This document provides a table of contents and overview of various Spanish grammar topics including: - Nationalities and how to say someone is from a specific country - Stem-changing verbs and how their stems change in conjugation - How the conjunction "para" is used to express purpose or reason - Key details about adjectives agreements, direct/indirect object pronouns, and the differences between ser and estar - Formation of superlative adjectives, verbs like gustar, and affirmative/negative words - Uses of pero versus sino and reflexive verbs - Conjugation of tú commands, adverbs, modal verbs, present progressive and preterite tense verbs

1. By: Nico Slacanin

2. Table of Contents
 3. Nacionalidades 12. Verbs Like Gustar
 4. Stem-Changing Verbs 13.Affirmative NgativeWords
 5. Para 14. Pero v. Sino
 6. Adjectives 15. DOP/IOP/SE
 7. Object Pronoun Placement 16. Reflexive Verbs
 8. Direct Object Pronouns 17. Tú Commands
 9.Indirect Object Pronouns 18. Los adverbios-mente
 10.Ser vs. Estar 19. Deber= other modal verbs
 11. – ísimo 20. Past progressive verbs
 21. Preterite=Past Tense

3. Nacionalidades
 Mexicano= Mexican
 Guatemalteco=Guatemalan
 Hondureño=Honduran
 Salvadoreño= El Salvodoran
 Nicaragüense= Nicaraguan
 Costarricense= Costa Rican
 Panameño= Panamanian
 Cubano= Cuban
 Dominicano= Dominican
 Puertoriqueño= Puerto Rican
 Estadounidense= American
 Italiano= Italian
 Norteamericano= North American
 Venezolano= Venezuelan
 Colombiano= Colombian
 Ecuatoriano= Ecadorean
 Peruano= Peruvian
 Paraguayo=Paraguayan
 Boliviano= Bolivian
 Chileno=Chilean
 Argentino= Argentinian
 Uruguayo= Uruguayan
 Español= Spanish
 Guineano= Guinean
 Canadiense= Canadian
 Francés= French
 Ingles= English

4. Stem Changing Verbs
Poder o to ue
Puedo Podemos
Puedes Podéis
Puede Pueden
Almorzar o to ue
Almuerzo Almorzamos
Almuerzas Almorzáis
Almuerza Almuerzan
Repetir e to i
Repito Repetimos
Repites Repetís
Repite Repiten
Pensar e to ie
Pienso Pensamos
Piensas Pensáis
Piensa Piensan
Jugar u to ue
Juego Jugamos
Juegas Jugáis
Juega Juegan

5. Para
 Para is used in Spanish to express for or in
order to
 In Spanish, para is used very frequently in
many certain instances
 Example: Yo voy al supermercado para mi
mama.

6.  Adjectives in spanish follow a gender
 They always have to agree with the correct gender of the noun
 Furthermore, they also have to agree whether the noun is plural
or singular
 Example: Los libros es muy muy largos. La chica es bonita.
 To make plural:
 End in vowel, add “s”
 End in consonant, add “es”
 End in z, add “ces”

7. Object Pronoun Placement
 The placement of an object pronoun is the same for both indirect
and direct objects.
 If the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb, it is placed before
the verb.
 Example: Rose le compra las ropas.
 However, if there is an infinitive followed by a conjugated verb,
then the object pronoun can come before the conjugated verb, or
it can be attached to the end of the infinitive.
 Example: Rosa quiere comprarle una olla a su padre.
 The pronoun can also be attached to an affirmative tu command,
and it can be attached to a progressive tense verb
 Remember to add an accent when adding a syllable.

8. Direct Object Pronouns
Direct Object Pronouns
Me Nos
Te Os
Lo/La Los/Las
• Remember Direct Objects answer who or what is receiving the action.
• Use a direct object pronoun to emphasize who or what is receiving the
verb. Make sure that the pronoun correlates with the antecedent.
• Example: Yo compro la. Yo compro la comida.

9. Indirect Object Pronuons
 Indirect object pronouns follow the same rules as direct object
pronouns, but the pronouns are slightly different.
Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les
 However, indirect objects can be combined with direct objects
in sentences.
 Example: Yo quisiera compraselo para mi mama.
 Notice how the indirect object changes to say when combined
with the pronoun lo.

10. Ser v. Estar
Ser Estar
 Ser is used to show: nationality, profession,
characteristics of people nad things,
generalizations, possesion, what something is
made of, time/date, and where/when of an
event
 It identifies people and things
 It uses de for possesion
 De+El=Del
Soy Somos
Eres Sois
Es Son
• Estar is used to show: location, health,
physical states and conditions,
emotional status, weather expressions,
and progressive tenses
• Esatr+ adj. is used to describe how
people fell
Estoy Estamos
Estas Estáis
Esta Están

11.  - ísimo is used to express extremes with most adjectives
 To make the adjective you drop the final vowel and add the ending –
ísimo
 Adjective must agree in gender and number with the noun
 When the last consonant of the adjective is c change the ending to qu
when using – ísimo. Ex: rico/ riquísimo
 When the ending is g change it to gu. Ex: largo/ larguísimo
 When the ending is z change it to c. Ex: feliz/ felicísimo

12. Verbs like Gustar
 Verbs like gustar only change ending in (a/an) Ex: Gusta/Gustan
 To change the noun, you put the proper indirect object pronoun
before the verb me, te, le, nos, os, les
 These verbs can be used with infinitives as well
 Some verbs like gustar: aburrir=to bore, encontrar=to love,
faltar=to lack, fascinar=to fascinate, importar=to be important,
interesar=to interest, molestar=to bother, quedar=to fit
 Ex: A mi me fascina irme a cenar.

13. Affirmative and Negative Words
Affirmative Negative
 Affirmative words must match the gender of
the noun they replace or modify.
 Algo= something
 Alguien= someone
 Algún/Alguno(a)= some
 Siempre= always
 También= also
 Example: ?Algo de tomar? (Something to
drink?)
 A double negative is required in spanish when
a no precedes the verb.
 However, if anegative word sucha as nunca
precedes the verb, a double negative is not
required.
 Nada= nothing
 Nadie= no one
 Ningún/Ninguno= none/not any
 Nunca= never
 Tampoco= neither/either
 Example: Por ahora, nada mas. (For now,
nothing more.)

14. Pero vs. Sino
Pero Sino
 Pero is usually used to compare to
contrasting ideas
 Pero adds on to the first statement
 Ex: Estudiar no es divertido, pero es
necesario.
 Sino is usually used in negative
sentences or to negate a topic
 In English sino would mean “but
rather” or “on the contrary”
 When used before a conjugated
verb, you have to put “sino que”
 Ex: No voy al cine sino que ceno
con mis padres.

15. DOP/IOP/SE
DOP IOP
 Direct objects receive the action
and can sometimes be paired
with the indirect object in
Spanish
 In Spanish, most direct objects
are in the pronoun form.
 Indirect objects also come in the
pronoun form most of the time,
but they almost always have an
antecedent placed at the end of
the sentence.
 The indirect objects pronouns
are sometimes paired with the
DOP
 Ex: Voy a comprarselo el regalo
para mi papa.

16. Reflexive Verbs
 Reflexive verbs describe actions that are done to oneself.
 Reflexive verbs almost always include a reflexive pronoun to indicate the subject
 Ex: Secarse= to dry oneself changes to me seco, te secas, se seca, nos secamos, or se secan
 When using this pronoun, you have to take the reflexive verb and drop the se off the end
 Then you properly conjugate it depending on the subject
 Finally, you add the correct pronoun in front to properly indicate the subject of the sentence.
Reflexive Pronouns
Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se
 Example: Me lavo en el baño en la cama.

17. Tú Commands
Affirmative tú commands Negative tú commands
 Affirmative tú commands are verbs that direct
specific instructions to people
 To form a tú command, put your verb in the tú
form of conjugation. Then drop the “s” and
then you have your command.
 Ex: Comer goes to !Come!
 Irregular tú commands follow a different set of
rules. Where the whole verb changes form.
 Decir-di
 Hacer-haz
 Ir-ve
 Poner-pon
 Salir-sal
 Ser-se
 Tener-ten
 Venir-ven
 Negative tú commands are used when you
don’t want someone to do something
 In Spanish, to form this command, you change
the verb into yo form, then you drop the “o”
and add the opposite vowel ending, and then
you add an “s”. Finally, add a “no” in front
 Example: Hablar goes to Hablo then to Hable
then to No hables
 Irregular negative commands also change form
 Tener- No tengas
 Venir- No vengas
 Dar/Decir- No digas/No des
 Ir- No voyas
 Ser- No seas
 Hacer- No hagas
 Estar- No estés
 Salir- No salgas

18. Los Adverbios- Mente
 To change adjectives into adverbs, you have to use the mente
process
 If the adjective ends in a consonant or an e simply add a –mente
to the end. If the adjective ends in an o, change the o to an a and
then add the mente.
 Ex: Frecuente goes to Frecuentemente
 Ex: Lento(a) goes to Lentamente
 When you have two or more adverbs only put a mente on the last
adjective, but still change the others to a feminine form if it ends
in o

19. Deber and other Modal Verbs
 A modal verb is used as a helping verb to the action verb.
 The modal verb is conjugated, and the 2nd or action verb is left in
the infinitive form
 Ex: Yo voy a comprar a comida para mi.
 List of modal verbs:
 Desear= to need, Poder= to be able to, Querer= to want, Ir= to go,
Solar= accustom to, Tener= to have, Deber= should/ought to,
Saber= to know

20. Present Progressive
 To make a present progressive you put a conjugated estar before the action verb.
 Then you add an –ando to the end of an –ar verb, an –iendo to the end of –ir verb,
and a –yendo to the end of an –ir/er verb
 Example: Esper goes to Estoy esperando
 When you have a pronoun place it before the conjugated estar or you attach to the
end of the present participle.
 Irregular present progressives change form
 Leer-Leyendo
 Oír-Oyendo
 Traer-Trayendo
 Pedir-Pidiendo
 Servir-Sirviendo
 Decir- Diciendo
 Dormir-Duermiendo
 Venir-Viniendo

21. Preterite
 These verbs are past tense
 These verbs change ending simply based on whether their ir, er,
or ar ending verbs
-é
Hablé
-ar Verbs
-amos
Hablamos
-aste
Hablaste
-ó
Habló
-aron
Hablaron
-í
Comí
Escribí
-er/ir Verbs
-imos
Comimos
Escribimos
-iste
Comiste
Escribiste
-ió
Comió
Escribió
-ieron
Comieron
Escribieon