This document provides an outline of topics covered in a second semester Spanish grammar book, including the imperfect tense, preterit tense, adverbs, progressive tenses, future tense, superlatives, formal commands, prepositions, and demonstratives. It also provides examples and explanations of key grammar points like conjugating irregular verbs in the preterit and using modal verbs.

1. Grammar Book 2nd
Semester
Por: Lara Hess

2. Grammar Book 2
Table of Contents
1. Imperfect
2. Preterit (Car, Gar, Zar)(Spock)(cucaracha)(Snakey Snake)
3. Model
4. Adverbs
5. Progressive (Present/Past)
6. Future (irregular)(conditional)
7. Superlatives
8. Formal commands
9. Prepositions
10. Demonstratives
11. Conditional

3. *When using would, could,
should, must have, or probably.
Hablar
Hablaria
Hablarias
Hablaria
Hablariamos
Hablarian
*Infinitive + Ending

4. Imperfect Verbs
AR
Yo- Aba Nosotros- Abamos
Tu- Abas Vosotros- Abais
El/Ella- Aba Ellos.Ellas- Aban
*Uses*
• Ongoing action (Was/Here)
• Repeated action (used to)
• No definite beginning or end
• Time/Date/Age/Feelings/Description
• Interrupted activity (Cuando)
ER/IR
Yo- Ia Nosotros- Iamos
Tu- Ias Vosotros- Iais
El/Ella- Ia Ellos- Ian

5. Preterito
AR
Yo- E Nosotros-
Amos
Tu- Aste
El/Ella- O Ellos- Aron
ER/IR
Yo- I Nosotros- Imos
Tu- Iste
El/Ella- Io Ellos- Ieron

6. El Preterito
-Car, -Gar, -Zar
Tocar Jugar Comenzar
• Toque • Jugue • Comence
• Tocaste • Jugaste • Comenzaste
• Comenzo
• Toco • Jugo
• Comenzamos
• Tocamos • Jugamos • Comenzaron
• Tocaron • Jugaron

7. Spock Dar/Ver
I
Iste
Io
Hacer Imos Ir/Ser
Ieron
Hice Fui
Hiciste Fuiste
Hizo Fue
Hicimos Fuimos
Hicieron Fueron

8. Cucaracha
Andar Anduv-
Estar Estuv- -E (Yo)
Poder Pud-
Poner Pus- -Iste (Tu)
Querer Quis-
Saber Sup- -O (El, Ella, Ud,
Tener Tu- Una Cosa)
Venir Vin-
-Imos
(Nosotros)
Decir Dij-
Traer Traj- -Isteis (Vosotros)
Conduci Conduj-
r Produj- -I -Ieron
Producir Traduj- (Ellos, Ellas,
Traducir Uds. Unas
Cosas)

9. Modal Verbs
•Ir + Infinitive (Going to do something)
•Poder + Infinitive (Are able to do
something)
•Querer + Infinitive (want to do something)
•Deber + Infinitive (should do something)
•Tener que + infinitive (to have to do
something)
•Soler + Infinitive (to be accustomed to)

10. Adverbs (Mente)
Change the adjective to the feminine form and add
(mente). E’s stay the same and so do the constantans.
EX. Claro Clara Claramente
Alegre Alegre
Alegremente
When using two adverbs in a sentence to describe one thing, first
adverb only follows the first rule of changing to the feminine for and
the second conjugates regularly.
EX. Juan trabaja lenta y quidadosamente.
El chico le hablo clara y cortesmente.

11. Progressive
Present
Estar + -ando/-iendo/-yendo
Ex. Estoy hablando a ti.
Estas nandando en el rio.
Past
Estar + -ando/-iendo/-yendo
Ex. Estaba hablando a ti.
Estabas nandando en el rio.

12. El Futuro
-E
-AS *Keep the original form
Infinity + -A and just add another
-Emos ending
-AN
Saber
Irregualr Venir
Salir -RE
Poner -RAS *Take off the er/ir
Decir -RA endings before
Hacer + -REMOS adding another
Tener -REIS ending
Valer -RAN
Poder
Querer

13. Superlatives
*Used when you are describing someone as
being the least or most of something.
• If the object you are describing is male, then
the article is el, and la for female.
• Then add mas or menos, meaning the
greatest or least.
• After that, put the adjective that describes
the object as being the most or least of.
EX. Mario is the smartest man.
Mario es el Mas inteligente hombre.

14. Formal Commands
Ud. +
Put in “Yo”
TU +
Change opposite vowel
drop S
AR-E
ER/IR-A
IOP
DOP
SE
Tu-
Put in “Yo” Ud. –
-Change to opposite vowel NO S.A.A.
- +S

15. Prepositions
*Saying where things are located
Cerca De- Near
Delante De-In front of
A La Derecha De-To the right of
Detras De-Behind
Entre-Between
A La Izquierda De-To the left
Al Lado-Next to
Lejos De-Far From
Dentro De-Within
Encima De-Above
Fuera De-Outside of
*De only follows Arriba and Debajo when a
specific location follows

16. Demonstratives
Masculine Feminine
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Este-This one Estos-These Esta-This One Esta-These
Ese-That One Esos-Those Esa-That One Esas-Those
Aquel-That Aquellos- Aquella-That Aquellas-
(Over There) Those (Over (Over There) Those (Over
There) There)
*When you don’t know the object that is being referred to, The
endings are always “O”
*When the thing you are referring to doesn’t have a specific
gender, you also put “O”s on the ends.
-These do not use accent marks either-