The document provides an outline of 30 grammar topics in Spanish including: verb conjugations, uses of ser and estar, pronouns, commands, subjunctive mood, por vs para, and future tense conjugations. It covers essential concepts in Spanish grammar and provides examples to illustrate each topic.

1. Edna Foley

2. 1. El Presente –ar,-er,-ir 16. Direct Object pronouns
2. Los Verbos con cambios de 17. Indirect Object Pronouns
raiz 18. Possessive Adjectives
3. Los Irregulares en el forma del 19. Possessive Pronouns
―yo‖ 20. Demonstrative Adjectives and
4. Los Irregulares Pronouns
5. Ser y Estar 21. Reflexives
6. Ser y Estar con adjetivos 22. Por y Para
7. Los verbos como gustar 23. To Become
8. Preterite vs. Imperfect 24. Futuro
9. Present Subjunctive 25. Conditional
10. Subjunctive Must Haves 26. Present Perfect
11. Subjunctive in Noun Clauses 27. Relative Pronouns
12. Subjunctive in Adjective 28. Qué vs. Cuál
Clauses 29. Neuter Lo
13. Informal Commands 30. Subjunctive in Adverbial
14. Formal Commands Clauses

3. • The present tense of regular verbs is formed by dropping
the infinitive ending –ar, -er, or –ir and adding personal
endings
• Used to express habitual actions, actions that will take
place in the near future, actions or situations that are
going on at the present time, and to express general
truths.
Regular Conjugations
Hablar Hablo Hablas Habla Hablamos Hablan
Comer Como Comes Come Comimos Comen
Vivir Vivo Vives Vive Vivimos Viven

4. • Stem-changing Verbs: many –ar and –er verbs change
from e and o to ie and ue. Some –ir verbs change from e
to i. No stem changes occur in the nosotros/vosotros
form. Examples: Jugar-Juego; Incluir-Incluyo
Examples
Jugar Juego Juegas Juega Jugamos Juegan
Incluir Incluyo Incluyes Incluye Incluimos Incluyen

5. • Irregular yo forms: Verbs ending in –cer or –cir change to
–zco in the yo form; those ending in –ger or –gir change
to –jo. Several verbs have –go endings.
Examples
Exigir Exijo Exiges Exige Exigimos Exigen
Ver Veo Ves Ve Vimos Ven
• Verbs with prefixes follow the same pattern.
Example
Reconocer Reconozco Reconoces Reconoce Reconocimos Reconocen

6. • Irregular Verbs: Commonly used verbs in Spanish are
irregular in the present tense or combine a stem-
changing with an irregular yo form or other spelling
change.

7. • Both mean ―to be‖
• Uses of Ser: Nationality and place of origin; profession or
occupation; characteristics of people, animals, and things;
generalizations; possession; material of composition; time, date, or
season; where or when an event takes place.
• Uses of Estar: Location or spatial relationships; health; physical
states and conditions; emotional states; certain weather expressions;
ongoing actions (progressive tenses); results of actions (past
participles).

8. • With adjectives: Ser is used with adjectives to describe
inherent, expected qualities. Estar is used to describe
temporary or variable qualities.
• Some adjectives have two different meanings when used
with ser and estar. *Estar is used with muerto/a, not ser.

9. • Gustar is followed by an indirect object pronoun indicating the person
who is pleased.
• The thing or person that pleases the subject always agrees with
gustar.
• When gustar is followed by one or more verbs in the infinitive, the
singular form of gustar is always used.
• Gustar is often used in the condition (me gustaria) to soften a
request.
• Many verbs follow the same pattern as gustar, Examples: Encantar,
molestar, faltar, quedar.
• The construction a+(prepositional pronoun) or a+(noun) can be used
to emphasize who is pleased, bothered, etc.

10. • The preterite is used for actions in the past that are seen
as completed. Use of the preterite tense implies that the
past action had a definite beginning and definite end.
• To conjugate regular verbs in the preterite, simply drop
the ending and add one as follows:
Hablar Hablé Hablaste Habló Hablamos Hablaron
Comer Comé Comiste Comió Comimos Comieron
Vivir Vivé Viviste Vivió Vivimos Vivieron

11. • The imperfect is used for actions in the past that are not
seen as completed. Use of the imperfect tense implies
that the past action did not have a definite beginning or a
definite end.
• To conjugate regular verbs in the imperfect, simply drop
the ending and one of the endings as follows:
Hablar Hablaba Hablabas Hablaba Hablabamos Hablaba
Comer Comiba Comibas Comiba Comibamos Comiban
Vivir Viviba Vivibas Viviba Vivibamos Vivaban

12. • Subjunctive mood: attitudes, uncertain, hypothetical
Hablar Hable Hables Hable Hablemo Hablen
s
Comer Coma Comas Coma Comamo Coman
s
•Vivir
Irregulars: dar-de, ir- vaya, saber-sepa, haber- haya,
Viva Vivas Viva Vivamos Vivan
estar-este, ser-sea. (DISHES)
• Construction: Main clause+connector+subordinate clause
Used when
W- wishing/ wanting E- Expressing:
emotions D- disbelief D- doubt I- impersonal
expressions
N- negation G- god/greed

13. • Impersonal Expressions: Es bueno que, Es mejor que,
Es malo que, Es importante que, Es necesario que, Es
urgente que.
• Verbs of Will and Influence: Aconsejar- to advise,
Importar- to be important; to matter, Insistir (en)- to insist
(on), Mandar- to order, Prohibir- to prohibit, Recomendar
(e-ie)- to recommend, Rogar (o-ue)- to beg; to plead,
Sugerir (e-ie)- to suggest
• Expressions of Emotion: Alegrarse (de)- to be happy,
Esperar- to hope; to wish, Sentir (e-ie)- to be sorry; to
regret, Sorprender- to surprise, Temer- to be afraid; to
fear, Es triste- it’s sad, Ojala (que)- I hope (that); I wish
(that)
• Expressions of Doubt, Denial and Disbelief: Dudar- to
doubt, Negar (e-ie)- to deny, Es imposible- It’s
impossible, Es improbable- It’s improbable, No es cierto-

14. • Subjunctive Noun Clauses: Dependent clauses which
serve as the direct object, predicate complement of
another verb or as the subject of a verb, just as a noun
can do.
Example
Quiero que compres The clause que compres el
el libro. libro is the direct object of the
I want that you to verb Quiero.
buy the book.

15. • In Spanish, the subjunctive is used in an adjectival
clause when the antecedent is indefinite or unknown or is
nonexistent or negated
Example
No veo a nadie que conozca.
I don't see anyone I know.

16. • Affirmative: drop the ―s‖
• Irregulares in Affirmative: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se, ten,
ven (tv dishes)
• Negative: Put it in yo form, change to opposite vowel,
add an s
• Irregulares in Negative: tv dishes
• Affirmative DOP/IOP: se is attached
• Negative DOP/IOP: se must go before command

17. • Affirmative: put it in yo form and change to opposite
vowel
• Negative: Same as affirmative
• Irregulares: tv dishes
• Affirmative DOP/IOP: se is attached
• Negative DOP/IOP: se must go before command

18. • Affirmative: put it in yo form and change to opposite
vowel
• Negative: Same as affirmative
• Irregulares: Monos verbs
• Example of Monos Verb: sentemosnos-sentemonos

19. • The object that directly receives the action of the verb is
called the direct ob
• Answers the question "what?" or "whom?" with regard to
what the subject of the sentence is doing.
• Agrees with noun it replaces
• Comes directly before verb.
Exampl
me (me) Tengo e I have
=
te (you-familiar) Tengo la pluma. = I
lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal) have the pen.
La tengo. = I have it.
nos (us)
os (you-all-familiar)
los, las (them, you-all-formal)

20. • Tells what or whom receievs the direct object.
• Place before the conjugated verb.
• When replacing indirect objects with pronouns use:
me (me)
te (you-familiar)
le (him, her, you-formal)
nos (us) Example:
os (you-all-familiar) Ella le
les (them, you-all-formal) escribe una
carta.
She writes
him a letter.

21. • Possessive adjectives are used to show ownership.
• Are used directly before possessed noun.
• There are five:
mi Example:
tu Mi casa es tu casa.
su
nuestro
vuestro
• Mi, tu, and su have two forms; singular and plural. (Mi-
mis, tu-tus, su-sus.
• Nuestro and vuestro change with number and gender.
(Nuestro-nuestro, nuestra, nuetras, nuetros)

22. • The possessive pronouns are similar to the possessive adjectives,
but they are normally used with the definite article.
• mine
el mío / la mía
los míos / las mías
• yours (familiar) Examples
el tuyo / la tuya Adjective:
los tuyos / las tuyas Mi libro es grande.
• yours (formal), his, hers My book is large.
el suyo / la suya
los suyos / las suyas
• ours Pronoun:
el nuestro / la nuestra El tuyo es pequeño.
los nuestros / las nuestras Yours is small.
• yours (familiar)
el vuestro / la vuestra
los vuestros / las vuestras
• yours (formal), theirs
el suyo / la suya
los suyos / las suyas

23. • Demonstrative adjectives answer the question "Which?"
in relation to the nouns that they modify.
• Demonstrative pronouns replace a specific noun.
• All demonstratives agree in gender and number.
• There are three:
• Este/os/a/as- this or this one
• Ese/os/a/as- that or that one
• Aquel /los/la/las- that over there or that one over there
Adjective Pronoun
Example:
Juan Example:
Juan
reads this book. reads this.
Juan lee este libro. Juan lee este.

24. • A verb is reflexive when the subject and the direct object
are the same.
• When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se.―
• These pronouns are positioned before the verb, while the
ending "se" is dropped and the verb is conjugated
normally.
me (myself)
Example:
te (yourself) Juan se lava la
se (himself, herself, yourself) cara.
nos (ourselves) Juan washes his
os (yourselves) face.
se (themselves, yourselves)

25. Uses
• To express gratitude or apology • To indicate
• For multiplication and division
destination
• For velocity, frequency and proportion
• To show the use or
• Meaning "through," "along," "by" or "in the area
of" purpose of a thing
• When talking about exchange, including sales • To mean "in order
• To mean "on behalf of," or "in favor of," to" or "for the
• To express a length of time purpose of"
• To express an undetermined, or general time, • To indicate a
meaning "during" recipient
• For means of communication or transportation • To express a
• In cases of mistaken identity, or meaning "to be deadline or specific
seen as"
• To show the reason for an errand (with ir, venir,
time
pasar, mandar, volver, and preguntar) • To express a
• When followed by an infinitive, to express an contrast from what
action that remains to be completed, use por + is expected
infinitive
• "Estar para" to
• To express cause or reason
express an action
• “Estar por" means to be in the mood, or inclined
to do something that will soon be
• In passive constructions completed
*Both Por and Para can be used in idiomatic expressions

26. • Spanish has no single verb that you can use to translate "to become." Your
choice of verb typically will depend on the nature of change that occurs.
• Llegar a ser — This phrase typically refers to change over a long period of
time, often with effort. It is often translated as "to eventually become.―
Example: No creo que llegue a ser un problema.
• Ponerse — This common verb is often used to refer to a change in emotion
or mood, especially when the change is sudden or temporary. It can also be
used to refer to changes in physical appearance and many other traits and
can apply to inanimate objects as well as persons. Example: No nos
pongamos tristes.
• Hacerse — This verb usually refers to deliberate or voluntary changes. If
often refers to a change in identity or affiliation. Example:Vamos a hacernos
millonarios.
• Volverse — This verb typically involuntary change and generally applies to
people rather than inanimate objects. Example: Los jugadores se volvieron
locos.

27. • Used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen,
and express wonder or probability in the present state.
Regulars Yo Tú Él/Ella/Uste Nosotros Ellos/Ellas/
d Ustedes
Hablar hablaré hablarás hablará hablaremo hablarán
s
Comer comeré comerás comerá Comeramo Comerán
s
Vivir viviré Vivirás Vivirá Viviramos Vivirán

28. Irregulars Yo Tú Él/Ella/Uste Nosotros Ellos/Ellas/
d Ustedes
caber cabré cabrás cabrá cabremos Cabrán
poner Pondré pondrás pondrá Pondremos pondrán
Decir Diré Dirás Dirá Diremos Dirán
haber Habré Habrás Habrá Habremos Habrán
salir Saldré Saldrás Saldrá Saldremos Saldrán
hacer Haré Harás Hará Haremos Harán
poder Podré Podrás Podrá Podremos Podrán
tener Tendré Tendrás Tendrá Tendremos Tendrán
querer Querré Querrás Querrá Qerremos Querrán
valer valdré Valdrás Valdrá Valdremos Valdrán
saber Sabré Sabrás Sabrá Sabremos Sabrán
venir vendré Vendrás Vendrá Vendremos Vendrán

29. • The conditional is used to express probability, possibility,
wonder or conjecture.
• Is usually translated as would, could, must have or
probably.
• To conjugate regular verbs in the conditional, just add the
following endings to the infinitive:
ía ías ía íamos ían
• To conjugate irregular verbs in the conditional (same
irregulars as future) use the modified beginnings and add
the above endings.

30. • Present perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb
"has" or "have" with the past participle.
• The present perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are
required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.
Yo He
Tú Has
Él/Ella/Usted Ha + Past
Nosotros Hemos Participle
Ellos/Ellas/ Han
Ustedes

31. • Que- most common relative pronoun. It can be used to refer to both
persons and things, in either the subject or the object position. "Que" is
the Spanish equivalent of the English words who, whom, which, and that.
• Quien- used only to refer to people, and has a plural form "quienes―.
When the relative pronoun refers to a person and occurs after a
preposition, "quien" must be used.
• El Que- used to refer to both people and things. There are four forms to
accommodate singular and plural, masculine and feminine: el que, la que,
los que, las que.
• El Cual- set of relative pronouns can be used in place of el que, la que,
los que, and las que. Not commonly used in everyday conversation, and
are generally reserved for written Spanish or formal oratory.
• Cuyo- relates the owner to that which is owned, as does the English
"whose". There are four forms to accommodate singular and plural,
masculine and feminine: cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas.

32. • Are used as pronouns in questions to mean "what" or
"which.―
• It is said that qué is closer to "what" in meaning,
and cuál is closer to "which.―
• Qué normally is used before nouns, used when asking
for definitions, and has some common idiomatic uses.
(i.e. ¿Qué hora es?, ¡Qué lástima!).
• Cuál usually is used before es and other forms of
ser when not seeking a definition, or to suggest a
selection or choice from among a group.

33. • In Spanish, nouns are normally either masculine or
feminine, but Spanish does have a neuter form
• Neuter Lo is used when referring to broad or vague
concepts or ideas.
• Is never used to refer to known objects or people, and
there are no neuter nouns or descriptive adjectives.
• There are three cases in which the neuter lo is used:
definite article, direct object, demonstrative pronouns.

34. • In general, if the situation in the adverbial clause is
viewed as something hypothetical or anticipated —rather
than completed, habitual, or factual— then the
subjunctive is required
• Adverbial clauses are always introduced by conjunctions,
but there are some which are ALWAYS followed by the
a fin de que
subjunctive: a condición de que
a menos que
a no ser que
antes (de) que
con tal (de) que
en caso de que
no sea que / no fuera que
para que
sin que