This document provides a summary of Spanish grammar topics in 15 slides. It includes tables of contents, explanations of concepts like the preterite and imperfect tenses, uses of reflexive verbs with "se", types of adverbs and commands, and more. Key details are presented concisely yet comprehensively to serve as a reference guide for various grammar points.

1. Grammar Book
Caitlyn Pallas
6th Period
Mrs. Linares

2. Table of Contents
 Preterit- slide 3
 Constructions of se- slide 4
 Adverbs- slide 5
 Preterite VS. Imperfect- slide 6
 Por vs. Para- slide 7
 Stressed Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns- slide 8
 Formal Commands- slide 9
 Informal Commands- slide 10
 Nosotros Commands- slide 11
 Object Pronoun Placement- slide 12
 Present Subjunctive- slide 13
 Subjuntive with Verbs of Will and Influence- slide 14
 Bibliography- slide 15

3. Preterite
REGULAR -AR -ER/IR
Yo é í
Tú aste iste
El/Ella ó ió
Nosotros amos imos
Vosotros asteis isteis
Ellos/Ellas aron ieron
Dar-to give Ver-to see Ser/Ir-to be, go Hacer-to do
di vi fui hice
diste viste fuiste hiciste
dio vio fue hizo
dimos vimos fuimos hicimos
disteis visteis fuisteis hicisteis
dieron vieron fueron hicieron
*No accent marks!!!
Trigger Words:
Anoche:last night
-Ayer:yesterday
-Antaeyer:day before yesterday
-La Semana pasada:last week
-El Mes Pasado:last month
-El Año Pasado:last year
-car Yo -qué
-gar Yo -gué
-zar Yo -cé
Saber Sup
Querer Quis
Hacer Hic (el/
ella: Hizo)
Venir Vin
Decir Dij*
Traer Traj*
Conducir Conduj*
Andar Anduv
Estar Estuv
Tener Tuv
Caber Cup
Haber Hub
Poder Pud
Poner Pus
No accent marks!
No accent marks!
No accent marks!
e
iste
o
imos
isteis
ieron
*eron
oí oímos
oíste oísteis
oyó oyeron
leí leímos
leíste leísteis
leyó leyeron
creí creímos
creíste creísteis
creyó creyeron

4. Constructions with Se
Can be used when the person performing the action is not expressed or deemphasized
Impersonal constructions with se
• Verbs that aren’t reflexive can be used with se
to create impersonal constructions.
• The are the statements in which the person
performing the action is not expressed or
defined.
• In English this is the passive voice or indefinite
subjects (you, they, one)
• Example:
• Se habla español en Costa Rica.
• Spanish is spoken in Costa Rica.
• Se hacen operaciones aquí
• They perform operations here.
*Verbs are in third person and they match the
nouns (plural or singular)*
They are often used in signs, advertisements
and directions
Se for unplanned events
• Se is also used to describe accidental or
unplanned events
• Person who performs the construction is
deemphasized to imply that the
accident/unplanned event is not his or
her direct responsibility.
• Commonly used verbs with se- Caer
(dejar caer) perder, dañarr, olvidar,
quedar, and romper
• Construction pattern:
Se + IO pronoun + verb + subject
Examples:
Se te perdieron las llaves.
Se nos dañó el radio.
The subject is the object (las llaves) and
the verb corresponds to it (perdieron). The
person is just an IO. In a way, the keys lost
themselves.
To clarify or emphasis the person use a +
[noun] or a + [prepositional pronoun]
Ex- Al paciente se le perdió la receta.
The patient lost his prescription

5. Adverbs
• Words that describe how, when, and where an action takes place.
• They can modify verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs.
• Most common adverbs are those that end in –mente. This is the
equivalent to –ly in English.
• Ex:
• Fácilmente: easily
• Generalmente: generally
• Verdaderamente: truly, really
• Simplemente: simply
• To form adverbs ending in –mente
1-start with an adjective
2- Then take its feminine form
3- Add –mente
• Ex- fabuloso=fabulosa=fabulosamente
****If the adjective doesn’t have a special feminine form, then just add
mente to create the standard form of the adverb.
Ex- feliz=felizmente enorme=enormemente
• Adverbs that end in –mente generally follow the verb; while adverbs
that modify adjectives or another adverb preceed the word they modify.
• When a sentence contains 2 or more adverbs in a sentence, -mente is
dropped from all but the last adverb.
• Ex- El medico nos habló siempre y abiertamente. (simply and openly)
• Adjectives DON’T loose their accents when adding –mente
(débilmente).
Examples:
-bien
-mal
-muy
-nunca
-hoy
-siempre
-temprano
-ayer
-aquí
Common Adverbs
and Adverbial
Expressions-
-a menudo: often
-a tiempo: on
time
-basante: enough
-casi: almost
-despacio: slowly
-muchas veces: a
lot, many times
-pronto: soon
-rápido: quickly

6. Preterite VS Imperfect
Preterite Imperfect
• Used for single events,
actions repeated a
specific number of
times, actions that
occurred during a
specific time period,
actions that were a part
of a chain of events, to
state the beginning or
end of an action.
• Definite end and
beginning, actions are
seen as completed.
• Does not have a
definite beginning or
end or actions not
seen as being
completed.
• Used for describing
actions that were
habitually repeated,
“setting the stage” for
another action, telling
time, stating one’s age
Both
Describe
events
that
happened
in the past

7. 1. Motion or a general location
Ex- La excursion nos llevó por el centro
The tour took us through downtown
2. Duration of an Action
Ex- Estuve en la Patagonia por un mes
I was in Patagonia for a month.
3. Reason or Motive for an Action
Ex- Lo hizo por su familia.
She did it on behalf her family
4. Object of the Search
Ex- Vengo por ti a las ocho
Im coming for you at eight.
5. Means by which Something is Done
Ex- Ellas viajan por a autopisa.
They traveled by (the way of) the highway
6. Exchange or Substitution
Ex- Pagué diez dólores por esta camisa.
I paid ten dollars for this shirt.
7. Unit of Measure
Ex- Yo manejaba a 120 kilómetros por hora.
I was traveling 120 km per hour.
1. Destination
Ex- Salimos para Córdoba el sábado.
We are leaving for Córdoba on Saturday.
2. Deadline or a Specific Time in the
Future
Ex- Él va arregular el carro para el Viernes
He will fix the car by Friday.
3. Purpose or Goal + [Infinitive]
Ex- Juan estudia para (ser) mecánico.
Juan is studying to be a mechanic.
4. Purpose + [Noun]
Ex- Es una llana para el carro.
It’s a tire for the car.
5. Recipient of Something
Ex- Compré una impresora para mi hijo.
I bought a printer for my son
6. Comparison with others or an Opinion
Ex- Para mí, esta lección no es difícil.
For me, this lesson isn’t difficult.
7. In the employ of
Ex- Sara trabaja para Telecom Argentina
Sara works for Telecom Argentina.
****Both mean for

8. Stressed (long) Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Adjectives
-Used for emphasis or to express the English phrases
of mine, of yours, of his, ect.
Masculine Feminine
Mío(s) Mía(s) My; (of) mine
Tuyo(s) Tuya(s) Your; (of) yours
Suyo(s) Suya(s) Your; (of) yours
His; (of) his; her;
(of) her; its
Nuestro(s) Nuestra(s) Our; (of) ours
Vuestro(s) Vuestra(s) Your; (of) yours fam.
Suyo(s) Suya(s) Your; (of) yours;
their; (of) theirs
Form.
-Possessive adjectives with un or una are similar in
meaning to of mine, of yours, ect.
-Must agree in gender and in number with nouns
Ex- La impresora suya= her printer
Ex- Los televisores nuestros= our television sets
-PLACE STRESSED POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES AFTER THE
NOUN THEY MODIFY
Definite article/indefinite article/demonstrative adj. +
[noun]+ stressed possessive adj.
-Can also use de to show ownership.
Ex- el telclado de usted
Pronouns
-Used to replace a noun modified by a
possessive adjective
-They have the same form as the stressed
possessive adjectives
-They are preceded by a definite article
-Possessive pronoun= definite article +
stressed adjective
Ex:=
La calculadora nuestra= la nuestra
Los archivos suyos= los suyos
Possessive pronouns agree in number and
in gender with the nouns they replace
Ex:
¿Tienes las revistas de Carlos?
-Do you have Carlos’ magazines?
No, pero tengo las nuestras.
-No but I have ours.
*****Definite articles such as el, la, los,
las are usually omitted when a stressed
possessive pronoun follows the verb ser
Ex- ¿Pero es suya esta cámara?
No, no es mía.

9. Formal Commands
Command forms are used for orders and advice. Used with people
you address as usted or ustedes
Formation
****TO MAKE NEGATIVE JUST
PUT NO BEFORE IT
Infinitive Present
tense yo
Form
Ud
Command
Uds.
Command
-ar Limpiar limpio limpie limpien
-er Barrer Barro barra barran
-ir Sacudir sacudo sacuda sacudan
Examples:
Hable Con ellos
Talk with them
Coma frutas y
verduras.
Eat fruits and
vegetables
IRREGULARS
-Verbs that have irregular yo forms
maintain the same irregularity in
their formal commands!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
-Common irregular verbs:
venir
tener
hacer
traducir
decir
traer
oír
conducir
ofrecer
conocer
salir
ver
poner
-Examples:
Ponga la mesa
Set the table
Salga
inmediatamente
Leave
immediately
Negative Commands
-To form a negative command just
add no before the command
Stem-Changing Verbs
Stem-changing verbs
maintain their stem
changes in usted and
ustedes commands
Verbs with Irregular Commands
Dar
Estar
Ir
Saber
Ser
Dé
Esté
Vaya
Sepa
Sea
Car, Gar, Zar Verbs
Den
Estén
Vayan
Sepan
Sean
Jugar g > gu juegue, juegen
Almorzar z > c almuerce, almuercen
Sacar c > qu saque, saquen
For positive commands
[verb]+
Reflexive
pronoun
IO pronoun
DO pronoun
Ex- Siéntense
**ACCENTS**
Reflexive
pronoun
IO pronoun
DO pronoun
+ [verb]
Ex- No se
preocupe

10. (Tú commands) Used to address familiar people- friends, family, ect.
Tú commands are formed the same way as usted
present indicitive form.
Verb Ud. Form
-AR hablar Habla
-ER comer Come
-IR Escribir Escribe
Negative Tú Commands
Negative informal commands use the tú form of
the present subjunctive and putting no in front
of it.
Verb Present
Subjunctive
Command
-AR Hablar Hables No Hables
-ER Comer Comas No comas
-IR Escribir Escribas No escribas
Irregulars
Decir- Di
Hacer- Haz
Ir- Ve
Poner- Pon
Salir-Sal
Ser- Sé
Tener- Ten
Venir- Ven
Examples: Di la mentiras. No
digas verdad. Haz tu tarea.
No hagas eso.
Pronoun Placement
For affirmative commands the
pronoun is attached at the end.
Example: Hazlo
For negative commands the
pronoun goes before verb.
Example: No te duermas.
Don’t forget to add accents!!!!!!

11. Command form used when the speaker suggests an action to be performed by a group
of people he or she belongs to.
Formation
Nosotros commands are formed by taking the
nosotros form of the present subjunctive.
Nosotros commands can also be formed by
Vamos a + inifinitive
Examples: Trabajemos. Vamos a trabajar.
Negative Commands
To form negative nosotros commands
you simple put no before it.
Example:
No comamos en la casa.
No contemos el efectivo.
Nosotros commands with pronouns
Don’t forget to add accents when
adding a pronoun!!! With affirmative
commands, the final –s of the
command is dropped when adding the
pronouns se or nos.
Example:
Sentemos+nos= Sentémonos
Escribamos+se+la= Escribámosela
For negative nosotros commands you
just put the pronoun before the
command.
Example: No nos sentemos
Irregulars
The only irregular is the verb ir which
uses the present indicative for the
affirmative command only.
Example: Vamos.
It is regular for negative form
Example: No vayamos.
Verb Present Nosotros
Subjunctive Form
Nosotros Command
Comer Comamos Comamos en la casa
Contar Contemos Contemos el efectivo

12. Direct Object Placement
Direct objects receive the action of the
verb. They answer the questions what? or
whom? with regard to what the sentence’s
subject is doing.
Pronouns that replace the name of the
subject: Me Nos
Te Os
Lo/La Los/Las
****To make negative just put
no in front! The pronoun goes
after the no and before the
conjugated verb
You can use a DO pronoun to replace the
name of direct object.
In sentences with 2 verbs, you can put the
DO
1. Place it immediately before the
conjugated verb.
2. Attach it directly to the infinitive
Ex: Lo quiero comer. Quiero comerlo.
The same rules apply to questions.
Ex: ¿Lo debemos comprar?
Indirect Object Placement
Indirect objects answer the questions for
whom? and to whom? the action of the
verb is performed.
IO pronouns:
Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les
In an affirmative statement with one
verb, the indirect object pronoun comes
immediately before the conjugated verb.
Ex- Loki me compra un regalo.
For sentences with 2 verbs, it is the same
rules for direct objects.
1.Place it immediately before the
conjugated verb.
2. Attach it directly to the infinitive.
Ex- Necesitas darme un regalo.
Me necesitas dar un regalo.

13. Present Subjunctive
Expresses the speakers subjective attitudes towards events, actions or states the
viewer views as uncertain or hypothetical
Forms -AR -ER -IR
Yo E A A
Tú Es As As
Ud./Él/Ella E A A
Nosotros/as Emos Amos Amos
Vosotros/as Éis Áis Áis
Uds./Ellos/Ellas En An An
**OPPOSITE ENDINGS!!!
Yo and usted form are the same!!!
Irregulars
Verbs that have irregular yo forms
keep their irregularities in
subjunctive form.
Ex: Conducir= conduzca
Decir= diga Oír=oiga
Hay= haya
5 irregular verbs in present
subjunctive: Dar, estar, ir, saber, ser
Dar= De
Car Gar Zar Verbs
Car Gar Zar verbs have
special stem changes
Sacar= saque
Jugar= juegue
Almorzar= almorcéis
Stem-Changing Verbs
Stem-changing verbs ending
in ar and er maintain their
stem changes in the
subjunctive form.
Ex- Yo piense
Ir verbs have the same
stem-changes but nosotros
and vosotros forms also
changes. E-> I and o->u
Ex- Durmamos
Subjunctive is used to express will
and influence, emotion, doubt,
disbelief, and denial, indefiniteness
and nonexistence.
Que connects the main clause to
the subordinating clause.
Impersonal expressions are alsways
followed by subordinating clauses.
Ex: Es Bueno que Es malo que
Es importante que Es major que

14. Will and influence= affect actions and behaviors of others
Examples of these verbs: Desear, necesitar, pedir, preferir, querer, and
Aconsejar To advise Prohibir To prohibit
Importar To be
important
Comendar To
reccommend
Insistir To insist Rogar To beg
Mandar To order Sugerir To suggest
Impersonal expressions like es necessario que, es importante que, es major que, and es
urgente que are also considered expressions of will and influence.
When the main clause contains a verb of will or influence the subordinating clause is required
to be in subjunctive form provided that the two clauses have different subjects.
Infintives are only used in verbs of will and influence if there is no change in subject.
Indirect object pronouns are often used with the verbs aconsejar, importar, mandar, pedir,
prohibir, recomendar, rogar, and sugerir.
All forms of prohibir (except nosotros) have an accented I in the present tense.

15. Biblography
 http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/informcomm1.ht
m
 http://www.vhlcentral.com/home
 http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/91
 http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/noscomm.htm