This document contains the table of contents for a Spanish grammar book titled "Libro de Gramatica" by Samanta Swing for her 6th period class. The table of contents lists 29 topics that are covered on different slides, including the preterite and imperfect tenses, constructions with "se", adverbs, commands, object pronoun placement, the present subjunctive, and more. It provides the slide number for each topic.

1. Libro de Gramatica
Samanta Swing 6th period

2. Table of Contents
 Preterite …slide 4
 Imperfect …slide 5
 Preterite VS Imperfect …slide 6
 Constructions with Se …slide 7
 Adverbs …slide 8
 Por VS Para …slide 9
 Stressed Possessive Adjectives/Pronouns …slide 10
 Commands/Informal/formal/irregulars/afffermative/neg …slide 11
 Used and Ustedes Commands …slide 12
 Object Pronoun Placement …slide 13
 Bibliography …slide 14

3. Table of contents (2)
 Beginning of second semester …slide 15
 Present Subjunctive …slide 16
 Subj. of verbs with will and influence …slide 17
 Subj. with emotions …slide 18
 Subj. with doubt and uncertainty …slide 19
 Subj. with conjunctions …slide 20
 Subj. with adverbial clauses …slide 21
 IYF command page (including nosotros) …slide 22
 Past Participles as adjectives …slide 23
 Present perfect …slide 24
 Past Perfect …slide 25
 Acabar de // ya …slide 26
 Future …slide 27
 Conditional …slide 28
 Past Subjunctive …slide 29

4. 3. Preterite
-ar -er/ir
Yo é í
Tú aste íste
El/ella ó Ió
Nosotros amos imos
vosotros asteis isteis
Ellos/ellas aron ieron
Examples:
Ana y yo hablamos
Yo escribí
Los chicas comieron
Trigger Words: ayer, anoche, el
ñoche, por la manaña, la semana
pasada, el mes pasada etc.
Dar/Ver:
Di/Vi
Diste/Viste
Dio/Vio
Dimos/Vimos
Disteis/Visteis
Dieron/Vieron
SPOCK VERBS
Dar: to give
Ver: to see
Ir: to go
Ser: to be
Hacer: to do/make
Ir/Ser:
Fui
Fuiste
Fue
Fuimos
Fuisteis
Fueron
Hacer:
Hice
Hiciste
Hizo
Hicimos
Hicisteis
Hicieron
--Car yo -qué
-Gar yo -gué
-Zar yo -cé
Andar Anduve
Estar Estuve
Poder Pud
Poner Pus
Querer Quis
Saber Sup
Tener Tuv
Venir Vin
Conducir Conduj
Producir Produj
Traducir Traduj
Decir Dij
Traer Traj
J Verbs
If end in ‘j’ use same
endings except 3rd
person singular looses
‘I’ and become -jeron
Leí Leimos
Leíste Leisteis
Leyó Leieron

5. 4. Imperfect Tense
Ser Ir Ver
Era Iba Veia
Eras Ibas Veias
Era Iba Veia
Éramos Ibamos Veiamos
Erais Ibais Veiais
Eran Iban Veian
Trigger words: Cuando era
niño/niña, siempre, nunca, a veces,
frequentemente, todos los dias
Examples:
• Ella estaba enfermo.
• Yo comía frecuentemente
• Yo caminaba cada día.
• Veníamos para casa
cuando vimos a ella.
Ar Er/Ir
Yo aba Ía
Tú abas ías
Ella aba Ía
Nosotros ábamos Íamos
Vosotros abais Íais
Usteded aban Ían
Uso en el pasado:
El tiempo
Era
Caraterística físicas

6. 5. Differences in Preterit and Imperfect
Tenses
Uso en el
Padaso
Ar:
é amos
aste asteis
ó aron
er/ir:
í ímos
íste ísteis
ió íeron
Ar:
aba ábamos
abas abais
aba aban
er/ir:
ía íamos
ías íais
ía ían
Triggers:
• De niño/niña
• Todos los días
• mientras
Triggers:
• Ayer
• Anoche
• La semana pasada

7. 6. Constructions with Se
 Non reflexive verbs can be
used with Se to form
impersonal
constructions.
 These are statements
where the person
performing the action is not
defined.
Ejemplos
Se puede leer en
la sala de espera.
You can read in
the waiting room.
Se necesitan
medicinas
enseguida.
They need
medicine right
away.
Se hacen
operaciones aquí.
They perform
operations here.
• Se for Unplanned Events.
• The person who performs the
accident is de-empasized. The
action that occurred was not
their responsibility.
• Se + (IOP) + (Verb) + (Subject)
• These verbs are most commonly
used with –se to describe
unplanned events:
• Caer
• Olvidar
• Perder (e:ie)
• Quedar
• Romper
** To clarify who the involved party
is the construction commonly begins
with the preposition (A) + (Noun). Or
(A) + (Prepositional pronoun).

8. 7. Adverbios
 Most Spanish adverbs end in –mente.
 You must take an adjective, turn it into the feminine form,
then add –mente onto it.
 If the adjective does not have a feminine form, just add –
mente to the standard form.
 When an edjective has a writeen accent, the adverb retains
it.
Lento Lenta Lentamente
Fabuloso Fabulosa Fabulosamente
Enorme enormemente
Feliz felizmente
Alegre alegremente
Some Advebs do not follow any pattern, and
must be memorized. Those adverbs are:
bastante, demasiado, mal, mucho, muy, nunca,
peor, poco, siempre
**When two
adverbs are size by
side, only the
second one uses
the –mente ending.
The first adverb is
the deminine
singular form of the
adjective. **

9. 8. Por vs Para
 Por
 Por means for.
 Used when describing:
 Motion or general location
 Duration of an action
 Object of a search
 Means by which something is
done
 Exchange or Substitution
 Unit of Measure
• Para
• Para means for or towards
• Destination
• Deadline/ Future time
• Purpose or goal ( + Infinative)
• Purpose ( + Noun)
• Reciever of something
• Comparison with others or an
opinion
• Employment
Por can be used in expressions!
-por fin -por eso
-por ahora -por cierto
Este regalo es para Sally
This gift is for sally.
Gracias por la información
Thanks for the information

10. 9. Stressed possessive adjectives
and pronouns
 Stresses Possessive
Adjectives
 Used to express English phrases;
mine, of yours, of his.
 Must agree in gender with nouns.
 Places these after the noun they
modify.
• Stressed Possessive
Pronouns
• They have to agree in
number and gender with
the noun it replaces.
• They are used to replace a
noun modified by a
possessive adjective.
• Hold the same form as the
possessive adjectives.
• Definate articles are
omitted when the stressed
possessive pronoun
follows the verb ser
• Ejemplos:
• La calculadora
nuestra : la nuestra.
• El fax tuyo : el tuyo
Mío/Mía Míos/Mías
Tuyo/Tuya Tuyos/Tuyas
Suyo/Suya Suyos/Suyas
Nuestro/Nuestra Nuestros/Nuestras
Vuestro/Vuestra Vuestros/Vuestras
Definate / indefinate article + (noun) +
stressed posessive adj
Can show
ownership!
Ex: Ella es
una amiga
nuesta. (she
is a friend of
ours)
Use with
un/una

11. 10. All Commands
Nosotros commands:
• Used when the speaker is
included.
• To form the negative; place
the word no before the same
verb form (present
subjunctive.)
• Accent is required when
pronouns are added.
• Exception: The verb ir(se)
which uses the present
indicative for the affermative
command only.
• No vayamos a la tienda.
Tu Commands (Informal
commands)
• They’re formed the same
way as ustedes
commands.
• Tu commands use the
‘used’ form, not the tu
form!!!
• Negative Tu commands
• Use the tu form of the
present subjunctive.
• No cuentes tus
beneficios.
• The Subject pronoun
tu is not usually used
with imperative form
Irregular tu
commands

12. 11. Usted and Ustedes Commands
 Affermative and negative usted
and ustedes commands are
formed by using the present
tense ‘yo’ form as the stem,
dropping the ‘-o’ and then adding
on the appropriate ending. If the
verb has an irregular –yo form, a
stem change, or is an irregular
verb in the present tense, it also
appears in the usted and ustedes
commands.
Ar Verbs Er/Ir Verbs
Usted -e -a
Ustedes -en -an
Examples:
• Conteste las
preguntas
• Tome; Tomen
• Escriba el poema
• Coma la fruta
Irregular Example:
Hago (I do/make)
Haga in
usted
command
form
Hagan in
ustedes
comman
d form
For a negative,
just add ‘no’
before the verb.
Irregular formal
commands
• Dar
• Estar
• Ir
• Ser
• Saber

13. 12. Object pronoun
placement
 Direct Object Pronoun
Placement
 In affirmative sentences with
one simple verb, the direct
object pronoun comes before
the verb.
 Yo te quiero. ( I love you )
 Yo la veo. (I see her )
 With Infinatives and present
participles you can attach the
direct object to the end of the
verb or before the first verb.
 Voy a hacerla // la voy a hacer
 While you attach DOP to the
end of affermative
commands, you can always
place them in between no (or
other negative words) and
the verb in a negative
command.
• Indirect Object Pronoun
Placement
• Follow the same placement and rules
as direct object pronouns.
• Me compra una rosa ( he buys a
rose for me)
• In affirmative sentences with one
simple verb, the indirect object goes
before the verb.
• In negative sentences with one simple
verb, the IOP goes between the
negative and the verb.
• No le tira la pelota ( He doesn’t
throw the ball to him )
• In sentences with two verbs, where
one verb in conjugated and the other
is an affirmative or gerund, there are
two options for placement
• Before the conjugated verb.
• Attach to the infinative

14. Bibliography
 Vhl.com // Adventuras Book
 www.studyspanish.com
 www.spanishdict.com

15. Second Semester

16. 13. Present Subjunctive
 The present subjunctive is usually formed by three steps:
 Start with the ‘to’ form of the present indicative
 Then drop the –o ending
 Finally; add the correct ending.
Proper Endings for
Present Subjunctive
-AR -ER/-IR
-e -a
-es -as
-e -a
-emos -amos
-éis -áis
-en -an
• The formula also
works for verbs that
have an irregular ‘yo’
form.
• Conocer
(Conozco)
• Tener (Tengo)
• Salir (Salgo)
• **For –er and –ar
stem changing
verbs the
formula applies,
except there is
no stem change
in the nosotros
and vosotros
forms
• Pensar
(pienso)
• Perder
(Pierdo)
• Contar
(Cuento)
• Volver
(Vuelvo)
For verbs that end in –guir, the
gu changes to g when it
comes before the a
Seguir (e:i)
For verbs that end in –car,
the c changes to qu when it
comes before the letter e
Buscar
Six main verbs that are
irregular in the present
subjunctive:
Dar, estar, haber, ir,
saber, ser,
Introduce aspect of uncertainty,
and trigger the subjunctive.
• Es bueno que
• Es imposible que
• Es necesario que
• Es raro que
Used for 4 main things: will and
infulence, emotion,
doubt/disbelief/denial, abstractness

17. 14. Subjunctive of verbs with will
and influcence
 Subject 1 + {Verb of influence} (indicative) + que +Subject 2 {Action to be
done} (subjunctive)
 The formula above is the correct way to form a statement
to express influence over actions that the subject would or
would not like somebody else to do, but cannot directly
control.
 The presense of one or more verbs of influence is not sufficent
to require the use of the subjunctive.
 Some impersonal expressions are considered will and infulence
-es urgente que -es necessario que
Querer To want
Preferir To prefer
Desear To desire
Insistir en To insist
Mandar To command
Prohibir To prohibit
Requerir To require
Exigir Ro demand
Recomendar To
recommend
Pedir To request
Alentar To encourage
Decir To tell
Ejemplos:
El profesor quiere que tú hagas la tarea.
The teacher wants you to do the
homework
Ella prefiere que vayamos en tren.
She prefers that we go by train.
Yo pido que vengas.
I ask you to come.

18. We can express opinions about things that we observe or consider fact.
For example, if we know that Juan sings well, we say "Juan canta bien." We can
even say we believe that Juan sings well, "creemos que Juan canta bien."
How we feel about the singing:
Nos gusta que Juan cante bien.
Subjunctive with emotions
alegrarse
de *
to be glad gustar to like quejarse to complain
encantar
to be
delighted
lamentar to regret sentir to feel
enojar to be angry maravillar to astonish sorprender to surprise
estar
contento,
enojado,
triste, etc.
to be glad,
angry, sad,
etc.
molestar to annoy temer to fear
tener
miedo de/a
que
to be afraid
that
extrañarse
que
to be
amazed
that
Common verbs that describe emotions

19. Subjunctive with doubt and
certainty
 Common examples of doubt and
uncertainty:
 Dudar
 Es posible
 Es Imposible
 Es probable
 Es improbable
 No es cierto
 No es verdad
Doubt:
Dudo que existan los extraterrestres.
Uncertainty:
Marta no está segura que tengamos tiempo para ver la película.
Disbelief:
No creo que ella sepa la información.
Es imposible que…
In English you use the indicative after
expressions of doubt. In Spanish you
have to use the subjunctive.
Spanish uses the subjunctive after verbs
and expressions that indicate doubt and
uncertainty.

20. Subjunctive with Conjunctions
así que as soon as
cuando when
despues de que after
en cuanto as soon as
hasta que until
luego que as soon as
Conjunctions of time
•Examples: I worked until my kids called.
•Trabajé hasta que mis niños me llamaron.
•
I (usually) work until my kids call.
•Trabajo hasta que mis niños me llaman.
así como just as, in
the same
way
porque because
ya que since, as
Conjunctions which do
not take the
subjunctive express facts
which are considered
certain:
The subjunctive is required after
a number of common
conjugations.

21. Subjunctive with Adverbial Clauses
Adverbial clauses are introduced by
conjunctions, such as para que (so that),
antes de que (before), and hasta que
(until). The indicative or subjunctive mood
may be required in the adverbial clause in
Spanish, or an adverbial phrase
(preposition plus infinitive) may be used,
depending on:
a condición de que on the condition that
a fin de que so that
a menos que unless
antes (de) que before
con tal (de) que provided that
en caso de que in case
ojalá que hopefully
para que so that
por miedo de que for fear that
siempre que provided that
sin que without
The subjunctive is used in adverb clauses
when the action described in the clause
is anticipated or hypothetical (a
reservation, a condition not yet met, a
mere intention).
• Note that the
conjunctions como,
cuando and donde,
unlike question words,
do not have accents.
• Use the indicative if time
conjunctions do not refer to
the future (actions in the
past or in progress, known
facts, habits):

22. Commands
Nosotros commands:
• Used when the speaker is
included.
• To form the negative;
place the word no before
the same verb form
(present subjunctive.)
• Accent is required when
pronouns are added.
• Exception: The verb ir(se)
which uses the present
indicative for the
affermative command only.
• No vayamos a la
tienda.
Tu Commands
(Informal commands)
• They’re formed the same
way as ustedes
commands.
• Tu commands use the
‘used’ form, not the tu
form!!!
• Negative Tu commands
• Use the tu form of the
present subjunctive.
• No cuentes tus
beneficios.
• The Subject pronoun
tu is not usually used
with imperative form
Irregular tu
commands
Affermative and negative
usted and ustedes
commands are formed by
using the present tense ‘yo’
form as the stem, dropping
the ‘-o’ and then adding on
the appropriate ending. If
the verb has an irregular –
yo form, a stem change, or
is an irregular verb in the
present tense, it also
appears in the usted and
ustedes commands. For
negative, add “no” prior.

23. Past Participles used as Adjectives
abrir (to open) abierto (open)
cubrir (to cover) cubierto (covered)
decir (to say) dicho (said)
escribir (to write) escrito (written)
freír (to fry) frito (fried)
hacer (to do) hecho (done)
morir (to die) muerto (dead)
poner (to put) puesto (put)
resolver (to resolve) resuelto (resolved)
romper (to break) roto (broken)
ver (to see) visto (seen)
volver (to return) vuelto (returned)
Commands with irregular past participles
To form the past participle, simply drop the
infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add -ado
(for -ar verbs) or -ido (for -er, -ir verbs).
Most past participles can be
used as adjectives. Like
other adjectives, they agree
in gender and number with
the nouns that they modify.

24. Present Perfect
 The present perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb
"has" or "have" with the past participle.
 Formed by auxillary verb “haber” with the past participle. (found
in the previous slide)
(yo) He comido.
I have eaten.
(tú) Has comido.
You have eaten.
(él) Ha comido.
He has eaten.
(nosotros) Hemos comido.
We have eaten.
(vosotros) Habéis comido.
You-all have eaten.
(ellos) Han comido.
They have eaten.
Yo He
Tu Has
Usted Ha
Nosotros Hemos
Vosotros Habeis
Ustedes Han
Ejemplos:

25. Past Perfect
 The Past perfect is formed by using the imperfect tense of
‘haber’ with the past participle
yo Había
Tu Habías
Usted Había
Nosotros Habíamos
Vosotros Habíais
Ustedes Habían
he past perfect tense is used when a past
action was completed prior to another past
action. Expressions such as "ya", "antes",
"nunca", "todavía" and "después" will often
appear in sentences where one action was
completed before another.
he past perfect tense is used when a past
action was completed prior to another past
action. Expressions such as "ya", "antes",
"nunca", "todavía" and "después" will often
appear in sentences where one action was
completed before another.
Había vivido
Habías vivido
Había vivido
Habíamos vivido
Habíais vivido
Habían vivido

26. Acabar de + ya
 One such expression combines the verb acabar (conjugated)
with an infinitive. The preposition "de" is always used. The
formula is:
acabar de + infinitive = to have just done something (in
the very recent past)
Acabo de llevar a mi hermana a su casa.
I just took my sister to her house.
Acabas de invitar a muchas muchachas.
You have just invited many girls.
Cristina acaba de conversar con mi
mamá.
Christina has just spoken with my mom.
Nosotros acabamos de leer el libro.
We just read the book.
Vosotros acabáis de escribir unas cartas.
You-all have just written some letters.
Ellos acaban de nadar en el mar.
They have just swum in the ocean.
There are many different reasons for
using the term ‘ya’. Usually ‘already’.
Most commonly used with a verb in the
past tense. ‘Lo he heido ya’ (I’ve already
ate it). // “El Lunes ya lo habre visto” (By
Monday I will have already seen it).

27. Future Tense
 Used to tell what will happen or what shall
happen in the future, but it is not used to
express willingness to do something specific.
 Can be used to express wonder or probability
in the present state.
 Estará viajando solo.
He is probably traveling alone.
Poder Yo Podre
Tener Yo Tendre
Querer Yo Querre
Valer Yo Valdre
Saber Yo Sabre
Venir Yo Vendre
Caber Yo Cabre
Poner Yo pondre
Decir Yo Dire
Haber Yo Habre
Salir Yo Saldre
Hacer Yo Hare
FUTURE ENDINGS
Regular verbs in the
future tense are
conjugated by adding the
following endings to the
infinitive form of the
verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -
éis, -án.
Irregulars in
the future all
have the
same endings,
but their
stems are the
ones that are
changed

28. Conditional
 Used to express probability, possibility, or wonder. Mostly
known as ‘should’ ‘would’ or ‘could’.
All verbs in the
conditional, no
matter the ending,
(-er, -ar, or –ir) all
have the same
endings.
-ía
-ías
-ía
-íamos
-íais
-ían
Three basic irregular conditional
verbs on top of the 12 irregular
verbs that go along with the future
tense. The three additional verbs
are:
hablar comer vivir
hablaría comería viviría
hablarías comerías vivirías
hablaría comería viviría
hablaríamos comeríamos viviríamos
hablaríais comeríais viviríais
hablarían comerían vivirían
Basic uses for
the conditional
tense:
• Speculation of
the past
• Future or
perspective of
the past
• Hypothetical
actions
• Specific
circumstances
• Soften
requests
• Advice
• Speech
• Situational
• “would” used in
repeated action,
use the
imperfect.

29. Past Subjunctive
 Can be introduced with a preterite, imperfect, conditional, or
past perfect, it will refer to a previous experience but could
also refer to unlikely events or possibilities.
 Si yo fuera tú, no lo haría. (If I were you, I wouldn’t do it.)
To conjugate in this tense, you
must first the 3rd person plural of
the preterit. Instead of using the
infinitive for a stem, the
imperfect subjunctive uses the
first person plural of t he
preterite (without the –ron).
While all -er/-ir/-ar have the
same endingsm these are the
endings:
-ra -ramos
-ras -rais
-ra -ran
All nosotros verb forms will carry a tilde on the vowel
before the ending.
habláramos - hablásemos
escribiéramos - escribiésemos

30. Bibliography
 Vhl.com
 Study Spanish
 Vocab and Grammar workseets and handouts