introduction, theory of drying, applications of drying, construction & working about fluidised bed dryer,use of tray dryer,construction about vacuum dryer, construction & working about drum dryer, construction about spray dryer
Drying. Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid. ... In bioproducts like food, grains, and pharmaceuticals like vaccines, the solvent to be removed is almost invariably water.
Pharmaceutical Dryers. Dryers are used in a variety of industries, such as the food processing, pharmaceutical, paper, pollution control and agricultural sectors. ... Direct dryers convectively heat a product through direct contact with heated air, gas or a combusted gas product.
Drying. Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid. ... In bioproducts like food, grains, and pharmaceuticals like vaccines, the solvent to be removed is almost invariably water.
Pharmaceutical Dryers. Dryers are used in a variety of industries, such as the food processing, pharmaceutical, paper, pollution control and agricultural sectors. ... Direct dryers convectively heat a product through direct contact with heated air, gas or a combusted gas product.
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
specifications and working of two stage spray drier with fluidized bed drier installed in experimental dairy,national dairy research institute,karnal,haryana
Here in these slides, you will have an understanding of dryer. Mostly used equipment in the industry for drying operation.
You can join me on Youtube for more learning.
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What is The Process, Structure and Working of a Rapid DryerVJInstruments
In the pharmaceutical industry, a Rapid Dryer (also known as a fluid bed dryer) is used extensively to decrease the moisture content of medicinal powder and granules.
in that presentation information regarding how to start pharmaceutical acts in all over India & also provides history of pharmaceutical legislation in India
important of nutraceuticals in pharmacy field for beneficial effect, herbal foods, useful effects in human beings, anticancer activity, fertility activity, anti diabetic activity, scope of nutraceutical market in INDIA
The prevention of cruelty to animals act, 1960Ravikumar Patil
In that slides providing knowledge about the animal cruelty act, 1960 for the basic knowledge to the pharmacy students regarding subject Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence.
Introduction about tablet, classification or type of tablets, process of granulation in that moist granulation, dry granulation, slugging method, detail information about additives used for preparation of tablets, single punch tablet punching machine, multiple tablet punching machine, rotary tablet punching machine, dry cota tablet punching machine, evaluation tests for tablets, coating techniques for tablets
short introduction about microbiology with classification of microorganism, isolation methods, information about staining techniques. those information related to diploma students
what is extraction, infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, digestion, factors, procedure for infusion, procedure for decoction, procedure for maceration, factors for extraction
filtering devices used in pharmaceutical field for filtration of various aqueous & oily substance free from foreign particles or dusts or cakes in that liquids. construction & working about various filtering device.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Introduction
“ Drying is defined as the final removal
of liquid from solids by vaporisation with
the aid of heat.”
The equipment used for drying is called
dryer.
3. Theory of drying
Drying involves both heat & mass
transfer operations.
To dry material, two steps are needed
viz..
i. Heat must be supplied to provide
latent heat of vaporisation.
ii. The liberated vapour must be
removed by moving an air steam.
4. Cont..
Consider that, a film of liquid is formed
at the surface of the material being
dried. The rate of evaporation of this film
is related to the rate of heat transfer, as
per equation..
dw/dØ = q / λ ……. eq.1
Where,
dw/dØ = the rate of evaporation pounds of
water per hour
q = overall rate of heat transfer (BTU per hr)
λ = latent heat of vaporisation of water (BTU Per
5. Cont..
The rate of diffusion of moisture into the air
stream is expressed by the rate equations,
similar to those for heat transfer. The driving
force is a humidity differential, whereas, heat
transfer is a temperature differential. Thus eq.1
can be written as..
dw/dØ = K’ A (Hs – Hg)……..eq.2
Where,
dw/dØ = the rate of diffusion as pounds of water per hr.
K’ = the coefficient of mass transfer.
A = area of the evaporating surface in square feet.
Hs = the absolute humidity at the evaporating surface.
Hg = the absolute humidity in the passing air stream
6. Cont…
K’ is not a constant but it varies with the velocity
of the air stream passing over the evaporating
surface thus..
K’ = cGn
where, c = a proportionality constant
G = the rate of flow of air
n = a fractional exponent usually about
0.82
After certain period, the rate of evaporation is
equal to the rate of diffusion of vapour. The rate
of heat transfer can be equated with the rate of
mass transfer i.e eq.1 can be equated with eq.2
i.e
7. Applications of drying
Used in manufacturing of granules.
Used to reduce the bulk & weight of
material.
It helps in the preservation of crude drugs
or plant from mould growth.
It helps in the size reduction process.
9. It is the simplest form of dryer, in this
arrangement of heater at the bottom in cabinet
e.g. laboratory oven.
In that the best type of tray dryer is directed
circulation form, in which air is heated & is
directed across the material in a controlled flow.
In modern tray dryers, a uniform temperature &
air flow is maintained by the use of a well
cabinet with strategically placed fans & heating
coil.
In that heater is fixed in a such way that the air
is reheated before passing over each shelf.
When the air passes over each shelf a certain
amount of heat is given up to provide latent
heat of vaporisation.
TRAY DRYER
11. TUNNEL DRYER
It is the same like tray dryer but only
modification in which oven is replaced
by a tunnel.
In which, receive the damp material at
one end & discharge the dried product
at the other end.
In that conveyor belt system can also be
used to pass the material through the
tunnel.
13. ROTARY DRYER
It is a modified form of the tunnel dryer.
In which the material pass through a rotating
cylinder, counter current to the stream of
heated air.
It is a cylindrical shell which is mounted with
slight slope, so that the material fed in at one
end will move through it on slow rotation.
Rotation speed near about 10 rpm.
USE: powders, granules for continuous drying
purpose.
15. FLUDISED BED DRYER
It is a best dryer because, in that rapid
drying occurs.
Theory: If a gas is allowed to flow
upward through a bed of solid particles at
a velocity greater than the velocity of the
particles, the particles are partially
suspended in the gas stream.
The resultant mixture behaves like a
liquid, so solids is said to be fluidised.
17. Cont..
It have two types: Vertical & Horizontal fluidised
bed dryer.
In that fan is mounted in the upper part of the
dryer.
Air is heated by heaters & passed through the
wet material contained in a drying chamber.
This chamber is fitted with a wire mesh support
at the bottom.
The air flow rate is adjusted by re-circulation
control.
Fabric filter bags are provided to prevent the
passage of fine particles.
It is used for batch type dryer & the drying
chamber is removed from the unit for charging
19. VACUUM DRYER
This equipment is a good example of
conduction drier. The vacuum oven consists of
a jacketed vessel to withstand vacuum within
the oven.
There are supports for the shelves giving a
larger area for conduction heat transfer. The
oven can be closed by a door.
The oven is connected through a condenser
and liquid receiver to a vacuum pump.
Operating pressure can be as low as 0.03-0.03
21. FREEZE DRYER or LYOPHILIZATION
It is also called as sublimation drying process
In that process water is sublimed & removed from the
product after it is frozen at the reduced pressure.
Theory:
Material is frozen in a container connected to a high vacuum
system.
Vapour pressure of material is reduced below the vapour
pressure at which it is dried i.e below the triple point.
Under these conditions, heat transferred is used as latent
heat of sublimation to the product by means of radiant heat.
Ice sublimes to vapours.
Water vapours are removed by condensation.
22. Cont..
Construction:
Chamber for vacuum drying: having shelves
for keeping the material.
Vacuum source: vacuum pump is connected
to the chamber.
A heat source: heat is provided by
conduction or radiation or both.
A vapour removal system: the condenser
consists of large cooled surface by solid
carbon dioxide mixed with acetone or ethanol.
23. Cont..
Working:
Pre-treatment : first solution is concentrated under
normal vacuum dryer before introducing in the
chamber.
Pre-freezing : ampoules, vials & bottles having
aq.solution is packed & frozen in cold shelves at a
temperature below -500C.
Primary drying :
The material is spread.
Temperature & pressure are kept below the triple point
of water.
Heat is supplied.
Ice sublimes into vapours.
Vapours are removed from the chamber.
98-99% moisture removes during primary drying.
24. Cont..
Secondary drying : remaining moisture is removed by
vacuum drying at 50-600C. Secondary drying takes
about 10-20 hrs.
Packing : biological products are dried packed in
aseptic condition immediately after drying.
Use: thermolabile subst, microbiological cultures,
biological products.
25. Drum Dryer or Film Drying
It consists of a drum of about 0.75-1.5 m in
diameter and 2-4 m in length, heated
internally, usually by steam and rotated on
its longitudinal axis.
Operation:
The liquid is applied to the surface and
spread to a film, this may be done in various
ways, but the simplest method is that where
the drum dips into a feed pan. Drying rate is
controlled by using a suitable speed of
rotation and the drum temperature. The
product is scraped from the
surface of the drum by means of a doctor
27. SPRAY DRYER
The spray dryer provides a large surface area
for heat and mass transfer by atomizing the
liquid to small droplets.
These are sprayed into a stream of hot air, so
that each droplet dries to a solid particle.
The drying chamber resembles the cyclone
ensuring good circulation of air, to facilitate heat
and mass transfer, and that dried particles are
separated by the centrifugal action.
Spray dryer can be operated efficiently at
various feed rates.