This document is the table of contents for a grammar book in Spanish. It lists 12 chapters that cover topics like nationalities, stem changing verbs, para, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, affirmative and negative commands, and sequencing events. Each chapter title is accompanied by a brief paragraph explaining the content covered in that section.

1. Grammar
Book
By: Carmen Adair

2. Table of Contents
1. Nationalities
2. Stem Changing Verbs
3. Para
4. Indirect Object Pronouns
5. Pronoun Placement
6. Gustar
7. Affirmative and Negative Words
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative Tu Commands + Irregulars +
Pronoun Placement
11. Negative Tu Command + Irregulars + Pronoun
Placement
12. Sequencing Events

3. Nationalities

4. Stem Changing Verbs
o ue (ex: devolver devuelvo)
e ie (ex: empezar empiezo)
o ue (ex: dormir duermo)
e i (ex: pedir pido)
The stem doesn’t change for
the nosotros or vosotros
forms.

5. Para
 Parameans for or in order to.
 Use para to indicate:
 The recipient of items. Ex: El regalo para
tú mama.
 Purpose. Ex: Vamos al restaurante para
comer.
 Implied purpose. Ex: Tengo dinero para
[comprar] algo.

6. Indirect Object
Pronouns
 Me  To/for whom?
 Te  Put the indirect object pronoun (IOP)
 Le
before the conjugated verb.
 Attach the IOP to an infinitive (an
 Nos
unconjugated verb form).
 Os
 Attach the IOP to a gerund (-ing
 Les verb forms).
 The pronouns le and les can also refer
to indirect object pronouns.
 To clarify what they mean they are often
accompanied by a + a noun, pronoun, or name.

7. Pronoun Placement
1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
2. Attach the pronoun to an progressive
tense
3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command
4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated
verb

8. Me T
e Gustar
Singular:
Gust
Me gusta…
Le Le Te gusta…
s Le gusta…
a Nos gusta…
Les gusta…
No Plural:
s Me gustan…
Te gustan…
• The form of gustar Le gustan…
matches the noun. Nos gustan…
Les gustan…

9. Affirmative and Negative Words
When you want to talk about an indefinite or negative situation,
Affirmative affirmative or a negative word.
you use an
Words Negative Words
 Algo  Nada
 Alguien  Nadie
 Algûn/alguno(a)
 Ningún/ninguno(a)
 Nunca
 Siempre
 tampoco
 Tambien  If a verb is preceded by no, words
that follow must be negative.
Alguno(a) and ninguno(a)  A double negative is required in
must match the gender of Spanish when no precedes the verb.
the noun they replace or  However, if a negative word comes
modify. before the verb, a second negative is
not needed.

10. Superlatives
 -ísimo  Expresses extremes in most
 -ísimos adjectives.
 -ísima  The adjective must agree in
 -ísimas gender and number with the
noun it modifies.
 when the lost consonant is
c, g, or z, spelling is
required.

11.  Describes people doing

things for themselves.
Reflexive pronouns are Reflexives
used with reflexive verbs
to indicate that the subject Reflexives:
of the sentence receives  me –o
the action of the verb.
 te -as
 Include the concept of
possession.  se -a
 The object (subject) does  nos -amos
and receives the action.  se -an
 Subject, pronoun, and verb Position:
are all in the same form.
 In front of the conjugated
 Not all verbs can be
reflexive. verb
 All reflexive verbs end in –  Attached to a gerund
se. Steps to make a verb  Attached to an infinitive
reflexive:  Attached to an affirmative
1. Conjugate the verb as command.
always.
2. Add the reflexive

12. Affirmative Tu Commands + Irregulars
Affirmative Tú + Pronoun Placement
Commands
 Give instructions or commands to Irregular Affirmative Tú
someone by using the affirmative tú
commands of irregular verbs.
Commands
 Ends like a 3rd house form. Infinitive Affirmative
Examples: Tú Command
 Caminar- ¡Camina! ¡Camina en el Decir Di
parque! Hacer Haz
 Comer- ¡Come! ¡Come toda la
Ir Ve
hamburgesa!
 Abrir- ¡Abre! ¡Abre la puerta, quiero Poner Pon
entrar! Salir Sal
Pronoun Placement Ser Sé
 When you use a pronoun with an Tener Ten
affirmative command, the pronoun
attaches to the command.
 When using an object pronoun, attach
the pronoun to the end of the

13. Negative Tu Command + Irregulars +
Pronoun Placement
Irregular Negative Tú
Negative Tú Commands Commands
 When you tell someone what
not to do, use a negative Infinitive (Yo Negative Tú
command. form) Command
 Formed by taking you from the
present tense, dropping the –o,
Dar (Doy) No le des mi
and adding an appropriate dirección a
ending. nadie.
Examples: Estar (estoy) No estés
 ¡No hables! triste.
 ¡No vuelvas! Ir (voy) No vayas a la
Pronoun Placement tiends.
 Object pronouns precede the Ser (soy) No seas mala.
verbs in negative commands, None of the yo forms of
just as with other conjugated these verbs end in –o.
verbs.

14. Sequencing Events
 First: prfimero
 Then: entonces
 Later/after: luego/después
 Finally: por fin
 Before/after: antes de/ después de
 In/during the…: por la mañana/tarde/noche
 No specific time given
 On Mondays, on Tuesdays, etc: los lunes, los
martes, etc.