Gluconeogenesis: Defined as biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
-Gluconeogenesis: an intro
-Thermodynamic Barriers (Each barrier detail explanation)
- Energetics of gluconeogenesis
-Substrates of gluconeogenesis (each substrate and pathway explained)
-Regulation of Gluconeogenesis, hormonal and transcriptional regulation
Gluconeogenesis: Defined as biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
-Gluconeogenesis: an intro
-Thermodynamic Barriers (Each barrier detail explanation)
- Energetics of gluconeogenesis
-Substrates of gluconeogenesis (each substrate and pathway explained)
-Regulation of Gluconeogenesis, hormonal and transcriptional regulation
Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products. Though often maligned in trendy diets, carbohydrates — one of the basic food groups — are important to a healthy diet.
intro of glycolysis there cycle and step - function-significance-defination-glucogenesis cycle-significance of gluconeogenesis-function of gluconeogenesis-conclusion
This PPT contains content of Gluconeogenesis, Steps involved in Gluconeogenesis, (Gluconeogenesis from Pyruvate, Gluconeogenesis from lactate, Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, Gluconeogenesis from glycerol, Gluconeogenesis from Propionate), Regulation and significance of Gluconeogenesis
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM : GLYCOLYSIS
Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. Glycolysis consists of an energy-requiring phase followed by an energy-releasing phase.
What is glycolysis?
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. Glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway, meaning that it evolved long ago, and it is found in the great majority of organisms alive today^{2,3}
2,3
start superscript, 2, comma, 3, end superscript.
In organisms that perform cellular respiration, glycolysis is the first stage of this process. However, glycolysis doesn’t require oxygen, and many anaerobic organisms—organisms that do not use oxygen—also have this pathway.
Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products. Though often maligned in trendy diets, carbohydrates — one of the basic food groups — are important to a healthy diet.
intro of glycolysis there cycle and step - function-significance-defination-glucogenesis cycle-significance of gluconeogenesis-function of gluconeogenesis-conclusion
This PPT contains content of Gluconeogenesis, Steps involved in Gluconeogenesis, (Gluconeogenesis from Pyruvate, Gluconeogenesis from lactate, Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, Gluconeogenesis from glycerol, Gluconeogenesis from Propionate), Regulation and significance of Gluconeogenesis
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM : GLYCOLYSIS
Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. Glycolysis consists of an energy-requiring phase followed by an energy-releasing phase.
What is glycolysis?
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. Glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway, meaning that it evolved long ago, and it is found in the great majority of organisms alive today^{2,3}
2,3
start superscript, 2, comma, 3, end superscript.
In organisms that perform cellular respiration, glycolysis is the first stage of this process. However, glycolysis doesn’t require oxygen, and many anaerobic organisms—organisms that do not use oxygen—also have this pathway.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
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The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
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on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
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Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
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Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
3. Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis is the process whereby precursors
such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids
are converted to glucose.
Fasting requires all the glucose to be synthesized
from these non-carbohydrate precursors.
Most precursors must enter the Krebs cycle at some
point to be converted to oxaloacetate.
Oxaloacetate is the starting material for
gluconeogenesis
4.
5. Pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate before
being changed to Phosphoenolpyruvate
1. Pyruvate carboxylase catalyses the ATP-driven
formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate and CO2
2. PEP carboxykinase (PEPCK) concerts oxaloacetate
to PEP that uses GTP as a phosphorylating agent.
7. Gluconeogenesis is not just the reverse
of glycolysis
Several steps are different so that control of one
pathway does not inactivate the other. However
many steps are the same. Three steps are different
from glycolysis.
1 Pyruvate to PEP
2 Fructose 1,6- bisphosphate to Fructose-6-
phosphate
3 Glucose-6-Phosphate to Glucose
8.
9. Biotin is an essential nutrient
There is hardly any deficiencies for biotin because it
is abundant and bacteria in the large intestine also
make it.
However, deficiencies have been seen and are nearly
always linked to the consumption of raw eggs.
Raw eggs contain Avidin a protein that binds biotin
with a Kd = 10-15 (that is one tight binding reaction!)
It is thought that Avidin protects eggs from bacterial
invasion by binding bioitin and killing bacteria.
11. Acetyl-CoA regulates pyruvate
carboxylase
Increases in oxaloacetate concentrations increase
the activity of the Krebs cycle and acetyl-CoA is a
allosteric activator of the carboxylase. However
when ATP and NADH concentrations are high and
the Krebs cycle is inhibited, oxaloacetate goes to
glucose.
12. Transport between the mitochondria
and the cytosol
Generation of oxaloacetate occurs in the mito-
chondria only, but, gluconeogenesis occurs in the
cytosol. PEPCK is distributed between both
compartments in humans, while in mice, it is only
found in the cytosol. In rabbits, it is found in the
mitochondria. Either PEP must be transported
across the membranes or oxaloacetate has to be
transported. PEP transport systems are seen in the
mitochondria but oxaloacetate can not be trans-
ported directly in or out of the mitochondria.
13.
14. Hydrolytic reactions bypass PFK and
Hexokinase
The hydrolysis of fructose-1,6-phosphate and
glucose-6- phosphate are separate enzymes from
glycolysis. Glucose-6-phosphatase is only found in
the liver and kidney. The liver is the primary organ
for gluconeogenesis.
Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi
2Pyruvate +2NADH + 4H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O
2Pyruvate +2NADH + 4H+ + 4ATP + 2GTP + 6H2O
glucose + 2NAD+ + 4ATP + 2GDP + 4Pi
2ATP + 2GTP + 4H2O 2ADP + 2GTP + 4Pi
18. Fructose-6-phosphate
PFK-2 PFK-2 F2,6Pase F2,6Pase
Fructose-2,6-bisPhosphate
Fructose-1,6-bisPhosphate
P
P
PFK-1 FBPase
(+) (-)
cAMP-dependent protein kinase
AMP (+)
ATP (-)
Citrate (-)
AMP (-)
AMP (+)
F-6-P (+)
citrate (-)
F-6-P (-)
Hormonal control of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
19.
20. The glyoxylate pathway
Only plants have the ability to convert acetyl-CoA to
Oxaloacetate directly without producing reducing equilivents
of NADH. This is done in the glyoxyzome, separate from the
mitochondria and allows a replenishment of oxaloacetate.
Isocitrate lyase - cleaves isocitrate into succinate and
glyoxylate. The succinate goes to the mitochondria
Malate synthase makes malate from glyoxylate and Acetyl-
CoA.
The Oxaloacetate can go directly to carbohydrate synthesis.
21.
22.
23. Glycogen Storage
• Glycogen is a D-glucose polymer
• a(14) linkages
• a(16) linked branches every 8-14
residues
24. Glycogen Breakdown or Glycogenolysis
• Three steps
– Glycogen phosphorylase
Glycogen + Pi <-> glycogen + G1P
(n residues) (n-1 residues)
– Glycogen debranching
– Phosphofructomutase
