4. Stem Changing
E to IE
•Example:
•Querer (to want)
•Yo quiero comida.
E to I
•Example
•Servir (to serve)
•Yo sirvo a la restaurante.
O to UE
•Example
•Duermir
•Yo duermo mucho.
•Example
U to UE •Jugar
•Yo juego futbol.
5. Para
What it When it is Examples
means used
• In English:
• Para means • Para is used Lets go to
in order to or when the
for indicating restaurant.
the recipient • In Spanish:
of an item or Vamos al
object. resturante
para comer.
6. Indirect Object Pronouns
•Indirect object pronouns are used to represent who the action is being done to or who
it is being received by.
•They depend on who is receiving the action.
•So if it was a girl, then you would use le because it would have to agree with
ella.
•If I was receiving the action or object, then it would be me because it has to
agree with yo.
•In English, an example would be I gave the dog to her.
•In Spanish, it would be translated to le doy el perro.
Indirect Object Pronouns
Yo - Me Nosotros - Nos
Tu - Te
El/Ella/Usted - Ellos/Ellas/Usted
Le es - Les
7. Pronoun Placement
1. You can attach
the pronoun to the 2. You can attach
infinitive. the pronoun to the
Ex. Me gustar progressive tense.
comerlo bistec.
When placing a
prnoun in a
sentence, there
are four different
placement options.
4. You can place the
3. You can attach pronoun before a
the pronoun to an conjugated verb.
infinitive Ex. Carlos le acaba de
command. vender una revista a
Rosa.
8. Gustar
• Gustar means to like.
• It is used differently than we are used to in English though.
• We say that we like something (I like fruit.)
• However, in Spanish, we say that that thing is pleasing to us
(Fruit is pleasing to me.)
• The endings in gustar also differ based on the amount of the
objects that is pleasing.
– For examples:
• Me gusta fruta.
– Fruta is singular so we would use gusta.
• Me gustan perros.
– Dogs are plural so we would add n to the end to make it plural as
well.
• You also use IOPS to indicate whether you would use me, le,
te, etc.
9. Affirmative and Negative
Words
Affirmatives Negatives
Alguno/a = some Nadie = no one
Ninguno/a = no
Algo = something
one or not any
Alguin = someone Nada = nothing
Tampoco = neither
Tambien = also
or either
10. Superlatives
• Superlatives are added to adjectives or
adverbs to intensify them.
• They are like English’s versions of very or
If it ends in c
extremely. hen you •Rico becomes
riquisimo
change the c
Feminine •-Isima to qu
Singular If it ends in g
•Larga becomes
then you
change the g larguisima
Feminine •-Isimas
to gu
Plural If it ends in z
then you •Feliz becomes
Masculine •-Isimo
change the z felicimo
Singular to c
Masculine •-Isimos If it ends in n or •Joven becomes jovencisimo
r then you add •Trabajador becomes
Plural on cisimo/a
trabajadorcisimo
11. Reflexives
• Reflexive verbs are verbs that
we do to ourselves like
washing ourselves or brushing
our teeth. We do those things
so they are reflexive. 1. Take off the se
• The subject for reflexive verbs
is also the object. Therefore,
the subject, pronoun, and
verb all have to be in the 2. Change the se to the pronoun
same form. that matches the subject
• All reflexive verbs end in se as
well.
• To conjugate them… 3. Change the verb the form that
• For example… matches the subject and pronoun
• I take a shower would
become yo me ducho.
• You go to sleep would
become tu te duermes.
12. Affirmative tú commands/
Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement
Irregular
With regular affirmative tu With irregular
commands
affirmative tu affirmative tu
Decir Di commands, you have
commands, you
to use the commands
just put the verb in Hacer Haz listed to the right.
the tu form and Ir Ve They are irregulars so
then drop the s. they do not follow the
Poner Pon normal rules. An
Examples of this
example of this would
would be… Salir Sal be…
Eat it --- Comela Ser Se Do the chores --- Haz
Take a bath --- los quehaceres
Banate Tener Ten
Venir Ven
13. Negative tú commands/
Irregulars/ Pronoun Placement
For regular Irregular negative tu For irregular negative
negative tu commands tu commands, you
commands, you have to use the list of
Dar or Decir No des or no
have to put in the igas commands on the
yo form, then left. A example of
change to the Ir No vayas this would be…
opposite vowel (ar Don’t be sad --- No
Ser No seas
verb to e and er, ir estes triste
verb to a), and Hacer No hagas
then add an s. An
Estar No etes
example of this
would be… Saber or salir No sepas or
Do not use my no salgas
brush --- No uses mi
cepillo Tener No tengas
Venir No vengas
14. Sequencing Events
Sequencing Events
Primero First
Entonces Then
Luego Later
Despues After
Por fin Finally
Antes de Before
Despues de After
Por la manana/ In or during the
tardes/ noche morning/ afternoon/
evening
Los Lunes, Martes, etc. On Monday, Tuesday,
etc.
15. Preterits
AR Verbs ER Verbs •Preterits are our version of
past tense. Depending on
Yo E I
whether the verb is an ar
Tu Aste Iste or er verb, you take off the
ending and add which
Ella/El/ O Io
Usted ever ending fits the verb
type and subject.
Nosotros Amos Imos •For an example, I talked
in class would become yo
Vosotros Asteis Isteis
hable en clase.
Ellos/Ellas Aron Ieron
/Ustedes
16. Trigger Words
English Spanish English Spanish
Trigger words
One day Un dia While Mientras
are phrases or
Once Una vez Everyday Cada dia
words that
Yesterday Ayer Often A menudo we use in
At night A noche Many times Muchas
veces
every day
A year ago Hace un ano Every day Todos los dias
language to
Already Ya Always Siempre
give a sense
Last month El mes Once in a De vez en
of time or
pasado while cuando when things
Day before or
yesterday
Anteayer Frequently Frecuenteme
nte
have
happened or
For one hour Por una hora Sometimes A veces
will take
Finally Por fin Twice Dos veces
place.
At eight A las ocho On February El cinco de
Fifth Febrero
17. -Car, -Gar, -Zar
• With some preterits, in the yo form, the endings of
the words have to be changed. Normally with a
verb like hablar you just change it to hable for the
yo form. However, with verbs that end in –car, -
gar, or –zar, you have to change things even
more.
ToCAR JuGAR ComenZAR
Yo Toque Yo Jugue Yo Comence
Tu Tocaste Tu Jugaste Tu Comenzaste
El/Ella/ Toco El/Ella/ Jugo El/Ella/ Usted Comenzo
Usted Usted
Nosotros Comenzamos
Nosotros Tocamos Nosotros Jugamos
Ellos/Ellas/ Tocaron Ellos/Ella/ Jugaron Ellos/Ellas/ Comenzaron
Ustedes Ustedes Ustedes
18. Deber + Infinitive
• The verb deber is like the English version of should.
To say you should do something you would use
the conjugated version of deber to match the
subject and the infinitive form of the verb that you
should be doing.
• For example, I should eat a sandwich would
become yo debo comer un sandwich.
Conjugated Forms of Deber
Yo debo Nosotros debemos
Tu debes Vosotros debais
El/Ella/Usted Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes deben
19. Modal Verbs
• Modal verbs are two verbs that are
paired together. The catch with pairing
these two verbs together is that the first
one is conjugated, but the second verb is
left in its infinitive form.
• An example would be deber + infinitive.
• We would say yo debo beber.
• Not yo debo bebo.
20. Present Progressive
• A present progressive verb in Spanish is
like our verbs that end in –ing.
Then take the verb of what you
Start off with conjustgating the verb estar to are doing, such as drinking or
match your subject eating, and an either ando (ar
verbs) or endo (er/ir verbs)
Estoy bebendo.
I am drinking.
Esta hablando.
She is talking.
Estamos comendo.
We are eating.
•To avoid having three vowels next to each other, change endo
to yendo.
•An example of this would be trayendo.
•When dealing with stem changing verbs, change the e to an i.
21. Adverbs
• Adverbs are used to describe how something is done.
• In English, we usually form an adverb by adding –ly to the
adjective.
• In spanish, we usually form an adverb by adding –mente to
the adjective.
•If the adjective ends in –e, -l, -z, or any other
consonant then just add –mente.
•An example of this would be reciente becoming
Adverbs recientemente.
•If the adjective ends in –o or –a then add –mente
to the feminine form.
•An example of this would be rapido becoming
Adverbs rapidamente.
