The document provides information on various Spanish grammar topics including: 1. Nationalities and stem-changing verbs 2. The uses of para, a, and de to indicate different meanings 3. Different object pronouns used with singular and plural subjects 4. Forming reflexive verbs and examples of common irregular reflexive verbs 5. Ways to indicate sequencing of events in Spanish including first, then, before, after, etc.

1. Christina Hoggs

2.  1. Nationalities
 2. Stem-Changing Verbs
 3. Para
 4. IOP
 5. Pronoun Placement
 6. Gustar
 7. Affirmative/Negative Words
 8. Superlatives
 9. Reflexives
 10. Affirmative Tu Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement
 11. Negative Tu Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement
 12. Sequencing Events

4. O to UE (Contar) E to IE (Entender)
Cuento Contamos Entiendo Entendemos
Cuentas Contais Entiendes Entendeis
Cuenta Cuentan Entiende Entienden
E to I (Servir) U to UE (Jugar)
Sirvo Servimos Juego Jugamos
Sirves Servis Juegas Jugais
Sirve Sirvemos Juega Juegan

5. To indicate destination
To show how something is used
To indicate a recipient
To express a deadline or specific time
To express a contrast from what’s expected
To mean “in order to” or “for the purpose of”

6. Te (you
informal)
Le (you formal,
Me (me)
him, or her)
Sngular
IOP
Os (you
all
familiar)
Les
Nos (us)
(them)
Plural
IOP

7.  Juan me da el dinero Juan gives me the money
 Sara les compra un regalo Sara buys them a gift
 Trudy me dice un relato Trudy tells me a story
 El mesero les da el menu The waiter gives them
the menu
 Nosotros les dan la pelota We give them the ball

8. Attached to an • Suzie darle la lechuga
infinitive • Tim comprarme el arroz
Attached to a • Estoy mirandolo
gerund
Before a • Me despierto en mi cama
conjugated verb • Te acuestas a las once

9. Singular Gustar
Me gusta la plata Nos gusta plata
Te gusta la plata Os gusta la plata
Le gusta la plata Les gusta la plata
Plural Gustar
Me gustan las ideas Nos gustan las
ideas
Te gustan las ideas Os gustan las
ideas
Le gustan las ideas Les gustan las
ideas

10. Algo Alguien
Nada (Nothing) Nadie (No one)
(Something) (Someone)
Algun/alguno(a) Siempre Ningun/Ninguno(a)
Nunca (Never)
(Some) (Always) (None, Not any)
Tampoco
Tambien (Also) (Neither, Either)

11. Adjectives and adverbs
Equivalent to extremely or
ending in c, g, or z change Adjectives that end in n or r
very before an adjective or
spelling to qu, gu, and c form by adding cisimo/a
adverb
respectively
• Malo > Malisimo • Rico > Riquisimo • Joven > jovencisimo
• Muchas > Muchisimas • Feliz > Felicismo • Trabajador >
• Dificil > Dificilismo • Larga > Larguisima Trabajadorcisimo

12.  In reflexive verbs, the subject is always the
object
2. Add the
1. Conjugate
reflexive
How to form verb
pronouns (me,
reflexive verbs (o, as, a, amos, ai
te, se, nos, os,
s, an)
se)
Ex. Me despierto

13. Di Decir
Haz Hacer
Ve Ir
Pon Poner Put into 3rd
Sal Salir person Keep in tu form
Se Ser and drop s
Ten Tener
Ven Venir
When using a pronoun with an affirmative tu command, the pronoun
attaches to the end of the command
Ex. Cruza el parque > Cruzalo

14. Tener No tengas
Venir No vengas
Dar/decir No
des/digas
Ir No vayas 1. Put in yo form 2. Change vowell (e/I to
a and a to e)
3. Add s
Ser/salir No •Como •Coma •Comas
seas/salgas
Hacer No hagas
Estar No este’s
Saber No sepas
Object pronouns precede the verbs in negative commands, just
like other conjugated verbs
Ex. No lo uses (Don’t use it)

15. Primero Entonces
(First) (Then)
Antes de (Before) Despues de (After)
Luego Despues
(Later) (After) Por la
Los lunes, etc. (On
manana/tarde/noche
Mondays, etc.)
(in/during the (NO
Reoccurring
SPECIFIC TIME GIVEN))
Por fin
(Finally)