This document contains a question bank for energy managers and energy auditors related to energy efficient technologies in electrical systems. It includes multiple choice, true/false, and short answer questions that cover topics like maximum demand controllers, power factor correction, variable speed drives, energy efficient motors and transformers, lighting controls, and other retrofit opportunities. Long answer questions provide more detailed explanations of demand controllers, automatic power factor control methods, soft starters, variable speed applications, and recommended retrofit actions for facilities. The question bank is intended to test knowledge of key electrical system optimization strategies.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO AREA NETWORK INCLUDING DGIAEME Publication
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is associate integral a part of Energy Management
System. This paper deals with the automatic generation control of interconnected multi area grid
network. The first purpose of the AGC is to balance the full system generation against system load
and losses so the specified frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained. Any pair between generation and demand causes the system frequency to deviate from
regular worth. So high frequency deviation could result in system collapse. This necessitates
associate correct and quick acting controller to take care of constant nominal frequency. The
limitations of the conventional controls are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system nonlinearity.
This leads to develop a control technique for AGC. In this paper both conventional and
PI viz. Proportional Integral controller approach of automatic generation control has been
examined. PI based AGC has been used for all optimization purposes. System performance has
been evaluated at various disturbances such as, load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load
and grid disturbances. Various responses due to conventional and proposed PI based AGC
controllers have been compared at load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load and grid
disturbances.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
DESIGN OF CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC) IN MULTI AR...IAEME Publication
This paper features the Differential Evolution (DE) by controller parameters tuning algorithm
and also an application of a multi source power system to a Load Frequency Control (LFC) by
having several sources of power generation techniques. At first, a single area multi-source power
system using integral controllers for every unit is taken and DE procedure is implemented to attain
the controller parameters. Several mutation procedures of DE are estimated and the control
parameters of DE for best obtained procedure are tuned by implementing numerous runs of
algorithm for every change in parameter. Multi-area multi-source power system is also discussed
and a HDVC link is also taken in accordance with the current AC tie line for the internal
connection between the areas. The two variables of Integrals which are to be enhanced using tuned
DE algorithm are proportional integral and proportional integral derivative.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO AREA NETWORK INCLUDING DGIAEME Publication
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is associate integral a part of Energy Management
System. This paper deals with the automatic generation control of interconnected multi area grid
network. The first purpose of the AGC is to balance the full system generation against system load
and losses so the specified frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained. Any pair between generation and demand causes the system frequency to deviate from
regular worth. So high frequency deviation could result in system collapse. This necessitates
associate correct and quick acting controller to take care of constant nominal frequency. The
limitations of the conventional controls are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system nonlinearity.
This leads to develop a control technique for AGC. In this paper both conventional and
PI viz. Proportional Integral controller approach of automatic generation control has been
examined. PI based AGC has been used for all optimization purposes. System performance has
been evaluated at various disturbances such as, load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load
and grid disturbances. Various responses due to conventional and proposed PI based AGC
controllers have been compared at load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load and grid
disturbances.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
DESIGN OF CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC) IN MULTI AR...IAEME Publication
This paper features the Differential Evolution (DE) by controller parameters tuning algorithm
and also an application of a multi source power system to a Load Frequency Control (LFC) by
having several sources of power generation techniques. At first, a single area multi-source power
system using integral controllers for every unit is taken and DE procedure is implemented to attain
the controller parameters. Several mutation procedures of DE are estimated and the control
parameters of DE for best obtained procedure are tuned by implementing numerous runs of
algorithm for every change in parameter. Multi-area multi-source power system is also discussed
and a HDVC link is also taken in accordance with the current AC tie line for the internal
connection between the areas. The two variables of Integrals which are to be enhanced using tuned
DE algorithm are proportional integral and proportional integral derivative.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Automatic load frequency control of two area power system with conventional a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
frequency regulation of deregulated power system having grc integrated with r...Yedukondalachari B
frequency regulation of deregulated power system having grc integrated with renewable source project first review, it is the one of the best power system project
Load Frequency Control of Two Area SystemManash Deka
This is a synopsis presentation on a project of designing and analyzing Load Frequency Control (LFC) of a two area system. This is useful for students, basically of Electrical Engineering branch. This project will be simulated in simulink of MATLAB.
Load Frequency Control of DFIG-isolated and Grid Connected ModeIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the extraordinary promising sources of renewable energy due to its clean character, free availability and economic viability. A Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) feeds power from both the stator and the rotor windings at speeds above synchronous speed of the machine. This paper deals the load frequency control of doubly fed induction generator in isolated mode and grid connected mode. The wind turbine model is obtained using MATLAB/ SIMULINK which consists of DFIG, rotor side rectifier, grid side inverter and grid. This model is controlled by conventional controllerand proposed Load Frequency Control (LFC) method. The results are proven that frequency control gives better results in all the aspects
The presentation includes the objective, operation, characteristics , simulation, results and waveforms of Doubly Fed Induction Generator connected to variable speed Wind Turbine. which is published and presented in IEEE international conference in Technological advancements of Power and Energy which was held in Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetam, Amritapuri, Kerala.
Power System Operation and Control- Module 1Ansho Anto
1.Power Scenario in Indian Grid
2.Growth of Electricity Consumption
3.NLDC & RLDC
4.Speed Governor
5.Regulation of two generators in parallel
6.Load forecasting and its classification
7.Unit commitment and its constraints
8.Load Scheduling/Load dispatching
Enhancement of reactive power capability of doubly fed induction generator 2-3IAEME Publication
With the growing integration into power grids, wind power plants are very important for
power system. According to the grid codes wind power plants should have the ability to perform
voltage control and reactive power compensation at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). In
general, the entire wind farm operates within a power factor range of 0.95 leading and lagging. This
operation drastically under utilizes the reactive output of the machine. The results offered in this
paper demonstrates enhancement of reactive power capability of Doubly Fed Induction Generator
(DFIG). This additional reactive power supports to improve the post fault voltage and reduces the
overall system losses and also reduces the cost of the generation. The utilization of extended reactive
limits in voltage control may prevent system collapse.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
A Matlab/Simulink Model for the control scheme utilized to improve power qual...AM Publications
the wind energy generation, utilization and its grid penetration in electrical grid are increasing worldwide. The
integration of wind energy into the power system is to minimize the environmental impact on conventional plant but the injection
of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The wind generated power is always fluctuating due to its time
varying nature and causing stability problem. The power quality is determined on the basis of measurements and the norms
followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission standard, IEC-61400. The influence
of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation
of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to
national/international guidelines. The project demonstrates the power quality problem due to installation of wind turbine with
the grid. In this proposed scheme Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery
energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the harmonics. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the real power
source under fluctuating wind power. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for
power quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. The effectiveness of the
proposed scheme relives the main supply source from the reactive power demand of the load and the induction generator. The
development of the grid co-ordination rule and the scheme for improvement in power quality norms as per IEC-standard on the grid has been presented.
Automatic load frequency control of two area power system with conventional a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
frequency regulation of deregulated power system having grc integrated with r...Yedukondalachari B
frequency regulation of deregulated power system having grc integrated with renewable source project first review, it is the one of the best power system project
Load Frequency Control of Two Area SystemManash Deka
This is a synopsis presentation on a project of designing and analyzing Load Frequency Control (LFC) of a two area system. This is useful for students, basically of Electrical Engineering branch. This project will be simulated in simulink of MATLAB.
Load Frequency Control of DFIG-isolated and Grid Connected ModeIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the extraordinary promising sources of renewable energy due to its clean character, free availability and economic viability. A Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) feeds power from both the stator and the rotor windings at speeds above synchronous speed of the machine. This paper deals the load frequency control of doubly fed induction generator in isolated mode and grid connected mode. The wind turbine model is obtained using MATLAB/ SIMULINK which consists of DFIG, rotor side rectifier, grid side inverter and grid. This model is controlled by conventional controllerand proposed Load Frequency Control (LFC) method. The results are proven that frequency control gives better results in all the aspects
The presentation includes the objective, operation, characteristics , simulation, results and waveforms of Doubly Fed Induction Generator connected to variable speed Wind Turbine. which is published and presented in IEEE international conference in Technological advancements of Power and Energy which was held in Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetam, Amritapuri, Kerala.
Power System Operation and Control- Module 1Ansho Anto
1.Power Scenario in Indian Grid
2.Growth of Electricity Consumption
3.NLDC & RLDC
4.Speed Governor
5.Regulation of two generators in parallel
6.Load forecasting and its classification
7.Unit commitment and its constraints
8.Load Scheduling/Load dispatching
Enhancement of reactive power capability of doubly fed induction generator 2-3IAEME Publication
With the growing integration into power grids, wind power plants are very important for
power system. According to the grid codes wind power plants should have the ability to perform
voltage control and reactive power compensation at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). In
general, the entire wind farm operates within a power factor range of 0.95 leading and lagging. This
operation drastically under utilizes the reactive output of the machine. The results offered in this
paper demonstrates enhancement of reactive power capability of Doubly Fed Induction Generator
(DFIG). This additional reactive power supports to improve the post fault voltage and reduces the
overall system losses and also reduces the cost of the generation. The utilization of extended reactive
limits in voltage control may prevent system collapse.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
A Matlab/Simulink Model for the control scheme utilized to improve power qual...AM Publications
the wind energy generation, utilization and its grid penetration in electrical grid are increasing worldwide. The
integration of wind energy into the power system is to minimize the environmental impact on conventional plant but the injection
of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The wind generated power is always fluctuating due to its time
varying nature and causing stability problem. The power quality is determined on the basis of measurements and the norms
followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission standard, IEC-61400. The influence
of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation
of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to
national/international guidelines. The project demonstrates the power quality problem due to installation of wind turbine with
the grid. In this proposed scheme Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery
energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the harmonics. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the real power
source under fluctuating wind power. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for
power quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. The effectiveness of the
proposed scheme relives the main supply source from the reactive power demand of the load and the induction generator. The
development of the grid co-ordination rule and the scheme for improvement in power quality norms as per IEC-standard on the grid has been presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Speed Control of BLDC Motor with Four Quadrant Operation Using dsPICijsrd.com
Brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives are becoming more popular in industrial and traction applications. Hence the control of BLDC motor in four quadrants is very vital. The flexibility of the drive system is increased using digital controller. In this paper the PWM signals for driving the power inverter bridge for BLDC motor have been successfully implemented using a dsPIC controller and the motor can be controlled in all the four quadrants without any loss of power .Energy is conserved during regenerative braking period. The digital controller dsPIC, is advantageous over other controller, as it combines the calculation capability of digital signal processor and controlling capability of PIC microcontroller to achieve a precise control. Simulation of the proposed model is done by using MATLAB/Simulink.
Interfacing and Commissioning of Motor and Drive to the Tandem test jigIJERA Editor
The motors and drives have wide applications from servos to traction and it is mainly used in automation industry, CNC machines and robots. The application of interfacing and commissioning of motor and drive to the tandem test jig helps to achieve improved reliability and cost effectiveness. This paper mainly describes how motors and drive system is interfaced to tandem test jig.BG605 motor grader vehicle is used for grading operation and bank cutting operation of roads. Tandem is a part of BG605 Motor grader equipment and it is used for transmission of power in the equipment. Testing of the tandem before assembling on to the vehicle is very much essential.
Electric Vehicle Driven by Solar PV Batteries and Regenerative Brakes via a Z...ijtsrd
This paper proposes a unique regenerative braking method based on a Brushless DC BLDC motor. Braking may be accomplished using the suggested technique by applying a varied Stator voltage from a multi cell battery system DC DC buck converter. A simulation was utilised to test the performance of the suggested braking mechanism. The suggested regenerative braking technology is viable and efficient, according to simulation findings. Furthermore, this study presents the most basic technology for regenerative braking utilising a BLDC motor to increase the mileage of lightweight electric cars EVs . Akansha Sneha | Neeti Dugaya | Dr. Geetam Richhariya | Dr. Manju Gupta "Electric Vehicle Driven by Solar PV Batteries and Regenerative Brakes via a Zeta Converter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52591.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/52591/electric-vehicle-driven-by-solar-pv-batteries-and-regenerative-brakes-via-a-zeta-converter/akansha-sneha
This paper presents a control scheme for speed control system in brushless dc (BLDC) motor to be utilized for electric motorbike. While conventional motorbikes require engine and fuel, electric motorbikes require DC motor and battery pack in order to be powered up. The limitation with battery pack is that it will need to be recharged after a certain period and distance. As the recharging process is time consuming, a PID controller is designed to maintain the speed of the motor at its optimum state, thus ensuring a longer lasting battery time (until the next charge). The controller is designed to track variations of speed references and stabilizes the output speed accordingly. The simulation results conducted in MATLAB/SIMULINK® shows that the motor, equipped with the PID controller was able to track the reference speed in 7.8x10-2 milliseconds with no overshoot. The result shows optimistic possibility that the proposed controller can be used to maintain the speed of the motor at its optimum speed.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
1. Question bank for Energy Managers & Energy Auditors
Chapter 3.10: Energy Efficient Technologies in Electrical Systems
Part-I: Objective type questions and answers
1. Maximum demand controller is used to ___________.
a) switch off essential loads in a logical sequence b) exceed the demand of the plant
c) switch off non-essential loads in a logical sequence d) controls the power factor of the plant
2. Capacitors with automatic power factor controller when installed in a plant:
a) reduces active power drawn from grid b) reduces the reactive power drawn from grid
c) reduces the voltage of the plant d) increases the load current of the plant
3. _________ controls the power factor of the installation by giving signals to switch on or off power
factor correction capacitors.
a) KILOVAR b) Automatic power factor control relay
c) Intelligent power factor controller d) Maximum demand controller
4. __________ determines the rating of capacitance connected in each step during the first hour of its
operation and stores them in memory.
a) Maximum demand controller b) Intelligent power factor controller
c) Automatic power factor controller d) KILOVAR
5. The following function can not be achieved with automatic power factor controllers.
a) Voltage control b) KILOVAR control c) kW control d) PF control
6. The following features apply to energy efficient motors by design:
a) Energy efficient motors last longer
b) Starting torque for efficient motors may be lower than for standard motors
State whether the two statements are True or False?
7. Eddy current drive can be a retrofit for ________.
a) constant speed system requirement b) variable speed system requirement
c) dual speed system requirement only d) none of the above
8. Electronic variable frequency drive (VFD) connected to motors:
a) provide variable speed with high efficiency
b) induces eddy-current in the secondary member of the clutch mechanism
c) is not suitable for variable torque load
d) does not provide variable speed and has low-efficiency
9. Variable speed can not be obtained with ____.
a) DC motors controller b) AC motor controller
c) soft starter controller d) AC & DC controllers
3.10 EET in electrical systems - revised (table format) 73
2. Question bank for Energy Managers & Energy Auditors
10. Energy savings potential of variable torque applications compared to constant torque application is:
a) higher b) lower c) equal d) none of the above
11. As an energy efficient application, slip power recovery system fits well for ____.
a) Squirrel cage and slip ring motors b) DC motor
c) Slip ring motors only d) None of the above
12. Energy efficient transformer core is made up of ______.
a) silicon alloyed iron (grain oriented) b) copper
c) amorphous core - metallic glass alloy d) none of the above
13. The basic functions of electronic ballast excludes one of the following:
a) to ignite the lamp b) to stabilize the gas discharge
c) to reduce lumen output of the lamp d) to supply power to the lamp
14. Select the application of fluid coupling fitting from the following:
a) acts as a voltage limiter b) enables no-load start-up of prime-mover
c) works on the principle of eddy current d) none of the above
15. The characteristic of conventional ballast in lighting application is one among the following:
a) They have low operational losses than electronic ballasts.
b) They have tuned circuit to deliver power at 25 Hz
c) They do not require a mechanical switch (starter)
d) They have high operational losses and high temperature rise
16. Application of occupancy sensors is well suited for ___.
a) day light based controllers b) night based controllers
c) motor controllers d) movement or noise detector in room space
17. Find the odd retrofit group from the following:
a) Occupancy sensors b) timer based control
c) photo sensors d) capacitor based control
18. Application of timers as a retrofit will assist in saving energy in areas of ____.
a) Lighting & motors b) Transformers c) HV- Feeder Panels d) All the above
19. Electronic soft starters are used for motors to:
a) achieve variable speed b) provide smooth start and stop
c) improve the loading c) none of the above
20. Energy efficient lighting can be planned by using the following retrofits. – State True or False
a) photo-sensor b) timer c) occupancy sensor d) localized switching
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3. Question bank for Energy Managers & Energy Auditors
Part-II: Short type questions and answers
1. How maximum demand control can be practiced in a plant?
MD control is very important because the utility charges user not only for the energy consumed but
also for the maximum demand made irrespective energy consumed (as per two part tariff). Hence in
order to reduce the energy cost it is essential to control the maximum demand.
MD can be controlled by
Use of maximum demand controller,
Staggering load during peak load period by sequencing of loads, operating in shifts etc.
Maintaining very good pf at peak loads
2. Briefly explain the benefits of employing a demand controller
• Avoids excess maximum demand on the supply grid
• Helps in improving the load factor by truncating the peaks and flattening the load curve.
• Assists in meeting expansion plans
• Leveling plant loads to avoid peak load on feeder and electrical equipment
3. What is APFC? What are its advantages?
APFC is an acronym for “automatic power factor controller”. It is used to improve the system power
factor by automatic sensing of PF correction and control.
The advantages of APFC are
Unmanned operation of pf control,
Always maintains very good and accurate pf (as set),
Results in decreased system current and hence reduced voltage drop and power loss
automatically,
Reduced energy bill and avoids penalties both pf penalty and maximum demand.
4. Name watt loss areas for improvement by using energy efficient motors?
• Iron loss
• Stator I2R loss
• Rotor I2R loss
• Friction & windage
• Stray load loss
5. What are the technical aspects of energy efficient motors?
Energy-efficient motors last longer, and may require less maintenance. At lower temperatures,
bearing grease lasts longer; required time between re-greasing increases. Lower temperatures
translate to long lasting insulation. Generally, motor life doubles for each 10°C reduction in operating
temperature.
Speed control is crucial in some applications. In polyphase induction motors, slip is a measure of
motor winding losses. The lower the slip, the higher the efficiency. Less slippage in energy efficient
motors results in speeds about 1% faster than in standard counterparts.
Starting torque for efficient motors may be lower than for standard motors. Facility managers should
be careful when applying efficient motors to high torque applications.
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4. Question bank for Energy Managers & Energy Auditors
6. Write brief notes on soft-starters
Soft starter provides a reliable and economical solution to these problems by delivering a controlled
release of power to the motor, thereby providing smooth, stepless acceleration and deceleration.
Motor life will be extended as damage to windings and bearings is reduced.
Soft Start & Soft Stop is built into 3 phase units, providing controlled starting and stopping with a
selection of ramp times and current limit settings to suit all applications.
7. Briefly explain the advantages of electronic soft-starters?
• Less mechanical stress
• Improved Power Factor
• Lower maximum demand
• Less mechanical maintenance
8. Explain the affinity laws concerning variable torque loads.
The following laws illustrate these relationships.
• Flow is proportional to speed
• Head is proportional to (speed)2
• Torque is proportional to (speed)2
• Power is proportional to (speed)3
9. Briefly describe the principle of variable frequency drive
The VFD operates on a simple principle. The rotational speed of an AC induction motor depends on
the number of poles in that stator and the frequency of the applied AC power. Although the number
pole in an induction motor cannot be altered easily, variable speed can be achieved through a
variation in frequency. The VFD rectifies standard 50 cycle AC line power to DC, then synthesis the
DC to a variable frequency AC output.
10. List the applications of variable frequency drive control for motors operating on pumps and fans.
• For avoiding throttling with pumps & fans
• To meet variable head requirement during cycle of operation
• To meet intermittent variations in requirement of flow/head
11. What are the means of varying speeds of induction motor?
Speed can be varied by
a) varying resistance of rotor circuit
b) using multispeed windings
c) using scherbius or Kramer drives
d) using mechanical means such as gears & pulleys
e) eddy current or fluid coupling
f) variable frequency drive
12. Explain the principle of Eddy current drive mechanism for motors.
Eddy current drive mechanism employs an eddy current clutch to vary the output speed. The clutch
consists of two parts, primary member and secondary member. The primary member is coupled to
the motor shaft while the secondary member is a free revolving part coupled to the load shaft. The
secondary member is separately excited using a DC field winding (rotating coil). The motor starts
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5. Question bank for Energy Managers & Energy Auditors
with load at rest and a DC excitation is provided to the secondary member. This induces eddy current
in the primary member. The interaction of the fluxes produces by the two currents gives rise to a
torque at the load shaft. By varying the DC excitation the output speed can be varied to match the
load requirements. The major disadvantage of this system is relatively power efficiency particularly at
low speeds.
13. Explain slip power recovery system as a speed control mechanism of motors?
Slip power recovery system is a more efficient alternative speed control mechanism for use with slip
ring motors. In essence, a slip power recovery system varies the rotor voltage to control speed, but
instead of dissipating power through resistors, this excess power is collected from the slip rings and
returned as mechanical power to the shaft or as electrical power back to the supply line. Because of
the relatively sophisticated equipment needed, slip power recovery tends to the economical only in
relatively high power applications and where the motor speed range is 1:5 or less.
14. Name any 4 retrofit actions at a facility having more than 100 standard efficiency motors in
operation?
• Replace with high Efficiency motors based on good running hours
• Install variable speed drive controls for variable load cycle applications
• Install two speed drives having specific application
• Install flat belts drives at specific areas having V belt drives
15. Indicate where this retrofit can play a role in an industrial facility
A. Install High Efficiency motors
B. Install Adjustable Speed Drives Motors
A. As replacement to standard efficiency motors
B. For damper controlled Fans and pumps
16. Write a brief note on energy efficient transformers?
The energy efficient transformers use amorphous material-a metallic glass alloy material for the core.
The expected reduction in energy loss over conventional transformers is roughly around 70%, which
is quite significant. By using an amorphous core with unique physical and magnetic properties –
these new types of transformers have increased efficiencies even at low loads – 98.5% efficiency at
35% load.
17. Briefly explain the functions of electronic ballast.
The high frequency electronic ballast overcomes the above drawbacks. The basic functions of
electronic ballast are:
1. To ignite the lamp
2. To stabilize the gas discharge
3. To supply the power to the lamp
The electronic ballasts make use of modern power semi-conductor devices for their operation. The
circuit components form a tuned circuit to deliver power to the lamp at a high resonant frequency (in
the vicinity of 25 kHz) and voltage is regulated through an in-built feedback mechanism.
18. At least name two applications each for “Photo-sensors” and “Timer-controls”?
Applications of “photo-sensors””
• Controlling motor operation in carding machine in a textile industry
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6. Question bank for Energy Managers & Energy Auditors
• Unmanned area light/lux level control
• Operation of water taps, etc.
Applications of “timer-controls”
• Street light control,
• motor control during starting (star-delta) and for sequencing the line operation such as
conveyors etc.
19. List various energy efficient lighting controls.
The following are various energy efficient lighting controls.
a) use of occupancy sensors
b) time based control
c) photoelectric sensor control
d) localized switching
Using the above combinations, savings in lighting energy can be realized.
20. Few actions on retrofitting a lighting installation are given below; briefly indicate areas where this
retrofit can play a role in facility.
A. Install High Efficiency Lighting with Electronic Ballasts
B. Install Occupancy Sensors
C. Install Light Sensors (Photocells)
D. Install Skylights and Delamp
E. Delamp in Overlit Areas
A. In Large production shops/hangars
B. At Conference halls
C. For street-lighting/building lighting and areas having day-lighting
D. Entrances of offices/buildings, passages
E. Warehouses, passages, corridors and less occupied areas
Part-III: Long type questions and answers
1. Explain the functions and benefits of a demand controller
High-tension (HT) consumers have to pay a maximum demand charge in addition to the usual charge
for the number of units consumed. This charge is usually based on the highest amount of power used
during some period (say 30 minutes) during the metering month. The maximum demand charge
often represents a large proportion of the total bill and may be based on only one isolated 30 minute
episode of high power use.
Maximum Demand Controller is a device designed to meet the need of industries conscious of the
value of load management. Alarm is sounded when demand approaches a preset value. If corrective
action is not taken, the controller switches off non-essential loads in a logical sequence. This
sequence is predetermined by the user and is programmed jointly by the user and the supplier of the
device. The plant equipments selected for the load management are stopped and restarted as per the
desired load profile. Demand control scheme is implemented by using suitable control contactors.
Audio and visual annunciations could also be used.
Benefits of Maximum demand controller:
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7. Question bank for Energy Managers & Energy Auditors
Maximum demand helps in two ways:
• Avoids excess maximum demand on the supply grid, and
• Helps in improving the load factor by truncating the peaks and flattening the load curve.
Electricity billing by any utility power supply to any facility is based on ‘two-part tariff. One
component of the tariff is based on the kWh of energy consumed and the other is based on the actual
kVA (or some times kW) demand made/contracted. If the facility makes a demand more than the
contracted value, then the excess demand is billed at higher rate (2 to 3 times) than the normal rate.
Maximum demand controller helps in avoiding peaking of load by tripping and staggering such non-
priority loads to ‘off-peak’ period as each industrial application has its own load profiles / load curves.
It finds more usefulness in TOD (i.e. time of the day) control.
2. Explain at least two automatic power factor control methods?
Various types of automatic controls are available with relay / microprocessor logic. Two of the most
common controls are: Voltage Control and KVAR Control
Voltage Control:
Voltage alone can be used as a source of intelligence when the switched capacitors are applied at
point where the circuit voltage decreases as circuit load increases. Generally, where they are applied
the voltage should decrease as circuit load increases and the drop in voltage should be around 4 – 5 %
with increasing load.
Voltage is the most common type of intelligence used in substation applications, when maintaining a
particular voltage is of prime importance. This type of control is independent of load cycle. During
light load time and low source voltage, this may give leading PF at the substation, which is to be taken
note of.
KILOVAR Control:
Kilovar sensitive controls are used at locations where the voltage level is closely regulated and not
available as a control variable. The capacitors can be switched to respond to a decreasing power factor
as a result of change in system loading. This type of control can also be used to avoid penalty on low
power factor by adding capacitors in steps as the system power factor begins to lag behind the desired
value. Kilovar control requires two inputs - current and voltage from the incoming feeder, which are
fed to the PF correction mechanism, either the microprocessor or the relay.
3. List any 5 different types of energy efficient retrofits? Explain their application and benefits in 2-3
lines each.
There are several energy efficient retrofits which are listed below:
a. Energy efficient motors (EEM): Higher efficiency and flat efficiency characteristic between 50 to
100% load results in very good saving opportunities compared to standard motors.
b. Variable speed drives (VSD): VSDs by virtue of electronic control can control the speed very
accurately in closed looped system and thereby adjust the speed according to the process
requirements.
c. Electronic chokes: Electronic chokes consume 15% to 25% of power consumption of
conventional chokes.
d. Use of energy efficient lamps: Use of energy efficient lamps with higher luminous efficiency such
as CFL, sodium vapour lamps, and metal halide lamps yields energy savings without affecting
the light output.
e. Maximum demand controllers: This is useful device which senses the occurrence of peak loads
and their duration and accordingly automatically switches-off the non-priority loads, thereby
reducing peak Maximum demand and MD cost.
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8. Question bank for Energy Managers & Energy Auditors
4. Why variable torque loads offer greatest energy savings? Explain electronic methods of speed
controllers?
In variable torque applications, Affinity law holds good which defines the relationships between
speed, flow, torque, and horsepower illustrated below:
1. Flow is proportional to speed
2. Head is proportional to square of the speed
3. Torque is proportional to square of the speed
4. Power is proportional to cube of the speed
Variable torque loads include centrifugal pumps and fans which make up the majority of large plant
loads.
Thus, theoretically, for 50% of full load requirement the power input needed would be less than 13%
of full load power. In a centrifugal pump when the flow discharge is reduced to 70% of the rated
discharge a savings of 65 percent in power is theoretically possible.
To achieve this savings, Solid state electronic VSDs are used to control the voltage and frequency
delivered to the motor to change its speed. However, in practice the savings will depend upon the
type and efficiency of variable speed drive employed and other system losses.
5. Write short notes on Energy Efficient Lighting Controls.
Compact Fluorescent Lamp
The new low energy and therefore highly cost effective compact fluorescent lamp is a recent addition
to modern lighting technology and is an attractive alternative to incandescent lamps.
Development of very stable fluorescent powders that can handle strong ultra violet radiation has
made it possible to reduce the internal diameter of tubular fluorescent lamps as much as 10 mm.
These small bore tubes form the basis for various type of compact fluorescent. The compact
fluorescent lamp basically is a low wattage, low-pressure gas discharge lamp.
Because of the small diameter of the lamp tube and consequent high wall loading, the surface
temperature of this lamp is higher than that of a conventional fluorescent lamp. This results in
increase in the vapour pressure inside the tube and consequently lower light output at normal
ambient temperature within the luminaire. To counteract this either amalgam technique or principle
of cool spot is employed. These measures reduce the vapour pressure and maintain the light output.
Energy Savings
It is self evident that price of such a complicated compact fluorescent lamp exceeds the price of a
simple incandescent lamp many times. However, by virtue of much lower energy consumption of
these lamps the higher initial cost is more than paid back. The energy cost comparison between
incandescent and compact fluorescent lamp is shown in Table
Energy Cost Comparison
Lamp Wattage, W Efficacy, LM/W Average Life, (Hrs) Energy saving, %
Incandescent 60 12 1000 -
Compact Fluorescent 9 67 7500 80
The use of compact fluorescent lamp not only saves considerable amount of energy but also brings
with it an overall reduction in operating cost. The above Table shows a comparison of these costs for a
60 W incandescent and a compact fluorescent lamp. The comparison is based on a burning time of
5000 hours and electricity tariff of Rs.1.50 per unit and normal lamp prices. As can be seen the
energy savings is 65 to 80% at an operating cost of 50%.
3.10 EET in electrical systems - revised (table format) 80