Literary theory provides different perspectives or "lenses" through which texts can be analyzed and interpreted. Some common lenses discussed in the document include feminist theory, Marxist theory, genre theory, and postcolonial theory. Literary theory is a tool for exploring literature by examining elements like representations of gender, political ideologies, conventions of form, and colonial influences. Applying various lenses shows there are multiple valid ways of reading and understanding a text.

2. • Literary Theory is simply the term used for:
• “A particular way of reading and viewing texts” - or -
• “looking at a text from a particular point-of-view” - or –
• “reading a text from different perspectives”
• You do not need to feel intimidated or worried about using literary
theory… it’s pretty easy 
• All literary theorists do is….
• analyse the language, forms and features of texts, and…
• offer specific interpretations of the:
• personal, historical, social and cultural ideas, values, experiences and…
• Individuals and relationships…
that are shown in texts.

3. • An examination of literature through a particular
perspective, theory - or ‘lens’.
• Think of literary theory as simply being a particular
‘lens’… similar to the different snapchat and instagram
filters (which are basically different camera lenses)
• The filters don’t radically “change” the original image
(unless you’re using some of the crazier filters on snapchat
:/ ). The filters just highlights particular aspects and
perspectives shown in the image.
• Literary theory is simply the idea of exploring
literature (texts) through different theoretical
“lenses” or from specific perspectives.

4. • There are many different theories or perspectives that can be used as a “lens” to
explore and interpret texts
• It is important to note, that there is never one right answer (unless the author
him/herself says so)
• Any thesis that can be proven through the literary theory is fair game. – as long as
you clearly state the literary theory that you are using to explore the text!
 of course… that means you need textual evidence and technical analysis to
support the thesis.

5. • Different perspectives
are like different
‘lenses’.
• You should think of a
particular perspective
(or theory) as being
like a particular set of
glasses that you put
on when you read a
text.
• For example: the
Feminist Theory ‘lens’
allows you to focus
specifically on the
representations of
gender in texts.

6. By choosing and applying different perspectives to texts,
you show that you are aware that there are different ways a
text can be interpreted or read.
• Different perspectives of texts can also be called
different “readings” of texts, eg:
• Dominant reading
• – Lady Macbeth is a cold-hearted, murderous
witch
• Resistant reading
• – Lady Macbeth is a strong, supportive and
powerful woman who was willing to do anything
to make her husband king!
• Alternative reading
• In a patriarchal and violent society, Lady Macbeth
is represented as a ‘typical’ woman who is the
downfall of honourable men.

8. Some literary theories include:
• Feminist Theory (#girlpower)
• Psychoanalytic Theory (#craycray / #mindgames)
• Queer Theory (#it’sOKtobeYOU)
• Marxist Theory (#capitalismsucks)
• New Historicism (#historyrepeatsitself)
• Moral Philosophy (#goodvsevil)

9. This reading “lens” focuses on the idea
that:
• Literature is nothing unless it teaches
its reader something and helps them
become better people
• All good literature is basically moral
and uplifting
• It is important to consider the values
and attitudes shown in the text, to
understand its moral purpose. The
reader should then become “a better
person”.

10. This reading “lens” focuses on the idea that:
• Texts deal with the social and cultural struggle of black (or ‘native’) people
against injustice and oppression
• Literature exposes negative portrayals of black people, and their absence
generally, in white literature
• Eurocentric* attitudes are taken for granted
• The text deals with cultural, regional, social and national differences in
values and experiences
• Colonial countries and people are represented in texts by Western writers
• Postcolonial writers write about their own cultural identity and “culture
clash” experiences.
*focusing on Europe or its people, institutions, and cultures, often in a way
that is arrogantly unconcerned of other cultures.

12. This reading “lens” focuses on the idea that:
• all literature can be classified into various categories, types
or forms, e.g. tragedy, comedy, romance, thriller, epic,
science fiction, crime-fiction, lyric, allegory… etc.
• The text (its characters, setting, events, narrative) is
determined by the conventions (rules) of its genre
• You gain a deeper understanding of a text when you
recognise the genre (traditional “recipe” or category) to
which it belongs.

13. This reading “lens” focuses on the idea
that:
• What we understand as‘feminine’ and
‘masculine’is that these are labels for
attitudes which are constructed by our
culture (usually through mass media and
texts)
• It is important to be aware of this
‘construction’ when reading texts from
periods and cultures different from our
own
• You are not a “feminist” just because
you look at texts from a feminist
perspective (through a feminist theory
‘lens’)

15. • Texts show particular
attitudes towards
woman and girls
• Literature explores
women’s roles and
experience in the world
• Women are represented
in texts written by men,
and texts display the
power relations
between the sexes.

17. Patriarchy – in a society the male is the centre of
authority
• This is what is meant by a patriarchal society
• The opposite of patriarchal is ‘matriarchal’
Hegemony – leadership; predominance.
• A hegemony is a dominant group or a system that
creates the rules we live by
Gender – term used when distinguishing male and
female in a variety of disciplines

18. This reading “lens” focuses on the idea that
• There are hidden messages (or extended metaphors) in a text about
the power struggle between the proletariat (the powerless poor /
working class) and the bourgeoisie (the powerful wealthy /
professional / politicians)
• Texts show different levels of luxury and power that characters
experience (their wealth and possessions - what they have and why)
• Individuals don’t really have free-choice… they are always conforming
to the will of those in power
• Texts show that individual freedom and free-thought is just an
allusion.

20. • Not interested so much in when a text was written, or who it was
written by, or even what it is about
• Belief is that we use language, not simply to describe the world, but
to construct it
• In literature, the only thing that really matters is how the text is
constructed: its form, its overall structure and the patterns of
language in it, especially pairs of opposites
• Texts from popular culture, societies, belief systems are all
structures which can be explored and analysed like a literary text
• Interested in patterns and structures. More interested in the gaps,
silences and absences in texts. Known as post-structuralism