This document contains a table of contents for a grammar book. It lists and provides brief explanations of topics like nationalities, stem changers, para, object pronouns, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, commands, sequencing events, preterite, deber, present progressive, -mente, and more. The document provides examples and conjugations to demonstrate key grammar concepts in Spanish.

1. Grammar Book
Alicia (Ashley) King
5th Period

2. Table of Contents
1) Nationalities
2) Stem Changers
3) Para
4) Object Pronoun Placement
5) Indirect Object Pronouns
6) Gustar
7) Affirmative and Negative Words
8) Superlatives
9) Reflexives
10) Affirmative tú commands+irrregulars+pronoun placement
11) Negative tú command+irregulars+pronoun placement
12) Sequencing events
13) Preterite=Past Tense
14) Deber=Should/ought to
15) Present progressive
16) Present progressive irregulars
17) -ly=_mente
18) End adjectives with a when adding mente.
19) Preterite

3. Nationalities

4. Stem Changers There are no
stem changes in
the nosotros or
vosotros form
o ue e i e ie u ue
Poder: To Pedir:To Pensar: Jugar: To
can ask for To think play
Puedo Podemo Pido Pedimo Pienso Pensamo Juego Jugamo
s s s s
Piense Penscáis Juege Jugáis
Puedes Podéis Pide Pedís
s s
s
Puede Pueden Piense Piensen Juege Juegan
Pide Piden

5. Para
Para is used as “to”, “for”, and “in order to”.
It is used to imply purpose, indications, directions,
and recipients of items.
-Ex: Vamos al restaurante para comer.
-Ex: El regalo para mi mamá.
-Ex: Tengo dinero para comprar algo.
-Ex: Eres para tú

6. Object Pronoun Placement
1)Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
2)Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
3)Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command
4)Place the pronoun before a conjugated
verb

7. Indirect Object Pronouns
These pronouns tell „to whom‟ or „for whom‟ the
action of a verb is presented for.
Singular Plural
Me Me Nos Us
Te You Os You-all
(Familiar)
Le He, she, Les You-all,
it, you them
(formal)

8. Gustar
• Gustar = To like
Gustar Singular Gustar Plural
Me gusta Nos Me gustan Nos
gusta gustan
Te gusta Os gusta Te gustan Os gustan
Le gusta Les gusta Le gustan Les
Ex: Me gusta una mapa gustan
Ex: Te gustan nachos

9. Affirmative & Negative Words
Alguien
También
Siempre
Algo Alguno
Algún

10. Superlatives
• Superlatives are added to adjectives and adverbs to express
extremes.
 Take off the last vowel and add –ísimo and change the adj. or
adv. To agree with gender and numbers.
-Ex: Mucho Muchísimo
-Ex: Muchas Muchísimas
 If an adj. or an adv. end in c, g, z, these consonants must be
changed into c > qu, g > gu, z > c.
-Ex: Rica Riquísima
-Ex: Largo Larguísima
-Ex: Feliz Felicísimo

11. Reflexives
 Reflexives verbs are used to
show people doing things for
themselves. Reflexive Pronouns
 Reflexives Pronouns are used
to show that the subject Me Nos
receives the action of the
reflexive verb.
Te Os
Reflexive
Ex: Lola se lava la cabeza Se Se
Ex: Me despierto en la cama
Non-Reflexive
Ex: Me hablo con Roberto
Ex: Ellos se lavan el perro

12. Affirmative tú
commands+irrregulars+pronoun placement
 When informally commanding a younger person, friend, or child you
drop the “s” of a conjugated tú form.
 If there is a object pronoun then you can attach it to the end.
Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands
• Di
• Haz
• Ve Examples of affirmative tú commands:
• Pon •¡Cómelo! = Eat it!
• Sal •¡Ven aquí! = Come here!
• Sé •¡Hazlo! = Do it!
• Ten
• Ven

13. Negative tú command+irregulars+pronoun
placement
 To informally command someone to NOT to do
something, you would put a verb in the “yo” form, change
the ending vowel to an opposite vowel, and add an “s”.
 If there is an object pronoun then you must place the
pronoun before the conjugated verb.
Opposite vowels: Irregular negative tú commands:
• Digas
• Ar endings change into e • Hagas
• Er/Ir endings changes into a •Vengas
•Tengas
•Pongas
Examples of negative tú commands:
•Salgas
•No me digas
•Vayas
•No seas estúpido
•Seas
•No vayas a la escuela

14. Sequencing events
Antes de Después de
Transitions or time references.
Before… After …
Primero Entonces Luego Después Por Fin
First Then Later After Finally
Por la mañana Por la tarde Por la noche
In/during the In/during the In/during the
morning afternoon evening/night
Los lunes Los martes Los Los Los Los Los
miércoles jueves viernes sábados domingos
On On On On On fridays On On
mondays tuesdays wednesdays thursdays saturdays sundays

15. Preterite=Past Tense
Ar and Er/Ir endings for preterite verbs.
Perfected action in the past.
-é -amos -í -imos
-aste -iste
-ó -aron -ió -ieron

16. Preterite Changes
-car for a preterite • Sacar la basura
changes into –qué -Saqué la basura.
in the yo form. • Jugar el tenis
-gar for a preterite -Jugué el tenis
changes into –gué
• Comenzar la tarea
in yo form.
-Comencé la
-zar for a preterite
tarea.
changes into –cé in
yo form.

17. Trigger words
 Un dia It is set up for a
 Una vez preterite.
 Ayer
 A noche
 -car for a preterite
 Hace un año changes into –que in the
 Ya yo form.
 El mes pasado  -gar for a preterite
 Anteyear changes into –gué in yo
 Por una hora form.
 Por fin  -zar for a preterite
changes into –cé in yo
 Do Veces
form.

18. Deber
It means to should or to ought to.
Debo Debemos
Examples:
Debo sacar la
Debes
basura.
Debe Deben
I should take out
the trash.

19. Modal verbs
 Deber-Should, out to. The 2nd verbs is
 Desear-To desire not conjugated, but
 Necesitar-To need rather left in the
 Poder-To can, could , be able infinitive form.
to.
 Querer-To want, would like to
 Saber-To know info, to know
how.
 Soler-Usually, used to.

20. Present Progressive
It a verb stating -ando -ando
-ando
that a person is -ando -ando
doing something
currently in the -iendo -iendo
-iendo
present. It is like
-iendo -iendo
the english version
of –ing.
Example: Estoy estudiando.
-I am studying.

21. Present Progressive Irregulars
When an –er or –ir verb ends in a vowel, it
changes from –iendo to –yendo.
Leer Leyendo
Oír Oyendo
Traer Trayendo
E>I stem-changing vowels and other vowel
stem-changers change in the present
progressive. Decir Diciendo
Pedir Pidiendo Dormir Durmiendo
Servir Sirviendo Venir Viniendo

22. -Mente
Using adjectives or Reciente Recientemente
adverbs, change Frecuente Frecuentemente
them into adverbs
and add -mente. Fácil Fácilmente
If an adjective Normal Normalmente
ends with an e, l,
or z, just add – Especial Especialmente
mente.

23. End adjectives with an a when
adding -mente
Adjectives that end
in –o or –a When using two
changes to the adverbs, drop the –
feminine form. ment from the first
Cuidadoso Cuidadosamente one.
Rápido Rápidamente Example: Lenta y
cuidadosamente.
Lento Lentamente
Tranquilo Tranquilamente

24. Trigger Words are words that
might emphasis a preterite
verb coming up. Examples:
Ayer, el mes pasado.
Preterite
-car,-gar,-zar
Andar>Anduv_ -car for a preterite changes into –qué in
-e
Estar>Estuv_ the yo form.
-iste -gar for a preterite changes into –gué in
Poder>Pud_ -o yo form.
Poner>Pus_ -isteis -zar for a preterite changes into –cé in yo
Querer>Quis_ -ieron form.
Saber>Sup_
Tener>Tuv_
Spock
Venir>Vin_  “j” Hacer Dar Ver Ir/Ser
Conducir>Conduj_ verbs • Hice • Di • Vi • Fui
Producir>Produj_ drop • Hiciste • Diste • Viste • Fuiste
• Hizo • Dio • Vio • Fue
Traducir>Traduj_ “i” in -
• Hicimos • Dimos • Vimos • Fuimos
eron • Hicieron • Dieron • Vieron • Fueron
Decir>Dij_
Traer>Traj_ Snakey Verbs
Preterite verbs with a y spelling change
Ex: Creer- Creí, creíste,creyó,creímos,creyeron

25. El Futuro
Los Irregulares:
Decir Dir
-é Hacer Har
-ás Poner Pondr
Infinitive+ -á Salir Saldr
Tener Tendr
-emos Valer Vendr
-án Poder Podr
Querer Querr
Saber Sabr