Here you will find advanced features of high pressure homogenizer machine which is used to mix two mutually non-soluble liquids which can easily change the flow of the homogenized liquids.
Here you will find advanced features of high pressure homogenizer machine which is used to mix two mutually non-soluble liquids which can easily change the flow of the homogenized liquids.
Pharmaceutical Dryers. Dryers are used in a variety of industries, such as the food processing, pharmaceutical, paper, pollution control and agricultural sectors. ... Direct dryers convectively heat a product through direct contact with heated air, gas or a combusted gas product.
spray drying is technology widely used in milk powder and coffee powder manufacturing industry because of its working principle and technology involved..
introduction, theory of drying, applications of drying, construction & working about fluidised bed dryer,use of tray dryer,construction about vacuum dryer, construction & working about drum dryer, construction about spray dryer
The presentation gives the basic information regarding the extraction in food matrix. It includes basics of extraction, principles of extraction and the theory behind the solvent extraction. It also involves terms and terminologies involved in the extraction process, Factors affecting extraction efficiency and Types of Extractors. Mixer-Settlers for extraction, Spray extraction towers, Plate towers contactors, etc.
Pharmaceutical Dryers. Dryers are used in a variety of industries, such as the food processing, pharmaceutical, paper, pollution control and agricultural sectors. ... Direct dryers convectively heat a product through direct contact with heated air, gas or a combusted gas product.
spray drying is technology widely used in milk powder and coffee powder manufacturing industry because of its working principle and technology involved..
introduction, theory of drying, applications of drying, construction & working about fluidised bed dryer,use of tray dryer,construction about vacuum dryer, construction & working about drum dryer, construction about spray dryer
The presentation gives the basic information regarding the extraction in food matrix. It includes basics of extraction, principles of extraction and the theory behind the solvent extraction. It also involves terms and terminologies involved in the extraction process, Factors affecting extraction efficiency and Types of Extractors. Mixer-Settlers for extraction, Spray extraction towers, Plate towers contactors, etc.
The processing technique employing a suspension or fluidization of small solid particles in a vertically rising stream of fluid usually gas so that fluid and solid come into intimate contact. This is a tool with many applications in the petroleum and chemical process industries. Suspensions of solid particles by vertically rising liquid streams are of lesser interest in modern processing, but have been shown to be of use, particularly in liquid contacting of ion-exchange resins. However, they come in this same classification and their use involves techniques of liquid settling, both free and hindered (sedimentation), classification, and density flotation.
Fluidization Characteristics of Nano Particles with the Assist of StirrerIOSR Journals
Fluidization of ultrafine solid particles is widely used in a variety of industrial applications because of its
unusual capability of continuous powder handling, good mixing, large gas–solid contact area, and very high rates of
heat and mass transfer. As the particle size decreases the cohesive forces between particles increases. Therefore,
fluidization of ultrafine particles becomes much more difficult as compared to the larger size particles and it needs efficient method. In the present work, the fluidization experiments were conducted using air as fluidizing media and SiO2, ZnO and Al2O3
nano particles, with a size ranging from 15 to 30 nm in 2-dimensional fluidized bed with the assist of stirrer.
The fluidization behavior of the nanoparticle, including the fluidization regime, the minimum fluidization velocity, and the
bed expansion are also investigated. . The results showed that smoother fluidization was observed with increasing agitation
speed, because the agglomeration and channeling were reduced by the mechanical agitation. It was found that with the assist of stirrer ,by increasing in the speed of stirrer initial bed voidage increased and terminal velocity and agglomerate diameter decreased.
Mixing of liquids in preparation of pharmaceutical solutions. Include both vessels and agitators in the review.
Assumption - need to make batches of nasal drops from 2,000 L to 3,000 L.
NOTE - This presentation was made as part of an assignment for a Course PME 530 (Introduction to Pharmaceutical Manufacturing) at Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
Prepared By - Sneha Chauhan and Kuldeep Badoniya
This presentation contains an introduction to emerging healthcare Technologies. These emerging technologies include Data Analytics, AI, Blockchain, Telehealth, virtual reality, cloud computing, and IOT. The concept of Nanorobots as future medicine is also included in this presentation.
Introduction
Need of Nanosuspension
Advantages of Nanosuspension
Disadvantages of Nanosuspension
Method Of Preparation
Formulation Considerations
Characterization of Nanosuspension
Current Marketed Formulations
Pharmaceutical Applications
Introduction
Nanoparticle characterization techniques
Electron Microscope
Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron Microscope
X-ray powder diffraction
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Introduction
Advantages & Disadvantages
Classification
Manufacturing of liposomes
Liposome characterization and control
Stability consideration for liposomal formulations
Regulatory science of liposome drug products
Drug release from liposomes
Applications
Recent innovations
Approved liposome products
Introduction
Structure
Niosomes Vs. Liposome
Advantages & Disadvantages
Properties of Niosomes
Method of Manufacturing
Evaluation of Niosomes
Applications
Marketed products
This presentation contains
Introduction, Advantages & Disadvantages, Process of manufacturing, Evaluation and defects in Blister, strip & ALU ALU Packaging. Useful for pharmacy students to understand the concept of blister & strip packaging
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. 1
High Pressure Homogenizer
Dr. Anil Pethe
Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management,
SVKM’S NMIMS, Mumbai
2. Introduction
Homogenization Overview
Homogenization Mechanism
Homogenizer
High Pressure Homogenizer
Working of High Pressure Homogenizer
Contents
3. In today’s environment, homogenizers are used to produce more consistent
emulsions/ suspension in a high efficiency process.
A wide variety of homogenizers have been developed to run at different
pressures and capacities depending on the product mixture.
In addition to product improvements, today’s homogenizers also feature
reduced noise and vibration and reduced maintenance.
Homogenizer
5. Homogenization Overview
Homogenization is the process of emulsifying two immiscible liquids (i.e. liquids that are
not soluble in one another) or uniformly dispersing solid particles throughout a liquid.
Homogenization is a unit operation using a class of processing equipment referred to as
homogenizers that are geared towards reducing the size of droplets in liquid-liquid or
solid liquid dispersions.
The benefits include improved product stability, uniformity, consistency, viscosity, shelf
life, improved flavor and color.
It has become a standard industrial process in food and beverage, chemical,
pharmaceutical and personal care industries.
The process of homogenization was invented and patented by Auguste Gaulin in 1899
when he described a process for homogenizing milk.
Gaulin’s machine, a three-piston thruster outfitted with tiny filtration tubes, was shown
at the World Fair in Paris in 1900. Since then, his name has become synonymous with
homogenization.
6. High-pressure homogenizers have been used to disrupt microbial cells for many years.
The method has been found to be generally suitable for a variety of bacteria, yeast and
mycelia.
This type of homogenizer works by forcing cell suspensions through a very narrow
channel or orifice under pressure. Subsequently, and depending on the type of high-
pressure homogenizer, they may or may not impinge at high velocity on a hard-impact
ring or against another high-velocity stream of cells coming from the opposite direction.
Machines which include the impingement design are more effective than those which
do not. Disruption of the cell wall occurs by a combination of the large pressure drop,
highly focused turbulent eddies, and strong shearing forces.
The rate of cell disruption is proportional to approximately the third power of the
turbulent velocity of the product flowing through the homogenizer channel, which in
turn is directly proportional to the applied pressure.
Thus, the higher the pressure, the higher the efficiency of disruption per pass through
the machine.
Homogenization Overview
7. The operating parameters which effect the efficiency of high-
pressure homogenizers are as follows:
Pressure
Temperature
Number of passes
Valve and impingement design
Flow rate
8. In a high-pressure homogenizer, the
dispersion of two liquids (oily phase
and aqueous phase) or finely divided
solids in liquid is achieved by forcing
their mixture through a small inlet
orifice at very high pressure (500 to
5000 psi), which subjects the product
to intense turbulence and hydraulic
shear resulting in extremely fine
particles of emulsion/ suspension.
High Pressure Homogenization
9. Two theories are proposed for high pressure homogenization
Cavitation theory
Globule disruption by turbulent eddies (“micro whirls”)
Homogenization Mechanism
1.Cavitation theory
The liquid encounters intense cavitation because of the large pressure drop
through the valve. When the pressure drop is large enough, the vapor pressure of
the liquid exceeds the ambient pressure causing formation of vapor bubbles
(cavities in the liquid).
When the cavitation bubbles implode (collapse of the cavities), shock waves are
generated in the liquid. These shock waves break apart the dispersed droplets.
10. The theory of globule disruption by turbulent eddies (“micro whirls”) is based on
the fact that a liquid jet is formed at the outlet of the gap.
As the jet is broken up many small eddies are created.
Higher pressure equals higher jet velocity that gives smaller eddies and more
energy rich eddies.
If an eddy hits an oil droplet of about the same size, the droplet will be deformed
and finally break up.
This theory predicts how the homogenizing effect varies with the homogenizing
pressure.
2. Globule disruption by turbulent eddies (“micro whirls”)
11. It is most widely used method for preparing
nanosuspensions of many poorly aqueous soluble
drugs. It involves three steps.
Firstly drug powders are dispersed in stabilizer
solution to form pre-suspensions.
Secondly the pre-suspension is homogenized in
high pressure homogenizer at a low pressure for
premilling.
Finally homogenized at high pressure for 10 to 25
cycles until the nano-suspensions of desired size
are formed.
High Pressure Homogenization
12. Advantages of High Pressure Homogenizer
Low risk of product contamination.
Allows aseptic production of nanosuspensions for parenteral
administration.
Particle size may reduced upto 1 nm.
Disadvantages of High Pressure Homogenizer
Prerequisite of micronized drug particles.
Prerequisite of suspension formation using high-speed mixers
before subjecting it to homogenization.
13. a. The non-homogenized product enters the
valve seat at high pressure and low
velocity.
b. As the product enters the close (and
adjustable) clearance between the valve
and the seat, there is a rapid increase in
velocity and decrease in pressure.
c. The intense energy release causes
turbulence and localized pressure
differences which tear apart the particles.
d. The homogenized product impinges on the
impact ring and exits at a pressure
sufficient for movement to the next step.
Working of High Pressure Homogenizer
14. Homogenizers may be equipped with a single valve assembly (single-stage) or two valves
connected in a series (two-stage).
For most products, a single-stage valve is sufficient. A two-stage assembly, where ~10% of
the total pressure is applied to the 2nd stage, controls back pressure and minimizes
clumping.
This improves the droplet size reduction and narrows the particle size distribution.
Generally, two-stage homogenization is used for products where high homogenization
efficiency is required.
Homogenization valve Assembly
16. Forcing the of the suspension under pressure through a narrow
aperture valve.
Dissocubes was developed by Muller et al in 1999.
This instrument can be operated at pressure varying from 100-1500
bars (2800-21300 psi)
Homogenization in Aqueous media (Dissocubes)
17. It is the most widely used method for the preparation of nanosuspensions of
many poorly water soluble drugs. Dissocubes are engineered using
Piston-gap-type high pressure homogenizers.
A commonly used homogenizer is the APV Micron LAB 40. However, other
piston-gap homogenizers from Avestin and Stansted can also be used Gap.
A high-pressure homogenizer consists of a high pressure plunger pump with a
subsequent relief valve (homogenizing valve).
The task of the plunger pump is to provide the energy level required for the
relief. The relief valve consists of a fixed valve seat and an adjustable valve.
These parts form an adjustable radial precision gap. The gap conditions, the
resistance and thus the homogenizing pressure vary as a function of the force
acting on the valve
18. Principle of Dissocubes
In piston gap homogenizer particle size reduction is based on the cavitations principle.
Particles are also reduced due to high shear forces and the collision of the particles
against each other.
The dispersion contained in 3 cm diameter cylinder; suddenly passes through a very
narrow gap of 25 μm.
According to Bernoulli’s Law the flow volume of liquid in a closed system per cross section
is constant. The reduction in diameter from 3 cm to 25 μm leads to increase in dynamic
pressure and decrease of static pressure below the boiling point of water at room
temperature.
Due to this water starts boiling at room temperature and forms gas bubbles, which
implode when the suspension leaves the gap (called cavitations) and normal air pressure,
are reached.
The size of the drug nanocrystals that can be achieved mainly depends on factors like
temperature, number of homogenization cycles, and power density of homogenizer and
homogenization pressure
19. The drug suspensions in the non- aqueous media were
homogenized at 0º C or even below the freezing point and hence
are called Deepfreeze homogenization
Advantages :
Evaporation is faster and under milder conditions.
This is useful for temperature sensitive drugs.
Homogenization in Non-Aqueous media (Nanopure)