2. Cicero /Horace key question
Sense to sense (literal)
Or
Word to word translation(free)
3. • New linguistic,literary, cultural and
philosophical contexts (Munday p.162)
emerged
• Meaning + equivalence+ shift (structural
linguistics)Jakobson, Eugene Nida
• Way language is used in a cultural context-
(Functional linguistics)= Mona Baker, Halliday ,
Julliane House
4. • ‘’ENTIRE PURPOSE OF TRANSLATION IS ACIEVING
EQUIVALENCE’’…. ‘’THE target language must
match the source text as fully as possible’’
• Jakobson 3 types of translation :
1.Intralingual :rewording,paraphrasing,summaring.
2. Interlingual : the traditional concept of
translation from ST to TT (shifting meaning from
one lang to another.
3.Intersemiotic: the changing of a written text into a
different form such as art or dance
5. For Jakobson : considers Sassure’s
arbitrariness
• By rewording concepts may be transfered
from one language to another (interlingual
form)
6. Equivalence : Eugene Nida (Bible
translations)
• Shifts emphasis to target audience (rejects
free vs literal debate)
• Formal equivalence vs Dynamic eqviualence
( Content and form) ( aims at complete
naturalness of expression
7. Theory of equivalence subsided
1. The difference between Source language and
target will always be a problem
2. Equivalence is not possible
3. Shift back to Source text/Language
8. Vinay and Darbelnet ( define
strategies)
1. Literal or word for word
2. Calque: SL expression is transferred directly
into TL
3. Borrowing : SL term transferred directly into
TL
9. Free translation
1. Transposition: interchange of parts of speech
Noun phrase (apres son depart) to a verb
phrase(after he left)
2. Modulation: reversal of point of view( it isn’t
expensive/it’s cheap)
3. Equivalence: same meaning but different
expression( proverbs and idioms)
4. Adaptation: cultural references to be altered
10. • Two other ideas emerged from Vinay
/Darbelnet :
Idea of servitude : refers to compulsory changes
from ST to TT
Idea of Option: refers to personal choices a
translator makes
11. Structural to functional linguistics
• Communication as primary function(
Katharina Reiss) ST again as centre
1. Informative: TT totally dependent on ST
(avoid omissions /provide explanations)
2. Expressive: A higher level of text’’poetry’’
should aim for effect .
3. Operative: designed to induce a behavioural
response as advertisement
12. SKOPOS : aim and purpose of translation
Emphasis on TT (target culture and audience is
important)
Centres on purpose of translation for target
audience not ST
(ST may be translated in different ways
depending on the purpose and guidelines)
13. Overt VS Covert translation
• Juliane House’s model of translation
• (Overt) (Covert)
Emile Zola Germinal translation by Leonard
Tancok
Uses proper nouns of French text (readers know
time and frame and context ) no adaptation
14. • Covert translation : TT percieved to be the
original ST
Guide leaflets for visitors to a place in France (
Different for each national : French,English ,
German) original lost
15. • Linguistic approach to translation
incorporates: meaning,equivalence,shift,
text,purpose ( in contexts of structural,
functional linguistics, semantics ,pragmatics…)
16. A rewriting of the original text
‘Lefevere’
• Approach employed is Functional linguistic
approach
‘’a semantic account of the grammatical
structures of the language’’
Ideology and Power are embedded within the
translated texts
17. • Translation is adapting SL to TT -prformed
under constraints of iodeology of the receiving
system
Excerpt of an article published in
THE JAPAN TIMES (AN eNGLISH NEWSPAPER
PUBLISHED IN JAPAN)
Article about crown princess : unexpected news
of a baby
18. Translation and image of original work
Lefevere thinks :
1. The translators ideology ;
2. Ideological constraints by power
3. Ideological constraints by Target audience
makes the final product
Ideology ( form,convention,belief that orders
our action)
19. • ST: no wonder the princess gets disturbed
• TT:KOTAISHININO SOUTSU JUTIRWA
MURIMONAL
• TT: The crown princess’s depression is
understandable
• Gets disturbed: princess is responsible
(activeness implied)
20. • Target clause says princess not at all
responsible …reflects translators ideology and
sentiments about the princess
• Elevates image of crown princess and also
recreates image of the text
21. Translator between the periphery
• Lies between the SL and TL domain
• Translation is a translation of some translation
• It is unique and original in its own sphere
(Terry Eagleton)
• It is both servitude and freedom
• Jhumpa Lahiri pictures India ‘’distant, dreamy,
hazy , unreal’’ …She admits that
22. • Knowledge of India is as limited as alll
translations are… (Lahiri)
Dymanic Equivalence ( free and literal, natural
and artificial, (prose writers should have an idea
about it) NIDA proponent :
Equivalent : in carrying the message
Natural: receptor language
Closest : binds the two orientations together
23. • Other school of thought rely more on the
transformative process: Homi K Bhaba,
Jaques Derrida
• ‘’ honey to flowers’’
24. • Problems in translation: (linguistic)
• Every language has its own dynamics
• Greek language has separate words for light
blue and dark blue…
• Translators face particular cultural references,
acronyms,proverbs ,idioms…
• Element of cultural difference causes
irresolution or liminality of translation( cause
of resistance)**
25. • Finding TL equivalents is the most
problematic…
• Translating the word butter-burro (Italian) is
easy but they represent different things
• Italian butter …brown ,unsalted… British is
yellow, salted
• ‘Bread and butter’ idiom could have been
margarine ( holds not an esteemed position)
26. • Confusion in terms of the word ‘Spirit’
• Use and translation both
• The spirit of the dead horse rose from the
grave.
• The spirit of the house moved on.
• Semantic structure of the word spirit
