The document is a grammar book containing summaries of Spanish grammar topics. It covers:
- The present subjunctive mood and how it is formed.
- Using the subjunctive with verbs of will and influence to help influence others' behaviors.
- Employing the subjunctive with emotions, doubt, certainty, conjunctions, and adverbial clauses when uncertainty or subjectivity is involved.
- Forming commands, including informal, formal, nosotros, and negative commands.
- Using past participles as adjectives, the present perfect, past perfect, acabar de + infinitive, and ya.
- How to conjugate verbs in the future and conditional t
2. Table of Contents
3………………………………………………………..…………..…………Constructions of se
4…………………………………………………………………………………….…Adverbs
5……………………………………………………………………………...Preterite vs. Imperfect
6………………………………………………………….………………………..…Por vs. Para
7……………………………………………...Stressed Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
8……..…. Commands informal/formal/nosotros/irregulars/affirmative/negative
9……………………………………………….. Object Pronoun Placement (IOP/DOP/SE)
10………………………………………………………………………………Present Subjunctive
11………………………………………….…Subjunctive with verbs of will and influence
12…………………………………………………………………………………………Works Cited
2
3. Constructions of se
• se = impersonal (passive voice)
• Singular with singular nouns
• Plural with plural nouns
• Used in signs, advertisements, directions
• Se = accident, unplanned event
• Common verbs: caer danar olividar perder (e:ie)
• (Unplanned Event) Se + indirect object pronoun + verb +
subject
3
• You use se
so that you
don’t have
to specify a
person
• You have to
use the 3rd
person
• It can be
used in all
tenses
4. Adverbs
• You use them to describe when, how, or where an action takes place
• They usually end in –mente
• To form take femine form of adjective and add mente
• Ex. Felizmente
• When you have two or more adverbs in a sentence, only the last one has
mente
4
• Don’t forget accents on the
adverb
5. Preterite vs. Imperfect
5
• These are completed actions that have a
definite beginning and ending
• It is used for events that have happened
in the past for a set number of times and
is completed
• It is used for habitual actions or
events that have not been
completed.
• It is also used for events that don’t
have a definite ending or to describe
when you were young or to tell time
J- Verbs
6. Por vs. Para
• Uses
– Motion or general
location
– Duration
– Reason for an action
– Object that is being
looked for
– By way something is
done
– In exchange
– Ex. We are looking
por that.
6
• Uses
• Toward a destination
• Deadline in the future
• In order to
• Something is used for
something
• Recipient of something
• Comparison with others
• Employment
• Ex. This is para you.
7. Stressed Possessive Adjectives and
Pronouns
Adjectives
• They are used in place
of of mine, your, or
someone elses…
• They have to agree
with gender and the
number of the subject
• They are used with un
or una
• They are used for
emphisis 7
Pronouns
• They have to agree in number and
gender with the noun it replaces
• You don’t use definite articles with
them
• You use them to replace nouns
8. Commands
• Used to give advice or tell people what to do
• Use usted and ustedes commands for formal situations
• formed by dropping the –o of the yo form of the present tense. For
–ar verbs, add –e or –en. For –er and –ir verbs, add –a or –an.
• Ex. Sientense
• Informal: put in first person, drop the o, use opposite ending in the
second person
• Formal: put in yo form, drop the o, use opposite ending in the
usted/ustedes form
• Still have car, gar, zar verbs
• Put no in front of the verb to make it negative
• Maintain the sound with accents
8
9. Object Pronoun Placement
• They attach to
• Infinitives + IOP/DOP/Se
• Ex. comerlo
• Affirmative commands + IOP/DOP/Se
• Ex. hazlo
• Gerunds + IOP/DOP/Se
• Ex. comiéndolo
• They go BEFORE the conjugated verb if it is negative
• Ex. No lo corres
• When there are double object pronouns (IOP + DOP), the IOP would be the
one to go first.
• Example: Pablo me lo da
•add accent marks if you add a 3rd syllable to a verb
•Ex. dímelo
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10. Present Subjunctive
• To for the subjunctive, you drop the o in the yo form and you replace it with the
subjunctive verb form
• Still have car, gar, zar verbs, irregular yo forms, and stem changers
• They are used to express will and influence, emotion, and attitude towards things
• Impersonal Expressions
– It expresses the attitude towards certain events
– Expressions: es Bueno que, es malo que, es major que, es importante que, es necesario
que, es urgente que
10
11. Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and
Influence
• They are used to help influence the behaviors of other people
• When using a verb of will and influence and have a clause in front of it,
you need to add que
• It is also used for Will and Influence
– Sugerir, aconsejar, importer, insister, mandar, prohibir, recomendar,
rogar
11
14. Table of Contents
15…….Present Subjunctive
16…….. Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence
17…..Subjunctive with emotions
18…...subjunctive with doubt and certainty
19….subjunctive with conjunctions
20….subjunctive with adverbial clauses
21….commands
22……past participles used as adjectives
23….present perfect
24….past perfect
25….. acabar de + infinitive AND ya
26……future
27…..conditional
28…….past subjunctive
14
15. Present Subjunctive
• To for the subjunctive, you drop the o in the yo form and you replace it with the
subjunctive verb form
• Still have car, gar, zar verbs, irregular yo forms, and stem changers
• They are used to express will and influence, emotion, and attitude towards things
• Impersonal Expressions
– It expresses the attitude towards certain events
– Expressions: es Bueno que, es malo que, es major que, es importante que, es necesario
que, es urgente que
15
16. Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and
Influence
• They are used to help influence the behaviors of other people
• When using a verb of will and influence and have a clause in front of it,
you need to add que
• It is also used for Will and Influence
– Sugerir, aconsejar, importer, insister, mandar, prohibir, recomendar,
rogar
16
17. Subjunctive w/emotions
• Any personal reaction to a situation is emotional
• Since how a person feels is always subjective, you
use the subjunctive.
• Ex. Me alegro de que sonrías. (It makes me happy
that you smile.)
17
18. subjunctive w/doubt + certainty
• an aspect of ignorance or doubt in the
sentence would trigger the subjunctive
• Certainty would use the indicative in a Spanish
sentence
18
19. Subjunctive w/conjunctions
• the subjunctive mood is used whenever the
speaker feels uncertain about the action of
the sentence, or when the speaker is
expressing a subjective opinion
• They are used with actions that have not yet
been completed
19
20. Subjunctive w/adverbial clauses
• You use subjunctive when you do not know if the
subject you are describing actually exists
• You use indicative when you know the subject exists
• Ex. I like the restaurant that serves good food.
Indicative
• I like a restaurant that serves good food. Subjunctive
20
21. IYF (in your face) commands including
nosotros commands.
• Commands are used when ordering, or telling someone to do something
• The formal commands are formed the same way as the present
subjunctive:
• Start with the yo form of the present indicative.
• Then drop the -o ending.
• Add the opposite ending
• Nosotros commands are used when the speaker is included, and are used
to express the idea "let's + verb”
• To form the negative command, place the word no before the same verb
form (present subjunctive).
21
To form the negative command,
place the word no before the same
verb form (present subjunctive)
The only exception is the verb
ir(se), which uses the present
indicative for the affirmative
command only.
22. past participles used as adjectives
• To form the past participle, simply drop the
infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add -ado (for
-ar verbs) or -ido (for -er, -ir verbs).
• they agree in gender and number with the
nouns that they modify.
22
23. present perfect
• The present perfect is formed by combining the
auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past
participle.
• the present perfect tense is formed by using the
present tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the
past participle.
• the past participle is formed by dropping the
infinitive ending and adding either -ado or -ido.
23
24. past perfect
• The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary
verb "had" with the past participle
• the past perfect tense is formed by using the
imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with
the past participle
• the past participle is formed by dropping the
infinitive ending and adding either -ado or -ido.
24
25. acabar de + infinitive AND ya
• Adding “ya” to the sentence means that it has
occurred already
• The first verb which is acabar is conjugated, while the
second verb remains in the infinitive form
• Ex. Ellos ya acaban correr en el ciudad.
25
26. future
• Used to tell what will or shall happen
• Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by
adding the these endings to the infinitive form of the
verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án.
• There are irregulars, but they have the same endings
• Ex. Estará viajando solo.
26
27. conditional
• the conditional is used to express probability,
possibility, wonder or conjecture
• It is the would, should, or could
• Ex. Estaría en su casa.
• The irregulars in the future are also irregular
in the conditional tense
27
28. past subjunctive
• It indicates a completed action that "had"
happened before another action in the past in
all cases the subjunctive is used.
• Formed by putting it into the third person
preterite. Then you drop –ron and add
appropriate ending
28
