Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Area Power System with Generating Rate ...IJAPEJOURNAL
In a large inter-connected system, large and small generating stations are synchronously connected and hence all stations must have the same frequency. The system frequency deviation is the sensitive indicator of real power imbalance. The main objectives of AGC are to maintain constant frequency and tie-line errors with in prescribed limit. This paper presents two new approaches for Automatic Generation Control using i) combined Fuzzy Logic and Artificial Neural Network Controller (FLANNC) and ii) Hybrid Neuro Fuzzy Controller (HNFC) with gauss membership functions. The simulation model is created for four-area interconnected power system. In this four area system, three areas consist of steam turbines and one area consists of hydro turbine. The components of ACE, frequency deviation (F) and tie line error (Ptie) are obtained through simulation model and used to produce the required control action to achieve AGC using i) FLANNC and ii) HNFC with gauss membership functions. The simulation results show that the proposed controllers overcome the drawbacks associated with conventional integral controller, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), Artificial Neural Network controller (ANNC) and HNFC with gbell membership functionsv
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Load Frequency Control of Multi Area System using Integral-Fuzzy Controller
1. Surbhi Pande Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -1) June 2015, pp.59-64
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Load Frequency Control of Multi Area System using Integral-
Fuzzy Controller
Surbhi Pande*, Roohi Kansal**
*( School of Electronics & Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India)
** (School of Electronics & Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India)
ABSTRACT
The power system is interconnected to enhance the security and reliability. With large interconnected system,
unexpected external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and the model uncertainties make big challenges for
stability of system. Load Frequency Control (LFC) deals with the control of real power and frequency of the
system. The LFC is used to reduce the transient deviations in the power system. It limits the frequency within
limits and controls the tie-line exchange power. Various controllers are used for this purpose. Recently Artificial
Intelligence Techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), fuzzy logic, Genetic Algorithm etc. are used
for the designing of controllers. These controllers provide a faster response and are flexible to adjust according
to system conditions. In this paper, I have designed integral controller which is conventional method for Load
Frequency Control and Artificial Intelligence Technique based Fuzzy Logic controller to deal with the Load
Frequency Control Problem for Multi-area System. The simulation of the system is done with MATLAB. These
controllers provide a robust system which is more stable and reliable and helps the system to regain its normal
state after any disturbance.
Keywords - Load Frequency Control, Integral control, Fuzzy Logic.
I. INTRODUCTION
Power systems convert natural energy into
electric power and transmit this power to load
centers. For optimized performance of electrical
equipment, good quality of power is required which
means a nearly constant voltage and frequency of the
supply. During the transportation of electrical power
through transmission lines both the active power and
the reactive power balance must be maintained
between generating end and load end. Thus the input
to the generators must be continuously maintained
according to the varying demand of active power so
that the frequency is balanced in the system. As we
see that the frequency is dependent on the active
power while the voltage is highly dependent on the
reactive power. The problem of controlling active
power and so the frequency of the system is known
as “Load Frequency Control”. It is also known as
generation control or P-f control.
In an interconnected power system consisting of
many areas, following controller designing and
tuning techniques which includes use of
Conventional and Artificial Intelligence Techniques
are used for the purpose of load frequency control.
Various controllers have been designed for LFC.
These work includes the design of conventional
Integral controllers. Conventionally Proportional
Integral (PI) controllers are used. The Proportional
Integral Derivative (PID) Controllers were also
designed with enhanced properties for LFC. This
controller attempts to minimize the error by adjusting
the process control output. Fuzzy logic based
controllers are widely used for the LFC. These are
based on the fuzzy set theory which takes fuzzy
variables. This controller analyzes the system based
on some rule base defined and gives the
corresponding output. The output is much improved
by using fuzzy logic. Artificial Neural Network based
controllers are also used widely these days for the
purpose of LFC. These controllers are based on
pattern recognition and classification. The algorithms
used are back propagation, orthogonal least square
etc. There are controllers based on the combination of
above mentioned techniques such as Neuro-Fuzzy
based controllers, PID-Fuzzy based controllers etc.
the output performance of the system is much
improved after the application of such controllers in
the system.
In this paper, I have study and design the load
frequency control of a multi area system using
conventional integral controller, fuzzy logic and
combination of these two controllers. A comparison
between these controller systems is taken into
consideration to provide the better response of the
power system for Load Frequency Control. The
power system under consideration is modeled and
tested in MATLAB/Simulink and the response of the
system is noted. After the application of the integral
controller and the fuzzy logic controller in the
system, we will be requiring the faster response of
the system with less percent overshoot, less delay
time, less settling time etc. The aim of these
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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controllers is to restore the frequency to its nominal
value in the shortest time possible whenever there is
change in demand. It should be coupled with
minimum frequency transients and zero- steady state
error.
II. LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL
The LFC controls the loading of the generators
of the system at normal frequency. The frequency of
a system remains constant or under nominal
conditions when active power generation and its
demand remain in balanced condition. Due to change
in load, there is a deviation in the frequency of the
system from the nominal frequency, known as
frequency error Δf. This error signal is used by the
load frequency control system to change the
generation to bring the system under normal
condition. The LFC system control the inlet valve
opening of the prime movers according to change in
loading condition of the system. For large systems
and multi area systems automatic control devices or
controllers are used in loop of LFC system. The first
and foremost task of LFC is to keep the frequency
constant against the randomly varying active power
loads, which are also known as unknown external
disturbance.
II.I Mechanism
When the load demand varies on generating unit,
unbalance between the real power input and output
occurs. This difference between input and output of
real power is supplied by the stored kinetic energy of
rotating parts of that unit.
Kinetic Energy (KE) =
Where, I = moment of inertia of rotating part.
ω = angular speed of rotating part.
The kinetic energy, angular speed and frequency
are directly proportional to each other. The frequency
change is given by Δf and is sensed by a speed-
governor system. This value is fed back through a
feedback control system to control the position of
inlet valve of prime mover so as to maintain balance
between input and output of real power. Thus in this
way frequency variation is controlled in the system.
So the Load frequency control loop senses the change
in frequency Δf and change in tie line power ΔPtie
which gives the change in rotor angle of the system
ẟ and the change in this angle due to change in
loading conditions i.e. Δẟis need to be corrected for
the balance of system. These error signals are given
to prime mover for an increment in torque. The prime
mover changes the generator output by ΔPg which in
turn bring the values of Δf and ΔPtie within the
specified limits.
Another task of the LFC is to regulate the tie-line
power exchange error. In order to improve the fault
tolerance limit of the whole power system, these
different areas of generating units are connected
through tie-lines. The tie-line power induces a new
error into the control problem of tie-line power
exchange error. When a sudden active power load
changes in an area, the area gets this power via tie-
lines from other areas. But the area that is subjected
to the load change should balance it on its own and
without external support. Otherwise there would be
economic conflicts between the GENCOS and
TRANSCOS of areas. Hence each area requires a
separate load frequency controller to regulate the tie-
line power exchange error so that all the areas in an
interconnected power system can set their set-points
accordingly. A major problem with the
interconnection of the power systems results in huge
increase in both the order of the system and the
number of the tuning controller parameters. Thus
when we model such complex power systems, the
model and parameter approximations cannot be
avoided. Therefore, the requirement of the LFC is to
be robust against the uncertainties of the system
model and the variations of system parameters in
real.
Fig 2.1 Schematic Diagram of Load Frequency
Control
The schematic diagram of a Load Frequency
Control is shown in figure 2.1
III. DYNAMICS OF GENERATION
SYSTEM
III.I Generator
For LFC, we focus on the frequency output of
the generator instead of the energy transformation.
Swing equation for synchronous machine is-
For small speed change,
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Taking Laplace transformation
III.II Load
For a composite load, the speed-load
characteristics is given by the equation
Where, ΔPL(S) = Load change independent of
frequency
DΔω = Load change dependent on frequency
D =
III.III Turbine
The transfer function of non-reheat turbine is
given by
Where τts = Time constant. Its value lies between 0.2
to 2 seconds.
III.IV Speed governing system
From speed governor characteristics,
The relation between ΔPg and ΔPv is
III.V Tie lines
The equation representing tie line is given as
Where ΔPtie = tie line exchange power between two
areas
Tij = tie line synchronizing torque between two areas.
III.VI Area control error
The Area Control Error (ACE) can be defined as
Where Bi = frequency response characteristic for area
The output of each generation area is given by ACE.
All the frequency errors and tie line power errors will
be zero if we can make the ACE as zero.
III.VII Parallel operation
The power generating units are connected in
parallel for their operation. The equations related to
such condition are given as
Where Meq = Equivalent generator inertia constant
Deq = Load damping constant
Beq = Frequency Response characteristic
IV. INTEGRAL CONTROLLER
The integral controller used for the purpose of
LFC is comprised of a frequency sensor and an
integrator. The work of frequency sensor is to sense
the change in frequency or frequency error (Δf) of the
system due to load change or fault condition. This
frequency error signal is then fed to the integrator.
This frequency error which is given as the input to
integrator is known as “Area Control Error” (ACE).
Thus we can say that ACE is the frequency change of
an area which is given to integral control action loop
to bring the system in steady state and keep
frequency error as zero i.e. ACE = Δf.
Thus the integrator work as
Where ΔPc = Power command signal
Ki = integral gain constant.
The signal ΔPc is given as input to speed changer
and makes it move according to the stability
requirement. The integral gain constant controls the
rate of integration and so the speed response of the
control loop of the system. The block diagram for a
system having integrator and frequency sensor is
shown in figure 4.1
Fig 4.1 Block Diagram of Integral Controller
In this figure,
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R = speed regulation feedback parameter
ΔPG(s) = incremental changes in generation
ΔPD(s) = incremental changes in load
ΔF(s) = incremental changes in frequency
V. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
The fuzzy logic controller works in a same way
as human by adjusting the input signal to system
based on the changes in output parameters. The
fundamental fuzzy logic control approach consist of
four elements-
1. Fuzzification
2. Interference system
3. Rule base
4. Defuzzification
Fig 5.1 Block Diagram of Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzification is the process of changing crisp
value to a fuzzy value. This fuzzy value carries
uncertainty in it. This value is represented by
membership functions. Fuzzy control loop consist of
fuzzy reasoning and rule base to give the decisions.
Knowledge Base defines the parameters and
variables of the fuzzy set. Defuzzification is the
process of changing the fuzzy values to a crisp value.
It is basically interpreting fuzzy set membership
degrees into decision or real value.
The Fuzzy logic based Load frequency controller
is designed with two inputs. One input is Area
Control Error and second input is differential of
ACE. The output signal is the change of the control
signal. For designing the controller, Mamdani type
fuzzy interference engine has selected and centroid
method is used for defuzzification. The membership
function gives the range upto which an input belongs
to a fuzzy set. We have use triangular membership
functions are used for both input and output of the
fuzzy logic controller. Five membership functions are
being used with the set of 25 rule base to define the
control problem of LFC. These are given in table 5.1
TABLE 5.1: FUZZY RULES
NB : Negative Big, NS : Negative Small, Z : Zero,
PS : Positive Small. PB : Positive Big
The membership functions for the controller are
shown in figure 5.2
Fig 5.2 Membership Function Diagram of Fuzzy
Controller
These membership functions are used to describe
the linguistic variables. If-Then statement is used for
designing the control rules. This system is then
implemented in the actual system to enhance the
performance of the system.
VI. SIMULATION AND RESULT
The four area system consisting of Thermal
Power systems with non-reheat type turbine are
simulated. This system is connected with integral
controller, fuzzy controller and a combination of
integral fuzzy controller. The response of the system
is taken with 1% of variation in frequency in each
Area. The frequency deviation and tie-line power
value for different area is as shown in figures. The
steady state error is eliminated in the system with
Tie-Line Bias Control. The combination of tie line
power error and frequency are used to make ACE
linear.
The response of four area system without any
controller and with 1% frequency deviation in each
area is shown in figure 6.1. The tie line power
variation is shown in figure 6.2. The frequency
response of the system with integral controller is
shown in figure 6.3 and its tie line power is shown in
figure 6.4. The system response with fuzzy controller
is shown in figure 6.5 and 6.6. The system frequency
deviation and tie line power with combined integral
and fuzzy logic based controller is shown in figure
6.7 and 6.8.
Fig 6.1 Frequency response of four area system
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Fig 6.2 Tie line power of four area system
Fig 6.3 Frequency Response of Four Area System
with Integral Controller
Fig 6.4 Tie Line Power of Four Are System with
Integral Controller
Fig 6.5 Frequency response of four area system with
Fuzzy Controller
Fig 6.6 Tie Line Power of Four Area System with
Fuzzy Controller
Fig 6.7 Frequency Response of Integral-Fuzzy
Controller
Fig 6.8 Tie line Power with Integral Fuzzy Controller
VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a multi area power system is
designed. This area is simulated with the help of
MATLAB. Then I have designed integral controller
and fuzzy logic based controller for this system. The
controllers are designed such that whenever some
disturbance in frequency response or fault occurs in
the system, then the system would be able to regain
its original normal operating condition in least time.
This makes the system more stable and reliable.
When the system is simulated with MATLAB with
Integral controller, we observed that the system is
able to regain its nominal operating condition with
zero steady state error. This improves the safety of
the system and makes system more reliable. Now,
when the fuzzy logic controller is connected in the
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system, the system regains its normal operating
condition in same duration. With using fuzzy logic
based controller, the system stabilizes with less
settling time but there is a little deviation from the
nominal frequency and with the application of
integral with fuzzy controller, the system stabilizes in
less settling time with zero steady state error. Hence
the system response is improved.
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[1]. P. Kundur, “Power System Stability and
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[3]. Hassan A. Yousef, Khalfan Mohammed Al
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[4]. G.T. Chandra Sekhar, Sahu Rabindra
Kumar, Panda Sidhartha, “Load frequency
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[5]. Roohi Kansa1, Balwinder Singh Surjan,
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[6]. Prakash Surya , Bhardwaj A. K. , Sinha S.
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[7]. Zenk Hilmi, Zenk Osman, Akpinar Adem
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[8]. Mishra Padmagandha, Dr. Mishra S., Nanda
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