This document provides an overview of Indian literature through history. It discusses the various forms of literature that have developed in India from ancient Sanskrit texts to modern works in English and other languages. The document traces the evolution of Indian literature through periods such as ancient Sanskrit works, the Islamic influence beginning around the 10th century, literature under British rule, and modern Indian English literature. It also notes the diversity of languages and genres of literature that exist across India today.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
What is Literature?
Literature broadly is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature, much of which has been transcribed. Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting knowledge and entertainment, and can also have a social, psychological, spiritual, or political role.
Literature Of Jammu & Kashmir
The literature of Kashmir dates back to many centuries and it revolves mainly around three languages, Sanskrit, Persian, and Kashmiri besides Urdu, Hindi, and other languages.
Jammu Kashmir has a very rich literary history as it has contributed a lot to the field of literature and produced eminent poets and writers. Works of Kashmiri writers have been accolade internationally.
The dawn of Kashmiri literature started 2500 years back when it started with Sanskrit and other languages. However, original literature in the Kashmiri language started 750 years ago.
The literature began with the work of
three main poets: –
Srikanth
Lalla Ded
Sheikh Noor-ud-Din
ShitiKanth’s prime work Mahayana Prakash is a graceful composition.
It was written in Twelfth-Century and consists of 94 lakhs each followed by translation and explanation in Sanskrit.
The greatest poet of the Kashmiri language so far is LalDed. She is the most abiding influence on Kashmiri literature.
She and her contemporary, Sheikh Noor-ud-Din Noorani have become famous literary icons in Kashmir. People have engulfed them in a great moss of myth and legend.
Sheikh was a missionary who used poetry as a medium of individual and social reform. Another rhetorical poetess, who used to sing her own verse, was HabbaKhaatoon, the wife of Mughal Emperor Yousuf Shah Chak.
Kashmir has a rich legacy of literary writers who contributed a lot to the world of literature. The following list of poets who accolade globally and won many awards.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
What is Literature?
Literature broadly is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature, much of which has been transcribed. Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting knowledge and entertainment, and can also have a social, psychological, spiritual, or political role.
Literature Of Jammu & Kashmir
The literature of Kashmir dates back to many centuries and it revolves mainly around three languages, Sanskrit, Persian, and Kashmiri besides Urdu, Hindi, and other languages.
Jammu Kashmir has a very rich literary history as it has contributed a lot to the field of literature and produced eminent poets and writers. Works of Kashmiri writers have been accolade internationally.
The dawn of Kashmiri literature started 2500 years back when it started with Sanskrit and other languages. However, original literature in the Kashmiri language started 750 years ago.
The literature began with the work of
three main poets: –
Srikanth
Lalla Ded
Sheikh Noor-ud-Din
ShitiKanth’s prime work Mahayana Prakash is a graceful composition.
It was written in Twelfth-Century and consists of 94 lakhs each followed by translation and explanation in Sanskrit.
The greatest poet of the Kashmiri language so far is LalDed. She is the most abiding influence on Kashmiri literature.
She and her contemporary, Sheikh Noor-ud-Din Noorani have become famous literary icons in Kashmir. People have engulfed them in a great moss of myth and legend.
Sheikh was a missionary who used poetry as a medium of individual and social reform. Another rhetorical poetess, who used to sing her own verse, was HabbaKhaatoon, the wife of Mughal Emperor Yousuf Shah Chak.
Kashmir has a rich legacy of literary writers who contributed a lot to the world of literature. The following list of poets who accolade globally and won many awards.
The Culture of Sindh (Sindhi: سنڌ جي ثقافت,Urdu: سندھ کی ثقافت) has its roots in the Indus Valley Civilization. Sindh has been shaped by the largely desert region, the natural resources it had available, and continuous foreign influence. ... The Sindhi culture is also practiced by the Sindhi diaspora.
“ Shifting Centres and Emerging Margins: Translation and the Shaping of the Modernist Discourse in Indian Poetry”
in Indigenous Imaginaries: Literature, Region, Modernity by E.V. Ramakrishanan
The Culture of Sindh (Sindhi: سنڌ جي ثقافت,Urdu: سندھ کی ثقافت) has its roots in the Indus Valley Civilization. Sindh has been shaped by the largely desert region, the natural resources it had available, and continuous foreign influence. ... The Sindhi culture is also practiced by the Sindhi diaspora.
“ Shifting Centres and Emerging Margins: Translation and the Shaping of the Modernist Discourse in Indian Poetry”
in Indigenous Imaginaries: Literature, Region, Modernity by E.V. Ramakrishanan
Similar to Indian_Literature_History_and_Issues.pptx (20)
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Which India?
Modern India
India before partition
India before the British
India before the Moghuls
Pre-historic India
Literature(s)?
Written, Oral, religious, mythological
Modern forms (mass media, digital)
3.
4. 29 states, 7 Union territories and 1 NCR (National Capital
Region)
440 to 780 languages in India and more than 1500 dialects
(National Census of India, 2001).
Hindi and English are official languages of the country and 20
other languages are recognized by the constitution.
Of the 1.1 billion people in India, 51% are literate, i.e more than
500 million.
More than 85000 newspapers (National Registrar of Newspapers,
2011).
India is the third largest publisher of books (16000 after U.S.A
and U.K) and 1st in readership of papers (350 million).
5. Brief History – early India
Sanskrit Literature
Advent of Muslim India
The British Influence
Modern and Postmodern Indian literature
The Omani-Indian cultural encounter
6. 5000-1500 BCE Harappa and
Mohenjadaro
1500-900 BCE Arrival of Aryans
600 BCE-50 CE Buddha, Mahavir Jain,
Alexander
300-550 CE Peak of Sanskrit literature
1000-1750 CE The Islamic Influence
1800-1947 CE The British Influence
1947- Present The Modern Period
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. While regional languages have been vital at different
points in history, there has always been a reference to
the entirety of India, “Hindustan” or land of the river
Indus.
India literature can be seen as a mosaic – parts of one
whole. This is emphasized in all literatures as well as
modern media.
14.
15.
16. • The Vedas (4
Vedas or
instructions of the
pure life)
• The Upanishads
(prayers)
• This is the period
when Sanskrit
sees its rise under
the priests
• It leads to the
culmination of
the 2 major epics
of Indian
literature
Early Sanskrit
Religious
Writing
23. With the growth of Buddhism and Jainism, other
languages were coming to play such as Pali which was
the languages of the common people. Sanskrit was
now the language of the elite and privileged. It thus
loses its stature.
This was also the time for the growth of other
languages such as Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam.
24. The first Muslim convert is
said to be Cheraman
Perumal who went to
Mecca and died on his way
around 650 CE. His tomb
is said to be in Salalah. The
mosque he instructed to be
built is in Kerala around
700 CE.
25.
26. This is considered the Golden Age of Islamic art,
architecture and literature.
It was a culmination of the artistic trends which
had been influenced by Persia, The Abbassids and
the Caliphate, merged with existing Indian
influences.
By 1600, there were translations of the epics into
Persian, which continued until 1800s.
27.
28.
29. Persian remained the official language of North India
until the Mughal rule ended.
By 1750, Persian was interspersed with Hindi which
was spoken by the common people. This led to the rise
of Urdu.
Muslims felt they needed to re-assert themselves and
stay relevant after the fall of the Mughals. They used
Arabic and Persian loan words to give Urdu more
credence.
In 1791, the Koran was translated into Urdu.
30. It was the most popular language of the educated
working class in North India.
Asadullah Khan Ghalib and Mohammed Ibrahim Zauq
are the leading poets of this time. Both were
influenced by Sufism and the suffering of the common
man.
Sir Syed Ahmad started the Aligarh movement which
introduced critical self awareness into Urdu literary
movement.
31. (You say) It is not love, it is madness My madness may
be the cause of your fame Sever not my relationship
with you If nothing then be my enemy
Heart it is, not a brick or stone Why shouldn't it feel
the pain? Let none tyrannize this heart Or I shall cry
again and again
32.
33. Urdu is one of the national languages of the Indian
constitution.
Urdu continues to be popular in some parts of North
India (Lucknow, Kanpur, Awadh).
The film industry (Bollywood) continues to have an
important link with Urdu.
34. The early British traders learnt to speak in Persian,
Urdu, Bengali and Hindi.
By 1835, Lord Macaulay introduced the official
languages Act in which English was made the language
of instruction in order to create a class which could
work for the government.
Early work of Indians in English was in newspapers
and for social reform (Raja Ram Mohan Roy who
sought to change social custorms)
35. Henry Derozio (1809-1831):
My country in thy days of glory past
A beauteous halo circled round thy brow
And worshipped as a deity, thou waste
Where is thy glory, where that reverence now?
39. With more than 16, 000 publishing houses, the literary
scene is very vibrant in most Indian languages.
This is partly because of international publishing
houses entering the market and the low penetration of
the internet.
The phenomena of regional writers becoming hugely
popular after 1980 has been commented on recently.
In the English writing scene, this is very controversial.
45. Critics and writers are confident about the future, in spite
of challenges such as technology and other diversions.
Adaptation is important.
In India, the reading public is increasing exponentially and
reading is seen as an aspirational goal.
An important reason for this is the way that Indian
literature absorbs outside influences and creates its own
literatures out of it.
Thank you.
Editor's Notes
Official
Akbar had it translated into Persian by Abdul Rahim in 1589
In victoira Albert museum, London now.
It has detailed use of illustrations in Mughal miniature paintings.
Ghalib’s poem
More on Bollywood later
Note the artificiality of language and tone
Their literature is heavily influenced by the British. They have long explanations for vocabulary used and seem to write for the Western reader.
Along with Raja Rao, they all lived in England.