1) There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, tRNA transfers amino acids during protein synthesis, and rRNA makes up the ribosomes.
2) Transcription copies one DNA strand into mRNA which moves to ribosomes for translation. During translation, tRNAs match their anticodons to mRNA codons and add the corresponding amino acids.
3) Mutations in DNA can lead to production of defective proteins through altered mRNA and incorrect amino acid sequences, resulting in genetic diseases.
GENETIC CODE
HISTORY AND DISCOVERY
FEATURES OF GENETIC CODE
IMPORTANCE
DEGENERATE CODON
UNAMBIGUOUS NATURE OF CODON
CODON ON mRNA AND ANTICODON ON t RNA
GENETIC CODE
HISTORY AND DISCOVERY
FEATURES OF GENETIC CODE
IMPORTANCE
DEGENERATE CODON
UNAMBIGUOUS NATURE OF CODON
CODON ON mRNA AND ANTICODON ON t RNA
Genetic Information Transfer (Biology for Engineers)Dr. Arun Sharma
Information Transfer: Purpose: The molecular basis of coding and
decoding genetic information is universal. Molecular basis of information
transfer. DNA as a genetic material. Hierarchy of DNA structure- from
single stranded to double helix to nucleosomes. Concept of genetic code.
Universality and degeneracy of genetic code. Define gene in terms of
complementation and recombination.
Dr. Karthikeyan Pethusamy MD DNB (Biochemistry) explains the genetic code for the undergraduate students. Don't miss the YouTube video attached. The video is made with the same power point file.
Genetic Information Transfer (Biology for Engineers)Dr. Arun Sharma
Information Transfer: Purpose: The molecular basis of coding and
decoding genetic information is universal. Molecular basis of information
transfer. DNA as a genetic material. Hierarchy of DNA structure- from
single stranded to double helix to nucleosomes. Concept of genetic code.
Universality and degeneracy of genetic code. Define gene in terms of
complementation and recombination.
Dr. Karthikeyan Pethusamy MD DNB (Biochemistry) explains the genetic code for the undergraduate students. Don't miss the YouTube video attached. The video is made with the same power point file.
En esta presentación trataremos el tema de "ADN".
El ácido desoxirribonucleico, abreviado como ADN, es un ácido nucleido que contiene las instrucciones genéticas usadas en el desarrollo y funcionamiento de todos los organismos vivos conocidos y algunos virus, y es responsable de su transmisión hereditaria. La función principal de la molécula de ADN es el almacenamiento a largo plazo de información. Muchas veces, el ADN es comparado con un plano o una receta, o un código, ya que contiene las instrucciones necesarias para construir otros componentes de las células, como las proteínas y las moléculas de ARN. Los segmentos de ADN que llevan esta información genética son llamados genes, pero las otras secuencias de ADN tienen propósitos estructurales o toman parte en la regulación del uso de esta información genética.
This presentation deals with the ‘Central Dogma’ which is briefly the process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional product. It was first proposed in 1958 by Francis Crick, discoverer of the structure of DNA.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
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This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
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A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
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Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
2. Types of RNA
• Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries genetic information for protein
synthesis from DNA in nucleus to the
ribosomes
• Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Small molecules of 20 types that recognize
and transfer amino acids for protein synthesis
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Makes up 2/3 of ribosomes (1/3 protein) where
protein synthesis takes place
2
3. Transcription
• Genetic information contained
in nucleus
• One strand of DNA is copied
• Complementary bases build mRNA
DNA(1 strand) mRNA
• In mRNA uracil (U) complements A (DNA)
• New mRNA moves out of nucleus to
ribosomes in cytoplasm
3
4. Genetic Code
• Needed to build a particular protein
• The sequence of amino acids is coded by
the mRNA
• Each triplet of bases along mRNA codes
for an amino acid
• The triplet are called codons
• Codons are known for all 20 amino acids
• Some codons signal the “start” and “end”
of a polypeptide chain
4
5. Codons and Amino Acids
Suppose that a section of a mRNA has the
following series of bases.
CCU–AGC –GGA –CUU
Use a codon reference to determine the order of
amino acids
CCU = Proline AGC = Serine
GGA = Glycine CUU = Leucine
The mRNA codes for the peptide chain of
Pro –Ser –Gly –Leu
5
6. Learning Check G1
What is the order of amino acids coded for by
a section of RNA with the base sequence GCC
–GUA –GAC ?
GGC = Glycine GAC = Aspartic acid
CUC = Leucine GUA =Valine
GCC = Alanine CGC = Arginine
6
7. Solution G1
GGC = Glycine GAC = Aspartic acid
CUC = Leucine GUA =Valine
GCC = Alanine CGC = Arginine
GCC –GUA –GAC
Ala – Val – Asp
7
9. Anticodons on tRNA
• A three-base sequence on each tRNA
• Complements a triplet on mRNA
Pro
anticodon
GGG
CCC
codon on mRNA 9
10. Initiation and Elongation
• mRNA attaches to a ribosome
• tRNA with anticodon UAC binds to first codon
(AUG) to initiate synthesis
• The second codon picks up a tRNA with the
proper anticodon.
• A peptide bond forms between the amino
acids at the first and second codons.
• The first tRNA detaches and the ribosome
shifts to the next codon on the mRNA
10
11. Peptide Formation
Peptide starts to form
Met
Met Ser Ser Leu
UAC AGA AGA GAG
• •• • •• • • • •• •
AUG UCU CUC UCU CUC UUU
11
12. Termination
• Protein grows as tRNAs bring amino acids to
the codons on the mRNA
• When all amino acids for a protein are linked
the next codon is “stop”
• There is no tRNA for the “stop” codon
• Protein synthesis ends
• Protein released from ribosome
12
13. Learning Check G2
Match the following processes in protein
synthesis with the statements:
(1) Activation (2) Initiation
(3) Elongation (4) Termination
A. Ribosome moves along mRNA to add new amino
acids to a growing peptide chain
B. Completed peptide chain released
C. A tRNA attaches to its specific amino acid
D. tRNA binds to the AUG codon of the mRNA on
the ribosome 13
14. Solution G2
Match the following processes in protein
synthesis with the statements:
(1) Activation (2) Initiation
(3) Elongation (4) Termination
A. (3) Ribosome moves along mRNA to add new
amino acids to a growing peptide chain
B. (4) Completed peptide chain released
C. (1) A tRNA attaches to its specific amino acid
D. (2) tRNA binds to the AUG codon of the mRNA
on the ribosome 14
15. Learning Check G3
The following section of DNA is used to build
a mRNA for a protein.
GAA-CCC-TTT
A. What is the corresponding base sequence
on mRNA?
B. What are the anticodons for the tRNAs?
C. What is the amino acid order in the
peptide?
15
16. Solution G3
GAA-CCC-TTT
A. What is the corresponding base sequence
on mRNA?
CUU-GGG-AAA
B. What are the anticodons for the tRNAs?
GAA CCC UUU
C. What is the amino acid order in the
peptide?
Leu-Gly-Lys
16
17. Mutations
• Caused by mutagens such as radiation and
chemicals
• Alter the nucleotide sequence of DNA
• Produce an incorrect series of codons in the
mRNA from the altered DNA
• A different codon binds with a different tRNA
• The protein has one or more wrong amino
acids in the peptide sequence
• Can result in a defective protein or enzyme
17