2. Mesa de contenidos
• Título
• Mesa de contenidos
• Nationalities
• Stem-Changing Verbs (all 4
classes)
• Para
• Adjectives
• Object Pronoun Placement
• DOP (Direct Object
Pronoun)
• IOP (Indirect Object
Pronouns)
• Ser vs. Estar
• -ísimo(a), and g/c/z
• Verbs like gustar
• Affirmative and Negative Words
• Pero vs. Sino
• DOP/IOP/SE
• Reflexive Verbs
• Tú commands affirmative + negative +
irregulars
• Modal Verbs
• “Mente”
• Past Participles
• Preterite
• Present Progressive
3. Nationalidades
Argentina: Argentino
Bolivia: Boliviano
Chile: Chileno
Colombia: Columbiano
Costa Rica: Costarricense
Cuba: Cubano
Ecuador: Ecuatoriano
Espana: Español
Estados Unidos: Americano
Guatemala: Guatamalteco
Honduras: Honureño
Mexico: Mexicano
Nicaragua: Nicaragüense
Panama: Panameño
Puerto Rico: Puertorriqueño
Peru: Peruano
la República Dominicana:
Dominicano
El Savador: Salvadoreño
Uruguay: Uruguayo
Venezuela: Venezolano
Paraguay: Paraguayo
4. Tallo cambiando los verbos
Quatro tipos
•O -> ue Poder – Puedo, Pueda, Puedas, Puedan…
•U -> ue
•O -> ie
•U -> ie
5. Para
Para has a few different uses.
They all can still be substituted as "for"
I.E.
Indicating a recipient
El té esta para él (The tea is for him)
For the purpose of
Para haver una paella, primero dore las carnes. (To make a paella, first
Sauté the meats.
To indicate destination
El hombre salió para Madrid. (The man left for Madrid)
To show purpose
La cartero es para dinero (The wallet is for money)
6. Los adjectivos
Adjectives describe something. It can be a color, a
state of being, or a mood.
Mi madre no se siente bien.
My mother is not feeling well.
Le bicicleta es rojo
The bike is red.
7. Direct Object Pronouns
A direct object is a noun that receives the action of a verb.
It can be a person, a place, or a thing.
Direct Object Pronouns are used in place of it.
Me - Me
Te -You
Lo, La - Him/Her/It
Nos - Us/We
Os -You all
Los, Las - Them
La bate de béisbol golpea la béisbol
8. indirecto objecto pronombres
Indirect objects answer the question "to whom" and "for whom," or tell us
where the direct object is going.
As with Direct Object Pronouns, these are substituted for the actual noun.
Me - Me
te -You
le - Him/Her/It
los, les - Them
nos - Us
La bate de béisbol golpea la béisbol encima la valla
9. Ser y Estar
Estar
• Weather
• Location
• State of an object
• Health
• Ongoing Actions
• Emotions
Ser
• Possession
• What something’s
made out of
• Origin
• Generalizations
• When or Where
something is
happening
• Time and Date
• Profession
Super Glue
vs.
Glue
10. -ísimo
Used to show exageration.
i.e: “Ella es altísima!” translates to “She is very tall.”
It also changes some parts of the word.
• Z -> C
• G -> GU
• C -> QU
11. Verbs like gustar
Gustar is a special kind of verb. It has two english meanings: Likes, and is
pleasing to. So me gusta comida means “I like food,” or “Food is pleasing to
me.” It follows the same for other verbs, which a re like Gustar.l
Such as:
1) Molestar - to be a bother to
2) Disgustar – to hate something
3) Faltar – to be lacking something
4) Interesar – to be interesting to
5) Importar – to be important to
6) Fascinar – to fascinate
7) Aburrir – to bore
12. Affirmative and negative Words
These either show something exists, or something doesn't exist.
Here's a list of words and their counterparts.
Algo, Alguien, Algún, Siempre, Tambien
Nada, Nadie, Ningún, Nunca, Tampoco
Respectively, they mean:
Something, Somebody, Some, Always, Also
Nothing, Nobody, None, Never, Neither
13. Pero vs. Sino
To english speakers, Pero and Sino both mean "but," but they have different
meanings, and so you can't interchange them.
We use "pero" to join two contrasting idea when the second phrase
does not negate the first. Instead, you can think of it as adding on to
the first idea.
However.
We use sino, on the other hand, is used generally in negative
sentences in which the second phrase negates or corrects the first. The
equivalent in English would be "but rather" or "but on the contrary".
14. DOP IOP SE
Me Nos Me Nos Me Nos
Te Os Te Os Te Os
Le Les/
Los
Le Les Se Se
DOP, IOP, SE
15. Reflexive Verbs
Reflexive verbs are verbs that, as the name implies, reflects on to the one
doing the task. They normally end in "se" which should be conjugated.
Reflexives include:
Afeitarse - Shave
Dormirse - Sleep
Lavarse -Wash
Secarse - Dry
To congugate, take off the "se," conjugate it, and then put it in front of the
conjugated verb.
Afeitarse: Me Afeito
Secarse: Se Seca
16. Tú Commands Affirmative + Negative +
Irregulars
Affirmative:
Drop the “s”
Dormir -> Duermes -> Dueme
Poder -> Puedes -> Puede
Nadar -> Nadas -> Nada
Irregulars:
Des Haz Ve
Pon Sal Sé
Ten Ven
Negative:
1. Put it ino the Yo.
2. Change it to the opposite Vowel
3. Add “s”
hablar -> Hablo -> hable -> hables.
Vivir -> Vivo -> viva -> vivas
Irregulars:
Tengas -Tener
Vengas - venir
Des/digas -dar/decier
Vayas - ir
Seas - ser
Hagas - hacer
Estes - estar
Sepas - saber
17. Modal Verbs
When conjugated with Modals, they are left in infinitive form (AR, ER, IR)
Not "no puedo nado", but "No puedo nadar“
Modal examples:
ir a infinitive - going to do something
poder + infinitive - Are able to do something
Querer + infinitive -Want to do someting
deber + infinitive - should do something
tener que + infinitive - To have to do something
soler + infinitive - to be accustomed to
18. “Mente” – “ly”
Created by adding “mente” to the end of a verb.
When two (or more? Find this out) adverbs modify the main verb, only the
second uses the “mente.”
The first stays in the feminine singlular.
//Add examples
19. Past Participles
For things that have already happened.
To change a verb to a past participle, you drop the ending and add ado, and
ido, for Ar and Er/Ir verbs respectively. Think of it as the "ed" ending in
english.
La puerta esta cerrado.
The door is closed.
20. Preterite
States a definite time in the past, with a beginning or ending.
Such words include:
Ayer, Anoche, el añ0 pasado, las semana, pastada, ante ayer.
The endings of verbs change to go with this.
Ar:
-é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -aron
Er / Ir:
-í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -ieron
Respectively, they stand for:
Yo, Te, El, Nosotros, Ustedes
21. Present Progressives
Describes things as they happen, and the conjugated verbs have the endings
-ando and -iendo. For Ar and Er/Ir endings respectively. The odd few have
the
ending -yendo, such as Leer, as adding -iendo to leer just doesn't make
sense.
So: "I am eating." becomes: " Yo estoy Comiendo."
