This document contains the table of contents and sections of a Spanish grammar guide created by Ana Cartwright for her Spanish 2 class. The guide covers topics such as nationalities, stem changing verbs, object pronouns, preterite tense, superlatives, and more. Each section provides explanations, examples, and conjugations of grammar points.

1. Grammica de Libro
ANA CARTWRIGHT
SPANISH 2
5TH PERIOD

2. Table of Contents
1. Nationalities
2. Stem Changing Verbs
3. Para
4. Adjectives
5. Object Pronoun Placement
6. Direct Object Pronoun
7. Indirect Object Pronoun
8. Ser vs. Estar
9. Isimo(a) and g/c/z
10. Verbs like gustar
11. Afirmative and Negative Words
12. Pero vs. sino
13. DOP/IOP/SE
14. Reflexive verbs
15. Tu commands affirmative+ negative +irregulars
16. los adverbios-mente
17. deber + other modal verbs
18. past participles as adjectives
19. preterite
20. present progressive

3. Nationalites

4. Para
Para: because

5. Adjectives
If the noun is femine, use the femine form of the adjective
◦ Las plumas amarillas
◦ Unos almonos buenos
◦ Un libro azul

6. Boot Verbs
O to UE verbs
Almorzar: to eat lunch
Almuerzo almorzamos
Almuerzas almorzais
almuerza Almuerzan
Other O to UE verbs
Contar: to tell
Costar: to costs
Devolver: to give back
Dormir: to sleep
Encontrar: to find
Poder: to be able to
Recordar: to remember
Volver: to return
Empezar: to begin
empiezo empezamos
empiezas empezais
empieza empiezan
Almorzar: to eat lunch
Almuerzo almorzamos
Almuerzas almorzais
almuerza Almuerzan
Almorzar: to eat lunch
Almuerzo almorzamos
Almuerzas almorzais
almuerza Almuerzan
E to IE verbs O to UE verbs
Other E to IE verbs
Pedir: to ask for, to
order
Pensar: to think, to plan
Entender: to understand
Mostrar: to show
Medir: to measure
Other O to UE verbs
Contar: to tell
Costar: to costs
Devolver: to give back
Dormir: to sleep
Encontrar: to find
Poder: to be able to
Recordar: to remember
Volver: to return
Other O to UE verbs
Contar: to tell
Costar: to costs
Devolver: to give back
Dormir: to sleep
Encontrar: to find
Poder: to be able to
Recordar: to remember
Volver: to return

7. Object Pronoun Placement
Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command
Place the pronoun before the conjugated verb
Voy a comerlo
Estoy comiendolo
Add accent mark when
adding a syllable to word
Comelo! Lo voy a comer.

8. Direct Object Nouns and Pronouns
◦ Example: Cecilia esta tomado fotos!
◦ S V DO
Me Nos
Te Os
Lo/ La Los/ Las

9. Indirect Object Pronouns
Me
To me
Nos
To us
Te
To you
Os
To you all
Le
To him
To her
To you
Les
To them
to you all
• Usually placed before verb or after conjugated verb
• Placed before verb if infinite is after conjugated verb
• When added to verb, accent is added
• Le or les) add “a”
• Dar and decir commonly are used with IOPs

10. Estar:
• to be
• how you feel
• estar+adjective
• conditions and emotions
Ser:
• used to identify people and
things
• used with "de" to express
position or origin
• de+el=del
• profession or occupation
Soy Somos
Eres Sois
Es Son
Estoy Estamos
Estas Estais
Esta Estan

11. Isimo(a)
•To express extremes with most adjectives drop the final vowel and add the ending –isimo(a).
The adjective must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies.
• La idea de Rosa es interesantisima.
• Rosa’s idea is very (extremely) interesting.
•C-qu rico(a)
• Rico(a)- riquisimo(a)
•G-gu
• Largo(a)- larguisimo
•Z-c
• Feliz-felicimo(a)

12. Verbs like Gustar
Gustar: to like/ pleasing
Me gusta Nos gusta
Te gusta Os gusta
Le gusta Les gusta
Verbs like gustar
Doler: to hurt
Aburrir: to bore
Encantar: to love
Foltar: to lack
Fascintar: to fascinate
Importar: important to
Interestar: to interest
Molestar: to bother
Quedar: to be left over, to
fit
Gustar: to like/ pleasing
Me gustan Nos gustan
Te gustan Os gustan
Le gustan Les gustan
Singular
Plural

13. Affirmative/Negative Words
Affirmative Words
Algo Something
Alguien Someone
Algun/alguno(a) Some
Siempre Always
Tambien Also
Negative Words
Nada Nothing
Nadie No one
Ningun/ninguno(a) None
Nunca Never
Tampoco Neither, either

14. Pero vs. Sino
Pero
Used to join two vontrasting ideas when the
second phrase does not negate the first.
No soy espanola, perohablo bien el idioma. (I’m
not Spanish, but Ispeak the language well)
Hace frio,pero tambien hace sol ( Its cold, but it is
also sunny.)
Estudiar no es divertido, pero es necesario. (
Studying isn’t fun, but it’s necessary.)
Sino
• Used generally in negative sentences in
which the second phrase negates or
corrects the first. (but rather, but on the
contrary)
• Hoy no voy a estudiar biologia, sino
matematicas. (Today I’m not going to
study biology, but rather math)
• If sino separates two conjugated verbs,
we use “sino que”
• No voy al cine sino que ceno con mid
padres (I’m not going to the moviesbut
rather I’m eating dinner with my parents)

15. DOP/IOP/SE
DOP IOP SE
Me Nos
Te Os
Lo/ La Los/ Las
Me
To me
Nos
To us
Te
To you
Os
To you all
Le
To him
To her
To you
Les
To them
to you all
Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se

16. Reflexive Verbs
•To describe people doing things for themselves, use reflexive verbs. Examples of reflexive
actions are brushing one’s teeth or combing one’s hair. Reflexive Pronouns are used with
reflexive verbs to indicate that the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb.
Lavarse: to wash oneself
Me lavo Nos lavamos
Te lavas Os lavais
Se lava Se lavan
• Many verbs can be used with or without reflexive pronouns. When
there is no reflexive pronoun, the person doing the action does not
receive the action. Pepe se lava. Pepe lava el carro.
Pepe washes himself. Pepe washes the car.• Reflexive
pronouns include
the concept of
possession.
• When you use the infinitive
form of a reflexive verb after
a conjugated verb, be sure to
use the correct reflexive
pronoun.
• You can also put the reflexive pronoun in front of the conjugated
verb.
Quiero levantarme temprano.
Me quiero levantar temprano.

17. Tu commands affirmative+ negative
+irregulars
Affirmative Tu Commands
Gives instructions or commands
to someone by using the
Affirmative tu commands of
regular verbs
Caminar Camina! Camina en el
parque!
Comer Come! Come toda la
hamburguesa!
abrir Abre! Abre, la puerta,
quiero entrar!
Negative Tu Commands
• When you tell someone whatnot to
do, use a negative command.
1. take the you form of the present
tense
2. Drop the o
3. Add opposite ending (ar-er and ir)
Irregulars
Irregular Affirmatives Irregular Negatives
Infinitive Yo
form
Negative tu
command
Hablar Hablo No hables!
Volver Vuelvo No vuelvas!
Venir Vengo No Venges!
Decir Di
Hacer Ha
Ir Ve
Poner Pon
Salir Sal
Ser Se
Tener Ten
Venir Ven
Pronoun
Attaches to the
end command
Infinitive
(yo
form)
Negative tu
command
Dar (doy) No ledes mi
direccion a nadie.
Estar
(estoy)
No estes triste.
Ir (voy) No vayas a la tienda.
Ser (soy) No seas mala.
Object pronouns precede verbs.

18. Los Adverbios
•When using two adverbs, the second adverb takes the “mente”
Adjective Adverb
cuidadoso cuidosamente
especial especialmenta
Facil facilmente
frecuente frecuentemente
lento lentamente

19. Deber and Other Modal Verbs
•The 2nd verb is not conjugated, but rather left in the infinitive form
•Debes estudiar
• You have to study
•Ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)
•To say what people should do, us a conjugated form of deber with the infitive of another verb
•Put a pronoun in front of a conjugated verb or add it to an infinitive
Deber: should or ought to
Debo debemos
Debes Debeis
debe Deben

20. Past Participles as Adjectives
•Drop –ar ending and add –ado
•Drop –er or –ir ending and –ido
•La puertaesta cerrada.
• The door is closed
•El restraunte esta abierto
• The restraunt is open
•

21. Table of Contents
21. Preterite and trigger words
22. Car/gar/zar
23. Spock
24. Cucaracha
25. Snake/snakey
26. Superlatives
27. Numbers
28. Hace + time expressions
29. Future
30. Conditional
31. Demonstrative adjectives
32. Demonstrative pronouns
33. Ordinal numbers
34. Directional terms/prepositions
35. Imperfect tense
36. Possessive Adjectives and pronouns
37. Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs

22. Preterite
•A definite time in the past
•Has a beginning and/or ending
•Las expressiones para el uso (trigger words)
•Ayer, anoche, el ano pasado, la semana pasada, ante ayer
-e -amos
-aste -asteis
-o -aron
-I -imos
-iste -isteis
-io -ieron
-I -imos
-iste -isteis
-io -ieron
Trigger Words
El dia anterior The day before
Ayer Yesterday
La semana pasada Last week
El fin de semana
pasada
Last weekend
El mes pasado Last month
El otro dia The other day
Anoche Last night

23. Car Gar Zar: required to keep the hard
sound
•Preterite of verbs ending in –car, -gar, and –zar
•Spelling change in the yo form to keep the sound of the verb
-car yo -que
-gar yo -gue
-zar yo -ce
Sacar C-qu Yo saque Yo saque la
basura.
Pagar G-gu Yo pague Yo pague dos
dolares.
Empezar Z-c Yo
empece
Yo empece un
trabajo nuevo.

24. Spock Irreg Preterite Verbs
Hacer
Hice
Hiciste
Hiso
Hicimos
hicieron
Dar Ver
d/v I
d/v Iste
d/v Io
d/v Imos
d/v ieron
Ir Ser
Fui
Fuiste
Fue
Fumimos
Fueron

25. Cuchara
Andar- anduv
Estar- estuv
Poder- pud
Poner- pus
Querer- quis
Saber- sub
Tener- tuv
Venir- vin
Conducir- conduj
Producir- produj
Traducir- traduj
Decir- dij
Traer- traj
Endings for all
-e
-iste
-o
-imos
-isteis
-ieron
J verbs drop ‘I eron

26. Snake/Snakey
•To write the third person preterite form of –er and –ir verbs with stems that end in vowel,
change the I to y
•All of these preterite forms require an accent EXCEPT the ustedes/ellos/ellas forms
Snake Snakey
• Only changes in 3rd
• E>I : pedir, prederir, competir, repetir,
seruir, sentir, venir
• O>U: dormir and morir
• Only changes in 3rd
• i>y: oir
• E>y: leer, creer
Oir: to hear
oí oímos
Oíste
oyó oyeron

27. Superlatives
More Less
El más El menos
Los más Los menos
La más La menos
Las más Las menos
• To use a noun with the superlative form, put
it after the article
• Be sure the adjective matches the noun in
both gender and number

28. Numbers
cero
uno
dos
tres
cuarto
cinco
seis
ocho
nueve
diez
once
doce
trece
catorce
quince
dieciseis
diecisiete
dieciocho
diecinueve
veine
veintiuno
veintidos
veintitres
veinticuatro
veinticinco
veintiseis
veintiocho
veintinueve
treinta
cuarenta
cincuenta
sesenta
setenta
ochenta
noventa
cien
doscientos
trescientos
cuatrocientos
quinientos
seiscientos
setecientos
ochocients
novecientos
mil

29. Hace+ time expressions
● Hace+ time+que+ present tense for of th verb
○ Hace un ano que estudio espanol.
■ I have been studying spanish for one year.
Present Tense
-o -amos
-as -ais
-a -an

30. Future
Ir+ a + infinitive
Vamos a estudiar la biblioteca.
We’ll study in the library.
comere comeremos
comeras comereis
comera comeran

31. Conditional
•used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is usually translated as
would, could, must have or probably.
-ía
-ías
-ía
-íamos
-íais
-ían

32. Demonstrative Pronouns
Masculine
este-this one estos-these
ese-that one esos-those
aquel-that one over there aquellos-these over there
Femine
esta-this one estas-these
esa-that one esas-those
aquella-that one over there aquellas-these over there
Demonstrative pronouns are used in place of the adjective and noun. They are the sameas the demonstrative adjectives except that
they have an accent
Accents are placed on the”e”

33. Demonstrative Adjectives
Masculine
este-this one estos-these
ese-that one esos-those
aquel-that one over there aquellos-these over there
Femine
esta-this one estas-these
esa-that one esas-those
aquella-that one over there aquellas-these over there
Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns are used to point out specific things.Demonstrative adjectives describe the location of the
noun in relation to a person.

34. Ordinal Numbers
primero first
segundo second
tercero-a third
cuarto-a fourth
quinto-a fifth
sexto-a sixth
septimo-a seventh
octavo-a eigth
noveno-a ninth
decimo-a tenth
ultimo-a last

35. Directional Terms and Prepositionsa la izquierda (de) left
a la derecha (de) right
al lado (de) side
entre between
cerca (de) near
lejos (de) far
delante (de) forward
detras (de) behind
abajo down
arriba up
debajo de underneath
dentro de inside
encima de on top of
fuera de outside of

36. Imperfect tense
used to
● speak about background events in a story
● talk about something you used to do as a matter of habit
● speak about how old someone was
● say what time it was
-ar
-aba -abamos
-abas -abain
-aba -aban
-er
-ia -iamos
-ias -iais
-ia -ian
-ir
-ia -iamos
-ias -iais
-ia -ian

37. Possessive adjectives and pronouns
● possessive adjectives show personal relationships or possession
● all possessive adjectives including mi(s), tu(s), su(s), nuestro(a/os/as), and vuestro(a/o/as)-
agree in gender and number with the nouns they describe
● possessive adjectives also have a longform. It is more expressive
mio(a) nuestro(a)
tuyo(a) vuestro(a)
suyo(a) suyo(a)
mios(as) nuestros(as)
tuyos(as) vuestros(as)
suyos(as) suyos(as)
Possessives
longform-singular
Possessives
longform-plural

38. Reflexive pronouns and verbs
● Reflexive verbs take a special pronoun called a reflexive pronoun.
● While the usual direct object is different from the subject, a reflexive pronoun is the same
person,place, or thing as the subject.
● The subject and direct object are the same person;you call this object reflexive
me escondo nos escondemos
te escondes os escondeis
se esconde se esconden