Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. This powerpoint Presentation includes all steps of glycolysis.
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. This powerpoint Presentation includes all steps of glycolysis.
Gluconeogenesis: Defined as biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
-Gluconeogenesis: an intro
-Thermodynamic Barriers (Each barrier detail explanation)
- Energetics of gluconeogenesis
-Substrates of gluconeogenesis (each substrate and pathway explained)
-Regulation of Gluconeogenesis, hormonal and transcriptional regulation
A detailed account of process of gluconeogenesis with mechanisms of important enzymes.We shall also talk extensively about why the process is not the reversible o glycolysis as is commonly perceived. Also focused on its regulatory aspect in conjunction with glycolysis.
This ppt has been presented as seminar in Department of Biochemistry ,C.C.S. university, Meerut.in front of all faculty members for the detailed discussion on this topic. Hope this will help you to go through the concept in an easy manner.
Gluconeogenesis: Defined as biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
-Gluconeogenesis: an intro
-Thermodynamic Barriers (Each barrier detail explanation)
- Energetics of gluconeogenesis
-Substrates of gluconeogenesis (each substrate and pathway explained)
-Regulation of Gluconeogenesis, hormonal and transcriptional regulation
A detailed account of process of gluconeogenesis with mechanisms of important enzymes.We shall also talk extensively about why the process is not the reversible o glycolysis as is commonly perceived. Also focused on its regulatory aspect in conjunction with glycolysis.
This ppt has been presented as seminar in Department of Biochemistry ,C.C.S. university, Meerut.in front of all faculty members for the detailed discussion on this topic. Hope this will help you to go through the concept in an easy manner.
Gluconeogenesis- Steps, Regulation and clinical significanceNamrata Chhabra
Gluconeogenesis- Thermodynamic barriers, substrates of gluconeogenesis, reciprocal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, biological and clinical significance
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Dr. Dhiraj J. Trivedi presenting Lecture on Carbohydrate metabolism for medical students.
Professor, SDM College of Medical Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
Complete Set of Metabolism of Carbohydrate in that second chapter, glycolysis.
This presentation covers complete glycolysis pathway with step wise animated reactions and it includes clinical aspects also. This presentation is good for MBBS students.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM : GLYCOLYSIS
Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. Glycolysis consists of an energy-requiring phase followed by an energy-releasing phase.
What is glycolysis?
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. Glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway, meaning that it evolved long ago, and it is found in the great majority of organisms alive today^{2,3}
2,3
start superscript, 2, comma, 3, end superscript.
In organisms that perform cellular respiration, glycolysis is the first stage of this process. However, glycolysis doesn’t require oxygen, and many anaerobic organisms—organisms that do not use oxygen—also have this pathway.
Similar to Gluconeogenesis for medical school (20)
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Chemistry of carbohydrates Part-1 Monosaccharides
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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MIP 201T & MPH 202T
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
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www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
4. Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in liver.
Gluconeogenesis occurs to a more limited extent in
kidney & small intestine under some conditions.
Synthesis of glucose from pyruvate utilizes many of
the same enzymes as Glycolysis.
Three Glycolysis reactions have such a large
negative ∆G that they are essentially irreversible.
Hexokinase (or Glucokinase)
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate Kinase.
These steps must be bypassed in
Gluconeogenesis.
Two of the bypass reactions involve simple
6. General Features
Tissues:
liver (80%)
kidneys (20%)
Subcellular location of
enzymes
pyruvate carboxylase:
mitochondrial
glucose-6-phosphatase:
ER
all other enzymes
cytoplasmic
7. Pathway of Gluconeogenesis
The distinctive reactions and
enzymes of this pathway are shown
in red.
The other reactions are common to
glycolysis. The enzymes for
gluconeogenesis are located in the
cytosol, except for pyruvate
carboxylase (in the mitochondria)
and glucose 6-phosphatase
(membrane bound in the
endoplasmic reticulum).
The entry points for lactate,
glycerol, and amino acids are
shown.
8. Compartmental Cooperation
Oxaloacetate utilized in the cytosol
for gluconeogenesis is formed in
the mitochondrial matrix by
carboxylation of pyruvate.
Oxaloacetate leaves the
mitochondrion by a specific
transport system (not shown) in the
form of malate, which is reoxidized
to oxaloacetate in the cytosol.
9. Generation of Glucose from Glucose 6-Phosphate
Several endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins play a role in the generation of
glucose from glucose 6-phosphate. T1 transports glucose 6-phosphate into
the lumen of the ER, whereas T2 and T3 transport Pi and glucose,
respectively, back into the cytosol. Glucose 6-phosphatase is stabilized by a
Ca2+-binding protein (SP).
12. Malate Shuttle
OAA produced in
mitochondria
mitochondrial membrane
impermeable to OAA
malate transporter in mito.
Membrane
malate dehydrogenase in
both mito and cyto
NADH produced in cyto
also used in
gluconeogenesis.
16. Glycolysis & Gluconeogenesis are both spontaneous.
If both pathways were simultaneously active in a cell, it would
constitute a "futile cycle" that would waste energy.
Glycolysis:
glucose + 2 NAD+
+ 2 ADP + 2 Pi
2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2
ATP
Gluconeogenesis:
2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 4 ATP + 2 GTP
glucose + 2 NAD+
+ 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 Pi
Questions:
1. Glycolysis yields how many ~P ?
2. Gluconeogenesis expends how many ~P ?
3. A futile cycle of both pathways would waste how many
~P per cycle ?
2
6
4
21. Precursers for gluconeogenesis
Alanine and other amino acids
transamination of pyruvate
pyruvate derived from glycolysis or from amino acid degradation
alanine cycle
22. Hexokinase or Glucokinase (Glycolysis) catalyzes:
glucose + ATP glucose-6-phosphate +
ADP
Glucose-6-Phosphatase (Gluconeogenesis)
catalyzes:
glucose-6-phosphate + H2
O glucose + Pi
H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
OH
HH O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OPO3
2−
H
OH
H
H2O
1
6
5
4
3 2
+ Pi
glucose-6-phosphate glucose
Glucose-6-phosphatase
23. H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
OH
HH O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OPO3
2−
H
OH
H
H2O
1
6
5
4
3 2
+ Pi
glucose-6-phosphate glucose
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme is embedded in the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in liver cells.
The catalytic site is found to be exposed to the ER lumen.
Another subunit may function as a translocase, providing
access of substrate to the active site.
24. Phosphofructokinase (Glycolysis) catalyzes:
fructose-6-P + ATP fructose-1,6-bisP + ADP
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (Gluconeogenesis)
catalyzes:
fructose-1,6-bisP + H2
O fructose-6-P + Pi
fructose-6-phosphate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Phosphofructokinase →
CH2OPO3
2−
OH
CH2OH
H
OH H
H HO
O
6
5
4 3
2
1 CH2OPO3
2−
OH
CH2OPO3
2−
H
OH H
H HO
O
6
5
4 3
2
1
ATP ADP
Pi H2O
←Fructose-1,6-biosphosphatase
25. Bypass of Pyruvate Kinase:
Pyruvate Kinase (last step of Glycolysis)
catalyzes:
phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP pyruvate
+ ATP
For bypass of the Pyruvate Kinase reaction, cleavage of 2
~P bonds is required.
∆G for cleavage of one ~P bond of ATP is insufficient to
drive synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
PEP has a higher negative ∆G of phosphate hydrolysis
than ATP.
26. Bypass of Pyruvate Kinase (2 enzymes):
Pyruvate Carboxylase (Gluconeogenesis) catalyzes:
pyruvate + HCO3
−
+ ATP oxaloacetate + ADP +
Pi
PEP Carboxykinase (Gluconeogenesis) catalyzes:
oxaloacetate + GTP PEP + GDP + CO2
C
C
CH2
O O−
OPO3
2−
C
C
CH3
O O−
O
ATP ADP + Pi C
CH2
C
C
O
O O−
O−
O
HCO3
−
GTP GDP
CO2
pyruvate oxaloacetate PEP
Pyruvate Carboxylase PEP Carboxykinase
27. Biotin has a 5-C side chain whose terminal
carboxyl is in amide linkage to the ε-amino
group of an enzyme lysine.
The biotin & lysine side chains form a long
swinging arm that allows the biotin ring to
swing back & forth between 2 active sites.
Pyruvate
Carboxylase
uses biotin
as prosthetic
group.
CHCH
H2C
S
CH
NH
C
HN
O
(CH2)4 C NH (CH2)4 CH
CO
NH
O
biotin
N subject to
carboxylation
lysine
residue
lysine
28. Biotin carboxylation is catalyzed at one active site of
Pyruvate Carboxylase.
ATP reacts with HCO3
−
to yield carboxyphosphate.
The carboxyl is transferred from this ~P intermediate to N of
a ureido group of the biotin ring. Overall:
biotin + ATP + HCO3
−
carboxybiotin + ADP + Pi
carboxyphosphate
CHCH
H2C
S
CH
NH
C
N
O
(CH2)4 C NH (CH2)4 CH
CO
NH
O
C
O
-O
carboxybiotin
lysine
residue
29. At the other
active site of
Pyruvate
Carboxylase the
activated CO2 is
transferred from
biotin to
pyruvate:
carboxybiotin
+ pyruvate
biotin +
oxaloacetate
CHCH
H2C
S
CH
NH
C
N
O
(CH2)4 C NH R
O
C
O
-OC
C
CH3
O O−
O
C
CH2
C
C
O
O O−
O−
O
CHCH
H2C
S
CH
NH
C
HN
O
(CH2)4 C NH R
O
carboxybiotin
pyruvate
oxaloacetate
biotin
30. PEP Carboxykinase catalyzes GTP-dependent
oxaloacetate → PEP. It is thought to proceed in 2 steps:
Oxaloacetate is first decarboxylated to yield a pyruvate
enolate anion intermediate.
Phosphate transfer from GTP then yields
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
C
C
CH2
O O−
OPO3
2−
C
CH2
C
C
O
O O−
O−
O
CO2
C
C
CH2
O O−
O−
GTP GDP
oxaloacetate PEP
PEP Carboxykinase Reaction
31. Coordinated Regulation of
Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis and
Glycolysis are regulated by
similar effector molecues but in
the opposite direction
avoid futile cycles
PK vs PC & PEPCK
PFK-1 vs FDP’tase
GK vs G6P’tase
32. Coordinated Regulation of
Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis
Regulation of enzyme
quantity
Fasting: glucagon, cortisol
induces gluconeogenic
enzymes
represses glycolytic enzymes
liver making glucose
Feeding: insulin
induces glycolytic enzymes
represses gluconeogenic
enzymes
liver using glucose
33.
34. Coordinated Regulation of
Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis
Short-term Hormonal Effects
Glucagon, Insulin
cAMP & F2,6P2
PFK-2 & FBPase-2
A Bifunctional enzyme
cAMP
Inactivates PFK-2
Activates FBPase-2
Decreases F2,6P2
Reduces activation of PFK-1
Reduces inhibition of FBPase-1
Low blood sugar results in
Hi gluconeogenesis
Lo glycolysis
35. Coordinated Regulation of
Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis
Allosteric Effects
Pyruvate kinase vs Pyruvate carboxylase
PK - Inhibited by ATP and alanine
PC - Activated by acetyl CoA
Fasting results in gluconeogenesis
PFK-1 vs FBPase-1
FBPase-1 inhibited by AMP & F2,6P2
PFK-1 activated by AMP and & F2,6P2
Feeding results in glycolysis
36. Reciprocal Regulation of Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis in the Liver
The level of fructose
2,6-bisphosphate is
high in the fed state
and low in starvation.
Another important
control is the inhibition
of pyruvate kinase
by phosphorylation
during starvation.