This ppt is quite helpful for students/ researchers to understand the mechanism behind ethosomes penetration in the skin barrier when applied topically as well as it helps you to brief on drug detailing while formulating the ethosomes formulation.
for any more question you want to ask, feel free to contact: shikhasingh_ss@yahoo.com
thank you!
Introduction
Structure
Niosomes Vs. Liposome
Advantages & Disadvantages
Properties of Niosomes
Method of Manufacturing
Evaluation of Niosomes
Applications
Marketed products
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
This ppt is quite helpful for students/ researchers to understand the mechanism behind ethosomes penetration in the skin barrier when applied topically as well as it helps you to brief on drug detailing while formulating the ethosomes formulation.
for any more question you want to ask, feel free to contact: shikhasingh_ss@yahoo.com
thank you!
Introduction
Structure
Niosomes Vs. Liposome
Advantages & Disadvantages
Properties of Niosomes
Method of Manufacturing
Evaluation of Niosomes
Applications
Marketed products
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
Liposomes-Classification, methods of preparation and application Vijay Hemmadi
liposome preparation and application
A liposome is a tiny bubble (vesicle), made out of the same material as a cell membrane. Liposomes can be filled with drugs, and used to deliver drugs for cancer and other diseases. Membranes are usually made of phospholipids, which are molecules that have a head group and a tail group
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDIES, BIOEQUIVALENCE, REASONS TO PERFORM BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDIES , NEED FOR BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDIES, IMPORTANCE OF BIOEQUIVALANCE STUDIES, DETERMINATION OF BIOEQUIVALENCE OF A DRUG PRODUCT, CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE.
Liposomes-Classification, methods of preparation and application Vijay Hemmadi
liposome preparation and application
A liposome is a tiny bubble (vesicle), made out of the same material as a cell membrane. Liposomes can be filled with drugs, and used to deliver drugs for cancer and other diseases. Membranes are usually made of phospholipids, which are molecules that have a head group and a tail group
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDIES, BIOEQUIVALENCE, REASONS TO PERFORM BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDIES , NEED FOR BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDIES, IMPORTANCE OF BIOEQUIVALANCE STUDIES, DETERMINATION OF BIOEQUIVALENCE OF A DRUG PRODUCT, CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE.
A Transfersome carrier is an artificial vesicle designed to be like a cell vesicle or a cell engaged in exocytosis, and thus suitable for controlled and, potentially targeted, drug delivery.
Skin acts as a major target as well as a principal barrier for topical/transdermal drug delivery. Despite the many advantages of this system, the major obstacle is the low diffusion rate of drugs across the stratum corneum. Several methods have been tried to increase the permeation rate of drugs temporarily. One simple and convenient approach is application of drugs in formulation with elastic vesicles or skin enhancers. Vesicular system is one of the most convenient methods for transdermal delivery of active substances and in that ethosomes are most useful vesicular systems. Ethosomal carriers are systems containing soft vesicles, composed of hydroalcoholic or hydro/glycolic phospholipid in which the concentration of alcohols is relatively high. The high concentration of ethanol brings increase in fluidity of lipids hence increase in permeability of the skin and improves the drug penetration. Ethosomal formulation may contain many drugs such as acyclovir, salbutamol, Insulin, cyclosporine, fluconazole, minodixil, etc. These are prepared by hot method and cold methods. The size of Ethosomal formulation can be decreased by sonication and extrusion method. The high concentration of ethanol makes the ethosomes unique and useful for transcellular delivery, delivery of hormones, anti-arthritis, anti-HIV etc. Thus, it can be a logical conclusion that ethosomal formulation possesses promising future in effective dermal/transdermal delivery of bioactive agents.
INVASOMES NOVEL VESICULAR CARRIERS FOR DRUG DELIVERY Monika Targhotra
Invasomes are novel vesicles incorporating terpenes with enhanced penetration compared to the conventional liposomes. These are soft liposomal vesicles with very high membrane fluidity, containing terpenes, which are playing the role of penetration enhancement.The presence of terpenes and ethanol makes invasomes unique. These vesicles have shown to possess the combined advantages of liposomes, which are potential carriers and penetration enhancement of the terpenes, which are having the ability to modify the order of SC packing thus promoting skin delivery. Terpenes, the naturally occurring volatile oils are included in the list of generally recognized as safe substances with low irritancy at lower concentrations (1-5%), with reversible effect on the lipids of SC are considered as clinically acceptable penetration enhancers.
Nanoparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or solid particles drug
carrier that may or may not be biodegradable. Several techniques are used for preparation of
nanoparticles like Solvent Evaporation, Double Emulsification method, Emulsions - Diffusion
Method, Nanoprecipitation, Coacervation method, Salting Out Method, Dialysis and
Supercritical fluid technology. Nanoparticles are subjected to several evaluation parameters
such as yield of nanoparticles, Drug Content / Surface entrapment / Drug entrapment, Particle
Size and Zeta Potential , Surface Morphology, Polydispersity index, In-vitro release Study,
Kinetic Study, Stability of nanoparticles
This is a presentation covering all techniques in histopathology. Comprehensive coverage of all related aspects.. Useful for postgraduate Pathology students and practitioners.
This presentation contains an introduction to emerging healthcare Technologies. These emerging technologies include Data Analytics, AI, Blockchain, Telehealth, virtual reality, cloud computing, and IOT. The concept of Nanorobots as future medicine is also included in this presentation.
Introduction
Need of Nanosuspension
Advantages of Nanosuspension
Disadvantages of Nanosuspension
Method Of Preparation
Formulation Considerations
Characterization of Nanosuspension
Current Marketed Formulations
Pharmaceutical Applications
Introduction
Nanoparticle characterization techniques
Electron Microscope
Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron Microscope
X-ray powder diffraction
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Introduction
Advantages & Disadvantages
Classification
Manufacturing of liposomes
Liposome characterization and control
Stability consideration for liposomal formulations
Regulatory science of liposome drug products
Drug release from liposomes
Applications
Recent innovations
Approved liposome products
This presentation contains
Introduction, Advantages & Disadvantages, Process of manufacturing, Evaluation and defects in Blister, strip & ALU ALU Packaging. Useful for pharmacy students to understand the concept of blister & strip packaging
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
3. • Ethosomes are “Ethanolic liposomes”.
• Ethosomes were developed by touitou, 1997
• Ethosomes are non-invasive delivery carrier that enable drugs to reach the deep skin
layers and / or systemic circulation.
• “Soft vesicles” represent novel vesicles carrier for enhanced delivery through the skin.
• Size of ethosomes vesicles-30nm to few microns.
Introduction & Definition
4. Composition of Ethosome
Chemical Examples Use
Phospholipids Soya phosphatidyl choline
Egg phosphatidyl choline
Dipalmityl phosphatidyl choline
Distearyl phosphatidyl choline
Vesicles forming component
Polyglycol Propylene glycol
Transcutol
As a skin penetration
enhancer
Alcohol Ethanol
Isopropyl alcohol
For providing the softness
for vesicle membrane
Cholesterol Cholesterol For providing the stability to
vesicle membrane
7. • The drug absorption probably occurs in following two phases:
Ethanol effect
Ethosomes effect
1. Ethanol effect
• Ethanol acts as a penetration enhancer through the skin. The mechanism of its
penetration enhancing effect is well known.
• Ethanol penetrates into intercellular lipids and increases the fluidity of cell
membrane lipids and decrease the density of lipid multilayer of cell membrane.
2. Ethosomes effect
• Increased cell membrane lipid fluidity caused by the ethanol of ethosomes
results increased skin permeability. So the ethosomes permeates very easily
inside the deep skin layers, where it got fused with skin lipids and releases the
drugs into deep layer of skin.
Mechanism of action Ethosome
10. • Ethosomes enhance permeation of the drug through skin transdermal & dermal delivery.
• Ethosomes are platforms for the delivery of large & diverse groups of drugs (peptides,
protein molecules)
• Ethosomal systems are much more efficient at delivering a fluorescent probe (quantum
dots) to the skin in terms of quantity & depth.
• Low risk profile- the technology has no large scale drug development risk, as the
toxicological profiles of the ethosomes components are well documented in the scientific
literature.
• High patient compliance- the ethosomes drugs are administered in a semisolid form
(gel/cream), producing high patient compliance. In contrast, iontophoresis & phonophoresis
are relatively complicated to use, which will affect patient compliance.
• High market attractiveness for products with proprietary technology.
• Relatively simple to manufacture with no complicated technical investments required for
the production of ethosomes.
• The ethosomes system is passive, non-passive & available for immediate commercialization.
Advantages
11. Disadvantages
Poor yield.
In case if shell locking is ineffective then the ethosomes may
coalescence and fall apart on transfer into water.
Loss of product during transfer form organic to water media.
12. • In this method Phospholipids, drug and other lipid materials are dissolved in
ethanol in a covered vessel at room temperature by vigorous stirring with the
use of mixer.
• Propylene glycol or other polyol is added at 40°C during stirring.
• This mixture is heated to 30°C on a water bath.
• The water heated to 30°C in a separate vessel is added to the mixture, which is
then stirred for 5 min in a covered vessel.
• The vesicle size of ethosomal formulation can be decreased to the desire extent
using probe sonication or extrusion method.
• Finally, the formulation is stored under refrigeration.
Method of Preparation of Ethosomes
Cold Method
13. Store under refrigeration
Size reduction by sonication or extrusion
Stir for 5 minuets in covered vessel
Add water at 30°C
Heat mix upto 30°C
Add Propylene Glycol at 40°C during stirring
Dissolve in Ethanol in covered vessel with vigorous stirring at RT
Phospholipid + Drug + Other lipid material
Cold Method
14. • In this method Phospholipid is dispersed in water by heating in a water bath at
40°C until a colloidal solution is obtained.
• In a separate vessel ethanol and propylene glycol are mixed and heated to
40°C
• Once both mixtures reach 40°C the organic phase is added to the aqueous
one.
• The drug is dissolved in water or ethanol depending on its hydrophilic or
hydrophobic properties.
• The vesicle size of Ethosomal formulation can be decreased to the desire
extent using probe sonication or extrusion method.
Hot Method
15. Disperse Phospholipid in water at 40°C Ethanol + Propylene Glycol at 40°C
Mix organic phase to aqueous phase
Add drug dissolved in suitable solvent (Water
or Ethanol depending on solubility)
Hot Method
16. • Vesicle shape- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy
( SEM)
• Entrapment efficiency- Mini column centrifugation method; Fluorescence
spectrophotometry
• Vesicle size- Dynamic light scattering method
• Vesicle Skin interaction study- Confocal laser scanning microscopy; Fluorescence
microscopy; TEM. Eosin-Hematoxylin staining
• Phospholipid-ethanol interaction- 31P NMR; Differential scanning calorimeter
• Degree of deformability- Extrusion method
• Zeta potential- Zeta meter
• Turbidity- Nephalometer
• In vitro drug release study- Franz diffusion cell with artificial or biological membrane,
Dialysis bag diffusion
• Drug deposition study- Franz diffusion cell
• Stability study- Dynamic light scattering method & TEM
Characterization of ethosome
17. Delivery of Antiviral drugs
Topical delivery of DNA
Transdermal delivery of Hormones.
Delivery of Anti-parkinsonism agent
Transcellular Delivery
Delivery of Anti-Arthritis Drugs
Delivery of Problematic drug molecules
Delivery of Antibiotics
Delivery of Antigen loaded Drugs
Delivery of NSAIDS
Widely used in Cosmoceuticals
Application of Ethosome
19. • Introduction of ethosomes has initiated new area in transdermal drug
delivery
• Further research in this area will allow better control over drug release
in vivo allowing physicians to make therapy more efficient.
• It offers good opportunity for non-invasive delivery of small-,medium-
& large-sized drug molecules.
• Special emphasis given to skin delivery of proteins & other
macromolecules & for transcutaneous immunization.
Future Prospective