This document is a grammar book that provides an overview of key grammatical concepts in Spanish including: stem changers, para usage, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, commands, sequencing events, the preterite tense, trigger words, -car -gar -zar verbs, deber + infinitive, modal verbs, and present progressives. It includes definitions and examples for each concept.

1. Grammar Book
Tito Head

2. Table of Contents
1. Nationalities
2. Stem Changers
3. Para
4. IOP
5. Pronoun placement
6. gustar
7. Affirmatives and Negative words
8. superlatives
9. reflexives
10. affirmative tu commands, irregulars, and pronoun placement
11. negative tu commands
12. sequencing events, irregulars and pronoun placement
13. Preterit
14. Trigger words
15. -car, -gar, -zar
16. Deber + Infinitive
17. Modal Verbs
18. Present Progressives
19. Adverbs

4. Stem Changers
• Boot verbs change only inside the “boot”
• There are four kinds of boot verbs
• o-ue
• e-ie
• e-i
• e-ue Example: jugar

5. Para
When to use para: PRODDS
Purpose: Para is used with an infinitive to express the purpose of
P- purpose doing something. EX: Trabajamos para ganar dinero.
R- recipient Recipient: the intended recipient of an object is indicated with the
preposition para. EX: Yo trajela comida para mi abuela.
O- opinion Opinion: para is used to express a personal opinion. EX: Para mi los
derechos humanos son importantes.
D- destination Destination:para elisbano. to tell the destination of something. EX: Las
toallas son
para used
D- deadline Deadline: Para is used to say a deadline or due date. EX: El proyectoes
para el veinte de mayo.
S- standard Standard: Para is uesd to express something that strays from the
normal in english. Like when saying she’s pretty cool for a teacher. EX:
Su hijo sabe mucho para su edad.

6. Indirect Object Pronouns
Singular: Plural:
Me me Nos us
Te you Os you
Le you, him les you, them
her, it
The indirect Object is the person or thing for whom an action is being or has been
performed, usually indicated in English by the words “to” or “for”
In spanish, the indirect object pronouns go directly before the verb. If the sentence is
negative, the indirect object pronoun still goes directly before the verb.

7. Object Pronoun Placement
• Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
• Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
1. Infinitive
2. Gerund
3. Before conjugated verb
4. Affirmative command

8. Gustar A mi= me gusta
A ti= te gusta
A usted/ a el/ a ella= le gusta
Negative phrase:
A nosotros= nos gusta
“no ______ gusta…?” A ustedes/ a ellas/ a ellos=les gusta
Two infinitives or more, will still be gusta in
singular.
Gusta _____
Gustan_____
Gusta Singular: Me gusta el boligrafo.
Gusta antes de un infinitive: Me gusta hablar espanol.
Gustan antes de un sustantivo plural: Me gustan boligrafos.

9. Affirmative and Negative Words
Affirmative Words: Negative Words:
Algo something Nada nothing
Alguien someone Nadie no one
Algun/alguno some Ningun/ninguno none
Siempre always Nunca never
Tambien also Tampoco neither/either

10. Superlativos
For superlatives we use mas or menos to make
some thing say the most, biggest, or least. To
get those expressions, we use the right
definite article (el, la, los, or las) is used.
Esa revista es la mas interesante en la tienda.
That magazine is the most interesting in the
store.

11. reflexives
• In the reflexive contraction, the subject is also the object.
Levantarse:
1.Conjugate the verb always.
Me Nos
2. Add the reflexive pronouns.
Yo me levanto a las ocho de la manana. Te Os
Position of the pronouns for relxives: Se Se
1.In front of a conjugated verb.
- Me aquesto a las diez de la noche.
2.Attach to a gerund.
-Estoy acuestandome ahora mismo.
3.Attch to an infinitive.
- Voy a acostarme ahora mismo.

12. Affirmative tu commands
Positive: Drop the “s” Irregulars:
Negative: Decir- Di
Hace- Haz
1. Put into “yo” form Ir- Ve
2. Change vowel Ser-Se
Poner- Pon
3. Add ”s” Venir- Ven
Tenir- Ten
Salir- Sal

13. Negative tu commands
Negative: T-tener, no tegas
1. Drop the “s” V-venir, no vengas
D-dar/decir, no des
2. Put into “yo”,
I-ir no vayas
change vowel S-ser, no seas
Ar-e and er, ir-a H- hacer, no hagas
E-estar, no estes
3.Irregular commands: S-saber, no sepas

14. Sequencing events
Use primero when saying the first day of the month.
Primero= 1st
Entonces= then
Luego/despues=then/after
Porfin=finally
Antes de/despues de=before/after
Por la manana/tarde/noche=in/during the
morning/afternoon/night (no specific time is given)
Los lunes, etc.= on monday

15. Preterite
AR: ER/IR
-é -amos -í -imos
Ex: comimos,
Ex: Hablé ex:hablamos Ex:comí,escribi escribimos
-aste -iste
Ex: hablaste Ex:Comiste,
escribiste
-ó -aron -ió -ieron
Ex: comió, Ex: comieron,
Ex: hablò hablaron escribieron
escribio

16. Trigger words
Un día A day
Una vez Once
Ayer Ayer
A noche to night
Hace un año a year ago
Ya already
El mes pasado last month
Ante ayer before yesterday
Por una hora for an hour
Por fin finally
A las ocho at eight o’clock
El cinco de febrero on February 5

17. -car, -gar, -zar
• If a word ends in:
-car change to qué
-gar change to gué
-zar change to cé

18. Deber and infinitives
• Deber= should/ought to
debo debemos
debes debéis
debe deben
Examples: Don’t conjugate the second verb!
Debo el suelo.
Debes la cocina.
Debe la basura.

19. Modal verbs
• When modal verbs are used in modal verb combinations, the
second verb is not conjugated, but rather left in the infinitive
form. You would never say “no puedo nado”
Deber- should; ought to
Desear- to desire
Necesitar- to need
Poder- can, could, might, be able to
Querer- want, would like to
Saber- know, know how to
Soler- usually, used to

20. Present progressives
Irregular present progressives:
• When the stem of an –er or –ir verb ends in a vowel, change the –eiendo
to –yendo to form the present participle.
Ar ando
Er/ir iendo
3 vowels yendo
Present Progressives:
Estoy esperando estamos esperando
estás esperando estáis esperando
Está esperando están esperando
When you use pronouns with the present progressive, you can put them in one of two places.
1. Put pronouns before the conjugated form of estar.
2. Attach them to the end of the present participle.

21. Adverbs
• Change the adjective to feminine
• Add `-mente`
• Cuidadoso change to feminine= cuidadosa
then add –mente= cuidadosamente.
Examples:
Lento Lenta Lentamente
Rápido Rápida Rápidamente