This document provides a table of contents and overview for a Spanish grammar book. It covers topics such as the present tense, stem changing verbs, ser vs estar, gustar and similar verbs, nouns and articles, preterite vs imperfect, the subjunctive, commands, object pronouns, possessive adjectives and pronouns, demonstrative adjectives and pronouns, reflexive verbs, por vs para, and verbs to express becoming something. The document provides conjugation charts and explanations of grammar concepts.

1. ESPAÑOL 4 LIBRO DE
GRAMATICA
BENICIO KLINGLER

2. TABLA DE CONTENIDOS
• 1) presento
• 2) ser y estar
• 3) gustar y otros verbos como gustar
• 4) nouns / articles / adjectivos
• 5) preterito vs. imperfecto
• 6) Subjunctivo en sustantivos
• 7) Subjunctivo en adjetivos
• 8) Mandatos
• 9) object pronouns
• 10) possesive adjectives and pronouns
• 11) Demonstrative adjectives / pronouns
• 12) Reflexives
• 13) Por y Para
• 14) To become: hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a ser

3. 1) PRESENT TENSE
AR Verbs ER Verbs IR Verbs
Yo: -o Nosotros Yo: -o Nosotros
Yo: -o Nosotros
: :
:
-emos -Imos
- amos
Tu: -as Vosotros: Tu: -es Vosotros:
Tu: -es Vosotros: -ís
-áis
-éis
Él/Ella : Ellos/as: Él/Ellas: Ellos/as:
Él/ella: Ellos/as:
-a -an -e -en
-e -en
• Ex: Ella habla con su amiga.
• Ex: Nosotros comemos a un restaurante cada viernes.

4. PRESENT TENSE STEM CHANGERS
• Some verbs in Spanish are referred to as stem changers
because upon being conjugated the “stem” will change.
• The three most common types of stem changes in the present
tense include E -> ie , e -> I, o -> ue.
• Examples of e to I stem changing verbs; competir, concebir,
medir, pedir, vestir, etc.
• Conjugation of pedir: Yo pido, tú pides, él pide, nosotros,
pedimos, vosotros piden.
• Examples of e to ie: advertir, atender, calentar, cerrar, etc.
• Conjugation of cerrar: yo cierro, tú cierras, él cierra,
nosotros/as cerramos, ellos cierran
• Examples of o to ue; acordar, acostar, aprobar, colgar, etc.
• Conjugation of contar: yo cuento, tú cuentas, el cuenta,
nosotros contamos, ellos cuentan

5. BOOT MEMORY TOOL
• To remember which forms of the verb change when
it is stem changing, remember the boot.

6. IRREGULAR PRESENT TENSE
• Algunos de los verbos que son irregular incluyen ir y
ser. Sin embargo, la mayoría de verbos en español
son irregular en el yo form.
IR (to go) SER Verbos que son
Irregular en el yo
Yo voy Nosotros form incluyen:
vamos Yo soy Nosotros
somos Dar – Yo doy
Estar- Yo estoy
Tú vas Vosotros tú eres Vosotros Hacer – Yo hago
vaís sois Poner – Yo pongo
Él / ella va Ellos/ ellas Él / ella es Ellos / Valer- Yo valgo
van ellas son Salir- Yo salgo
Caer- Yo cairgo
Traer- Yo traigo

7. 2) SER & ESTAR
• Dos verbos en español que significan “to be”
Ser en el Estar en el Estar is Loco
presente presente
Location
estoy estamos Condition
soy somos
estás estáis Ser es por un
Eres sois
condición que es
está están permanente y la
es son naturaleza de una
persona.
No soy listo (I’m not a quick thinker)
No estoy listo (I’m not ready)

8. 3) VERBOS COMO GUSTAR
• En Español hay verbos como gustar que son
differente de muchas de los verbos en español.
• Los verbos como gustar incluyen faltar, caer,
quedar, doler, importar, interestar, molestar, etc.
• Verbs like gustar use indirect object pronouns to
show what is occurring in the sentence.
• Nos importa que seas feliz.
• La política me interesa mucho.
• A este abrigo le falta un botón.

9. VERBOS COMO GUSTAR QUE SON
COMÚN

10. 4) NOUNS AND ARTICLES
• Los sustantivos en español son masculino o feminino
• La mayoría de los sustantivos en español terminan en un –o
o –a. Los sustantivos que son masculino terminan en un o y
los sustantivos que son feminino terminan en un a.
• artículos definidos por los palabras masculino son el y los, y
los artículos definidos por las palabras feminina son la y las.
• Tambíen los artículos indefinidos por las palabras masculino
osn un y unos. Y por las palabras feminino son una y unas.
• Los sustantivos en español concuerdan en número
tambíen.
• Ejemplos:
• El libro, La mesa, un libro, una mesa
• Los libros, las mesas, unos libros, unas mesas.

11. ADJECTIVES
• El género y el número de un adjectivo en español
depende en que el sustantivo que modifica.
• Un libro nuevo
• Dos libros nuevos
• La mayoría de los adjectivos en español terminan
en o o a, pero hay adjectivos que terminan en
otras formas
• EX: Un libro español.
• Dos libros españoles

12. PRETERITE VS. IMPERFECT
• In Spanish there are two different verb tenses that are
used to express a definite event that has happened in
the past.
• The preterite is used when you know that an event has
been completed in the past at a certain time and is not
ongoing.
• The Imperfect tense is used to express a past action or
state that is being viewed as being in progress. It is also
used to describe things that have happened in the past,
or what a person was like.
• Mi madre era muy baja, tenía 40 años.
• Preterite vs. imperfect is one of the hardest concepts for
non-native speakers since in English the past tense is only
in one form.

13. PRETERITE VS. IMPERFECT ENDINGS
AR Verbs Preterite ER / IR endings Preterite
endings
Í Imos
É Amos
Iste Isteis
Aste Asteis
Ó Aron Ió ieron
Ar Endings Imperfect ER / Ir Imperfect
endings
Aba Ábamos
Ía Íamos
Abas Abais
Ías Íais
Aba Aban
Ía ían

14. DIFFERENCES IN CONJUGATION &
USAGE

15. 6) SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES
• In Spanish, the subjunctive is used in a noun clause
when the main verb expresses influence, emotion,
doubt, or denial.
• The Subjunctive is not just a different tense and
conjugation but a different “mood”.
• The conjugation of the subjunctive is the same as
the conjugation of the command tense.
• Ex: Espero que vayas. ( I expect you to go)
• Espero que vengas a la fiesta (I hope that your
coming to the party).

16. SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES
ENDINGS
Ar verbs Er / ir
Verbs
e emos a amos
es éis as áis
e en a an

17. 7) SUBJUNCTIVE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
• The Subjunctive is used with adjective clauses when
the speaker is trying to find information that they do
not know.
• When the antecedent is not known, the subjunctive
is used.
• Ex: Hay algo aquí que te guste?
• Quiero leer un libro que explique todo eso.

18. 8) MANDATOS AFFIRMATIVOS
Formal:
Familiar (tu)
Change the
Put into the
Yo forom to
tu form and
oppositve
drop the s.
vowel.
TVDISHES
TVDISHES
Nosotros: For
affirmative
and negative,
add emos
and amos
Known as
monos verbs

19. MANDATOS CONT.
- Formal
(negative) Familiar
- Put into the yo - Put into the first
form and person and
switch to change to the
opposite vowel opposite vowel,
then add s.

20. MONOS VERBS
• Let’s sit down
• Sentemosnos becomes sentémonos.
• Monos verbs are found in the nosotros form of
commands and would be the equivalent of lets do
something in english
• Vayan – Vayamos –> Vamanos

21. 9) OBJECT PRONOUNS
• Object Pronouns include indirect object pronouns, direct
object pronouns, and double object pronouns.
• Indirect object pronouns: Goes before the verb and
shows to whom.
• IOP’s include Me, Te, Le, Nos, Os, Les
• Direct Object go before the verb but can sometimes be
attached to an infinitve. DOP’s include me, te, lo/la, nos,
os, los/las
• A Double object pronoun is when there is an IOP that
goes in front fo a DOP in the same sentence.
• Le and les will change to se when used with lo, las, los
and las.

22. 10) POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
• In Spanish there are a few different possessive
adjectives.
• Mi , tu , nuestro , and vuestro.
• Possesive adjectives will agree with the nouns that they
modify in number and therefore can have both a
singular or a plural form.
• Mi, tu, and su do not have to be changed based upon
gender because they do not carry either a masculine or
feminine form.
• However, nuestro and vuestro must also agree in gender
as well as number.
• Ex: mi perro, sus flores, nuestro niño.
• Possesive adjectives are some of the most common
adjectives seen in the spanish language.

23. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
• Possessive pronouns are the equivalent of mine,
yours, his, hers, theirs, and its in english.
• Mío, mía, míos, mías all translate to mine depending
on number and gender.
• No me gustan coches rojos. El mío es rojo.
• Tuyo, tuya, tuyos, tuyas are all yours
• Suyo, suyas, suyos, and suyas all translate to his,
hers, yours, its, and theirs.
• Nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras – ours.
• Vuestros, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras – yours plural.
• Note that suyo can sometimes be ambiguous.

24. 11) DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND
PRONOUNS
Este Ese Aquel
- Demonstrative
Estos Esos Aquellos
adjectives
- Estos (these),
Esta Esa Aquella esos (those) and
aquellos (those)
Estas Esas aquellas are all plural
masculine
pronouns.
- - Esta (this), esa (that), and aquella (that) are all singular feminine. Estas
(those), esas (those) and aquellas (those) are all plural feminine.
- Me gusta este perro.
- Prefiero estas computadoras.

25. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
• Demonstrative pronouns are very similar to
demonstrative adjectives except that they take the
place of a noun instead of just modifying it.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
masculine Masculine feminine Feminine
Éste (this) Éstos Ésta (this) Éstas
(these) (these)
Ése (that) Ésos (those) Ésa (that) Ésas (those)
Aquél Aquéllos Aquélla Aquéllas
(that) (those) (that) (those)

26. 12) REFLEXIVES
• A verb in spanish is reflexive when the subject of the verb
is also its object.
• In reflexive verbs, the verb’s subject is acting upon itself.
• Juan se lava. (Juan is washing himself).
• ?Qué te compraste? (What did you buy yourself)
• A lot of verbs change in meaning once they become
reflexive verbs. For example, abrir originally means to
open but abrirse means to open up. Acusar means to
accuse and acusarse means to confess.
• Reflexive verbs can also be used to show a passive
action, or one that was not performed by a specific
subject.
• Se cerraron las puertas. ( the doors were closed)
• Se habla español aquí. (Spanish is spoken here)

27. 13) POR Y PARA
Por Para
Expressing movement For the purpose of
Time or duration of an action In order to
Cause of an action For the benefit of or directed to
Means of transportation In the direction when referring to a
specific place
Agent of an action By or for when referring to a
specific time
Supporting or in favor of
Per: dos por ciento (two percent)

28. 14) TO BECOME: HACERSE, PONERSE, VOLVERSE,
LLEGAR A SER
• The verbs hacerse, ponerse, volverse, and llegar a
ser all mean to become.
Hacerse Ponerse volverse
Me hago Me pongo Me vuelvo
Se hacen Se ponen Te vuelves