1. The document discusses the arrival of the British East India Company in India in 1600 and their gradual consolidation of power over the Mughal Empire. 2. It describes how the British sought to eliminate Muslim identity and culture by replacing Persian/Arabic with Urdu and reducing Muslim representation. This led to poverty, loss of culture and low morale among Muslims. 3. The document examines the works of early Pakistani writers in English who explored themes of nostalgia, cultural identity and politics in the context of colonial rule and its aftermath. It traces the evolution and growing international recognition of Pakistani English literature.

1. By
Dr. Najia Asrar Zaidi

2.  Arrival in India: 1600
 Business Company of Merchants
and Aristocrats
 Letter for Jehangir: 1612
 Settlement :Trade Point Surat
(Given in dowry to catherine of
Braganza)

3. Suddenly the wind has changed,
my soul
Is restless constantly.
How shall I tell the tale of woe,
My heart is rent with agony.
Delhi was once a paradise,
Such peace had abided here.
But they have ravished its name
and pride,
Remain now only ruins and care
Bahadur Shah Zafar (October 1775-7 November 1862)

4.  To eliminate the separate Identity of
Muslims
 Replacement of Persian and Arabic with Urdu
 Bringing down of muskim peearage from
55%to 5%.
 Vital blow to Muslim culture, society and
economics

5.  Muslims not recruited in Army and Civilian
employment
 Loss of culture, identity and selfhood
 Poverty, misery and breakdown of society
 Low morale and helplessness

6.  “Ruthless in victory the slightest
suspicion was sufficient for a man to
be hanged”
 Mirza Ghalib
 “Iam the light of no one’s eye
 The rest of no one’s heart am I
 That which can be of no use to none
A handful of dust am I”
Bahadur Shah Zafar.

7. Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–1859)
o“We must at present do our best to
form a class who may be interpreters
between us and the millions whom we
govern; a class of persons, Indian in
blood and colour, but English in taste,
in opinions, in morals, and in
intellect”(430).
oMISSION SUCCESSFUL

8.  Language and Ideology
 Why English?
 Changing Identity

9.  Mohammad Iqbal: (1877-1938)
Reconstruction of Religious Thought
 Altaf Hussain Hali: Mussadas-e-Hali
(1837-1914)Social and moral
degradation of Muslims
 Shibli Naumani: (1857-1914) Tried
to retrieve past glory and rich
heritage
 Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898) A
Reformer: Two Nation Theory

10.  Alienation
 Identity Question?
 Ideology
 Struggle for Independence
 Nationalism

11.  Feroze Khan Noon: “Scented Dust” 1941
 Ahmed Ali: Twilight in Delhi 1941.(Short Stories)
 Mrs. Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah: Short Stories
1956
 Zahir H. Farooqi: Love in Ruins 1950’s
 Zulfiquar Ghose: Murder of Aziz Khan (1967)
 Attia Hossain: “Sunlight in a Broken Cloumn”
(1961)
 Quratulain Hyder: “River of Fire”(1958)
 Bapsi Sidhwa:”Crow Eaters”(1978)

12.  Ahmed Ali
 Shahid Suharwardy
 Mumtaz Shahnawaz
Professor Ahmed Ali
(1910 in New Delhi – 14 January 1994 in Karachi)
Mumtaz Shahnawaz

13.  Taufiq Rahat:1927-1998
 Daud Kamal1935-1987
 Zulfiqar Ghose 1935
 Ahmed Ali 1940’s
 Sardar Asif 1947
 Alamgir Hashmi (contemporary)
 Soofia Ishaque
 Shadab Hashmi
 Shabnam Riaz
 Ilona Yousaf

14.  Colonial Past
 Muslim Glory
 Cultural Synthesis
 Nostalgia
 Cultural Insight
 Religious Imagery
 Politics
 Mysticism

15.  Strong middle class
 Struggle to preserve identity and religion
 Contest authoritarianism
 Religious puritanism
Political Controversy

16.  Change in Class structure
 Dress and Language
 Philosophy
 Modernity replacing old order

17.  Social Problems
 Subdued Status of Women
 Nationalism
 Communal riots

18.  Mohsin Hamid:The Reluctant Fundamentalist
Nadeem Aslam:“Maps for Lost Lovers
Uzam Aslam Khan:”Story of the noble Rot”
Kamila Shamsie “Burnt Shadows”
Mohammad Hanif: “A case of Exploding
Mangoes”
H.M. Naqvi: “Home Boy”

19.  From Purdah to Parliament (1963)
 Shaista Ikramullah
 Father and Daughter (1971)
 Jahanara Shahnawa
 Daughter of the East (1988)
 Meatless Days (1989)
 Memoirs of a Rebel Princes (2004)
 My Feudal Lord (1989)
 Tehmina Durrani

20. Deterritorialization of Literature
Family-nation and national culture
Religion and the political framework
War on terror
Fear and vioence in the wake of 9/11

21.  Orientalism (1978)
 Founder of Critical theory of PostColonialism
 Analyzes Cultural Representation
 Orient and the Occident
 Most powerful political voice of Palestinian
People

22.  A History of Pakistani Literature in English
 By Tariq Rahman Vanguard.1990
 Post Independence Voices in South Asian
Writings. By Lal, Hashmi and Ramraj.2001