This document is a table of contents for a Spanish grammar book. It lists 16 chapters covering topics like the present tense, ser vs estar, gustar verbs, nouns and articles, past and imperfect tenses, subjunctive mood, commands, pronouns and more. For each chapter it provides a brief overview of the key concepts and examples to illustrate grammar points.

1. LIBRO DE
GRAMMAR
NICO PARBHOO

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Present tense
2. Ser y estar
3. Gustar and verbs like gustar
4. Nouns/ articles/ adj
5. Past tense
6. Imperfect tense
7. Subjunctive in noun clauses
8. Subjunctive in adverb clauses
9. Commands
10. Object pronouns
11. Possessive adjectives and pronouns
12. Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns
13. Reflexives
14. Por y para
15. To become: hacerse, ponerse, volverse, and llegar a ser

3. EL PRESENTE
• Ar- o, as, a, amos, ais, an
• Er- o, es, e, emos, eis, en
• Ir- o, es, e, imos, is, en
• Stem changing: E:I- competir, concebir, despedir, impedir,
medir, pedir. Ex: pedir- pido, pides, pide, pedimos, piden
• E:IE- atravestar, convertir, divertir, empezar, fregar. Ex:
cerrar- cierro, cierras, cierra, cerramos, cierran
• O:UE- poder, morir, forzar, dormir, envolver, volar, tastar,
soler. Ex: contar- cuento, cuentas, cueta, contamos, cuentan
• Irregular- irregular in yo form: caer (caigo), traer (traigo),
caber (quepo), ahver (hago), poner (pongo)
• Todos: ser, estar, oir, ir, haber

4. SER Y ESTAR
Both mean to be
Ser- permanent/ unchanging qualities, with adjectives to
describe expected qualities. Nationality/ place of origin,
profession, characteristics, generalizations, material of
composition, time, date, season, were or when an event takes
place
Ser- soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son
Estar- temporary or variable qualities, change in appearance
or condition, location or relationship, health, physical states,
emotional states, weather, ongoing actions, results of actions
Estar- estoy, estas, esta, estamos, estais, estana

5. NOUNS/ARTICLES/ADJ
ECTIVES
Nouns (sustantivos) Articles (articulos) Adjectives (adjetivos)
Endings Definite articles- agree Agree in number and
Male: o, or, l, s, ma in number and gender gender with nouns that
Fe: a, ora, ion, d, z to nouns; always used they modify
with an abstract noun Male: o, os, l, e, les, es
Singular: el, la Fe: a, as, e, es, l, les
Plural: los, las
Add s to make most Indefinite Articles- Some change meaning
nouns ending in agree in number and depending on their
vowels plural gender to nouns; not position: when
Es to nouns ending in used before a following noun has
consonant profession or place of more literal meaning:
nouns ending in z origin before noun has more
change to c before Singular: un, una figurative meaning
adding es Plural: unos, unas

6. VERBOS COMO
GUSTAR
Me, te, le, nos, os, les + a or an = me gusta/an, te molesta/an,
le interesa/an, etc.
• Preceded by an indirect object pronoun(indication person
who is please); agrees in person and number with thing or
person that it pleases
• When followed by infinitive, the singular form (gustar) is
always used
• Often used in conditional (gustaria) to soften request

7. Tener- tuv Hacer- hic
EL PRETERITO Estar- estuv Venir- vin
Ar- e, aste, o, amos, asteis, aron Poner- pus Caber- cup
Er and ir- i, iste, io, imos, isteis, ieron
Ir and ser- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron Poder-pud Haber-hub
Ver- vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron
Ander-aduv Querer-quis
Dar- di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron
• Complete actions
Saber-sup Decir-dij
• Definite beginning and ending
Gar: change g to gu
Car: change c to qu
Zar: change z to c e imos
Iste
o ieron

8. EL IMPERFECTO
Ar- aba, abas, aba, abamos, abais, aban
Er/ir- ia, ias, ia, iamos, iais, ian
Ser- era, eras, era, eramos, erais, eran
Ver- veia, veias, veia, veiamos, veiais, veian
Ir- iba, ibas, iba, ibamos, ibais, iban
• Actions that are not yet completed
• No definite beginning or end
• Background information/ setting up a scene
• Time or appearance
• Doing and action before inerruption

9. SUBJUNCTIVE IN T Tenga
NOUN CLAUSES V venga
Formed by dropping o from yo form of present indicatives
and affing subjunctive endings. Main clause + connector +
subordinate clause
Ar: e,es,e,emos,en Er/Ir- a,as,a,amos,an
Irregulars: dar (de), estar (este), ir (vaya), saber (sepa), haber
(haya), ser (sea)
D De/diga W Wishing/wanting
I Vaya E Emotions
S Sea D Doubt
H Haga/haya D Disbelief
E Este I Impersonal expressions
S sepa N Negation
G God/greif

10. SUBJUNCTIVE IN
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
• When subordinate clause refers to antecedent that is
known to exist, the indicative is used. When the
antecedent is uncertain or indefinite, the subjunctive is
used
• The subjunctive is used in questions with adjective
clauses when the speaker is trying to find information
about which they are uncertain
• When the antecedent of an adjective clause is a negative
pronouns, the subjunctive is used
• The personal a is maintained before nadie and alguien,
even when their existence is uncertain
• The personal a is not used with direct objects tha
represent hypothetical persons

11. COMMANDS
(MANDATOS)
Formal (ud. And uds.)-
• Affirmative: put in yo form and change to opposite vowel
• Negative: put in yo form and change to opposite vowel
• Los irregulares: TVDISHES
Familiar (tu)-
• Affirmative: put in tu form and drop the s. los irregulares: di, ahz, ve,
pon, sal, se, ten, ven
• Negative: put in yo form and change to opposite vowel, add an s
• Los irregulares: TVDISHES
Nosotros-
• Affirmative and negative: add emos(ar), amos(er)
• Mono verbs
• Ex:sentemosnos-> sentemonos

12. OBJECT PRONOUNS
Indirect object pronouns-
• To whom or for whom
• Precedes the verb (if verb is infinitive, may go attatched to the
infinitive)
• Me, te, le, nos, os, les
Direct Object Pronouns
• Precedes the verb (if verb is infinitive, may go attached to the
infintive)
• Me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las
Double object pronoun
• Indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun when
they are used together in a sentence
• Le and les change to se when they are used with lo, la, los, las

13. POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVES AND
PRONOUNS
Short forms (unstressed) Long forms (stressed)
• Mi: my • Mio: mine
• Tu: your • Tuyo: yours
• Su: your, his, hers, its • Suyo: your, his
• Nuestro: our • Nuestro: our, ours
• Vuestro: your • Vuestro: your, yours
• Su: your, their • Suyo: your, theirs
Possesive pronouns have the same forms as stressed possesive adjectives and are
preceded by a definite article
No encuentro mi libro. Me presentas el tuyo?

14. DEMONSTRATIVE
ADJECTIVES AND
PRONOUNS
Demonstrative adjectives
Demonstrative pronouns are
Singular- identical to demonstrative
• Este/esta: this these adjectives except that they
carry an accent mark on the
• Ese/esa: that, those stressed vowel. No, no quiero
• Aquel/aquella: that, those este. Queiero ese.
There are three neuter
Plural-
demonstrative pronouns: esto,
• Estos/estas: this, these eso, and aquello
• Esos/esas: that, those
• Aquellos/aquellas: that, those

15. REFLEXIVES
Many verbs change meaning when they are used with a relfexive
pronoun. In the plural, reflexive verbs can express reciprocal
actions done to one another. The reflexive pronoun is used
before the direct obkect pronoun when they are used together
• Me
• Te
• Se
• Nos
• Os
• Se
• Ex: me lavo, te lavas, se lava, nos lavamos, os lavais, se
lavan

16. POR AND PARA
Por Para
• Motion or a general • Destination
location • Deadline or specific
• Duration of an action time in the future
• Reason or motive for • Purpose or goal
an action • Recipient
• Objective of a search • Comparision with others
• Means by which or opinions
• Exchange or • employment
substitution
• Unit of measure
• Agent (passive)

17. TO BECOME
• Ponerser: ponerse+ (adj) expresses a change in mental,
emotional, or physical state that is generally not long
lasting
• Hacerse: hacerse can be followed by a noun or an
adjective. It often implies a change that results from the
subjects own efforts, such as changes in profession
• Volverse: volverse + (adj) expresses a radical, mental, or
psychological change. It often conveys a gradual or
irreversible change in character
• Llegar a ser: llegar a ser mau also be followed by a noun
or an adjective. It indicates a change over time and does
not imply the subject’s voluntary effort