The genetic code is a dictionary that translates nucleotide sequences into amino acid sequences. It is composed of 64 codons that are read in groups of three nucleotides. The genetic code is universal, unambiguous, redundant, and non-overlapping. It specifies 20 standard amino acids through 61 codons, while 3 codons are stop signals that terminate protein synthesis. The code allows for wobbling in base pairing at the third position of codons, increasing decoding efficiency. Mutations can alter protein sequences through changes to codons.
Genetic code, Deciphering of genetic code, properties of genetic code, Initiation & termination of codons, Gene Mutation, non sense codon, release factors, Transition , Trans versions
Genetic code, Deciphering of genetic code, properties of genetic code, Initiation & termination of codons, Gene Mutation, non sense codon, release factors, Transition , Trans versions
Each cell in the human contains all the genetic material for the growth and development of a human
Some of these genes will be need to be expressed all the time
These are the genes that are involved in of vital biochemical processes such as respiration
Other genes are not expressed all the time
They are switched on an off at need
it describes transcription with simple diagram and animation. its steps and inhibitors are described for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. it will be easily understood by UG students . post transcriptional modification of all the RNA are also described with diagrams.
It is the DNA located in the mitochondria.Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria.
They are double stranded circular DNA molecule.
It is only 16 kb in length – contains 16,600 bp.
It is haploid in nature.
It codes for 37 genes.
13 genes provide instructions for making enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
It is a process that uses oxygen and simple sugars to create ATP, the cells main energy source.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Transcription is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because
eukaryotes possess three different classes of RNA polymerases and because of the
way in which transcripts are processed to their functional forms.
More proteins and transcription factors are involved in eukaryotic transcription.
Each cell in the human contains all the genetic material for the growth and development of a human
Some of these genes will be need to be expressed all the time
These are the genes that are involved in of vital biochemical processes such as respiration
Other genes are not expressed all the time
They are switched on an off at need
it describes transcription with simple diagram and animation. its steps and inhibitors are described for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. it will be easily understood by UG students . post transcriptional modification of all the RNA are also described with diagrams.
It is the DNA located in the mitochondria.Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria.
They are double stranded circular DNA molecule.
It is only 16 kb in length – contains 16,600 bp.
It is haploid in nature.
It codes for 37 genes.
13 genes provide instructions for making enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
It is a process that uses oxygen and simple sugars to create ATP, the cells main energy source.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Transcription is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because
eukaryotes possess three different classes of RNA polymerases and because of the
way in which transcripts are processed to their functional forms.
More proteins and transcription factors are involved in eukaryotic transcription.
Make JSF more type-safe with CDI and MyFaces CODIos890
These slides show how to use type-safe mechanisms provided by MyFaces CODI for developing JSF applications which are more type-safe and easier to maintain.
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Trabajo de biología realizado por la alumna de 5to. año de secundaria con la finalidad de apoyar a la población juvenil con la realizacion de trabajos.
Gracias.
The slide presenting the Importance of genetic code and discusses how does the genetic code deduced that brings in the entire understanding of Genetic today.
I am a IB HL Biology Student. Our teacher asks students to give lectures, I gave my lecture on Transcription and Translation. Please read through slide notes, should be quite helpful. Also contains some past paper questions.
GENETIC CODE
HISTORY AND DISCOVERY
FEATURES OF GENETIC CODE
IMPORTANCE
DEGENERATE CODON
UNAMBIGUOUS NATURE OF CODON
CODON ON mRNA AND ANTICODON ON t RNA
Genetic code is a dictionary that corresponds with sequence of nucleotides and sequence of amino acids.
Genetic code is a set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material(DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells.
Term given By ″ Goerge Gamow ʺ
The sequence of nucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that determines the amino acid sequence of proteins. Though the linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA contains the information for protein sequences, proteins are not made directly from DNA. Instead, a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is synthesized from the DNA and directs the formation of the protein. RNA is composed of four nucleotides: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil."(U)."
Genetic Code. A comprehensive overview..pdfmughalgumar440
The genetic code serves as nature's instruction manual, dictating how genetic information is translated into proteins essential for life. Comprised of codons which code for specific amino acid or signaling the start or end of protein synthesis. This code exhibits redundancy and universality across organisms, In essence, the genetic code is the foundation of biological diversity and functionality, shaping the characteristics and functions of all living beings.
STRUCTURE OF GENE and genetic code in animals pptIrfanBhat44
Structure of gene and genetic code
It permits essentially the same complement of enzymes and other proteins to be specified by microorganisms varying widely in their DNA base composition.
Degeneracy also provides a mechanism of minimising mutational lethality.
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Genetic code
1. Genetic code and its characteristics
Biochemistry For Medics
www.namrata.co
Biochemistry For Medics
1
2. Flow of genetic information
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the
two-step process, transcription and translation, by which
the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA →
RNA → protein.
Biochemistry For Medics 2
3. Introduction
The pathway of protein synthesis is called Translation
because the language of nucleotide sequence on
mRNA is translated in to the language of an amino
acid sequence. The process of Translation requires a
Genetic code, through which the information
contained in nucleic acid sequence is expressed to
produce a specific sequence of amino acids.
Biochemistry For Medics 3
4. Introduction – Genetic Code
The letters A, G, T and C correspond to the
nucleotides found in DNA. They are organized
into codons.
The collection of codons is called Genetic
code.
For 20 amino acids there should be 20
codons.
Each codon should have 3 nucleotides to
impart specificity to each of the amino acid for
a specific codon
1 Nucleotide- 4 combinations
2 Nucleotides 16 combinations
3 Nucleotides- 64 combinations ( Most suited
for 20 amino acids)
Biochemistry For Medics 4
5. Genetic Code
Genetic code is a dictionary that
corresponds with sequence of
nucleotides and sequence of Amino
Acids.
Words in dictionary are in the form of
codons
Each codon is a triplet of nucleotides
64 codons in total and three out of
these are Non Sense codons.
61 codons for 20 amino acids
Biochemistry For Medics 5
7. Genetic Code-Characteristics
Specificity- Genetic code is specific
(Unambiguous)
A specific codon always codes for the
same amino acid.
e.g. UUU codes for Phenyl Alanine, it
can not code for any other amino acid.
Biochemistry For Medics 7
8. Genetic Code-Universal
Universal- In all living organism Genetic
code is the same.
The exception to universality is found in
mitochondrial codons where AUA codes
for methionine and UGA for tryptophan,
instead of isoleucine and termination
codon respectively of cytoplasmic protein
synthesizing machinery.
AGA and AGG code for Arginine in
cytoplasm but in mitochondria they are
termination codons.
Biochemistry For Medics 8
9. Genetic Code-Redundant
Redundant- Genetic code is Redundant, also called
Degenerate.
Although each codon corresponds to a single amino acid but
a single amino acid can have multiple codons. Except
Tryptophan and Methionine each amino acid has multiple
codons.
Biochemistry For Medics 9
10. Genetic Code- Non Overlapping
and Non Punctuated
All codons are independent sets of 3
bases.
There is no overlapping ,
Codon is read from a fixed starting
point as a continuous sequence of
bases, taken three at a time.
The starting point is extremely
important and this is called Reading
frame.
Biochemistry For Medics 10
11. Non Sense Codons
There are 3 codons out of 64 in genetic code which do not
encode for any Amino Acid.
These are called termination codons or stop codons or
nonsense codons. The stop codons are UAA, UAG, and
UGA. They encode no amino acid. The ribosome pauses and
falls off the mRNA.
Biochemistry For Medics 11
12. Initiator codon
AUG is the initiator codon in majority
of proteins-
In a few cases GUG may be the
initiator codon
Methionine is the only amino acid
specified by just one codon, AUG.
Biochemistry For Medics 12
13. Wobbling phenomenon
The rules of base pairing are relaxed
at the third position, so that a base
can pair with more than one
complementary base.
Some tRNA anticodons
have Inosine at the third position.
Inosine can pair with U, C, or A. This
means that we don't need 61 different
tRNA molecules, only half as many
are required.
Biochemistry For Medics 13
14. Wobbling phenomenon
First two bases in Codon in m RNA(5’-3’)
base pair traditionally with the 2 nd and
3rd base of the Anticodon in t RNA(5’-3’)
Non traditional base pairing is observed
between the third base of the codon and
1st base of anticodon.
The reduced specificity between the third
base of the codon and the
complementary nucleotide in anticodon
is responsible for wobbling.
Biochemistry For Medics 14
15. Wobbling phenomenon
t RNA (first m RNA (Third Base pairing
base) base)
C G Traditional
A U Traditional
U A Traditional
U G Nontraditional
G C Traditional
G U Nontraditional
I U Nontraditional
I C Nontraditional
I A Nontraditional
Biochemistry For Medics 15
16. Wobbling phenomenon
Proline has 4 codons(5’-3’)
CCU
CCC
CCA
CCG
The first three codons can be
recognized by a single t RNA having
Inosine at the first place.(IGG- 5’-3’)
Biochemistry For Medics 16
17. Clinical Significance
Mutations can be well explained using
the genetic code.
A) Point Mutations
1) Silent
2) Misense
3)Nonsense
B) Frame shift mutations
Biochemistry For Medics 17
18. Silent Mutations
Single nucleotide change-A to G, same amino
acid is incorporated. Mutation goes unnoticed.
Biochemistry For Medics 18
19. Missense mutations
Single nucleotide change A to C – different amino
acid incorporated. Loss of functional capacity of
protein.
Biochemistry For Medics 19
20. Non sense Mutation
Single nucleotide change from C to T, stop codon is
generated (In m RNA represented by UAG), premature
termination of chain, may be incompatible with life.
Biochemistry For Medics 20
21. Frame sift Mutations
Insertion or removal of a base/bases can alter the reading
frame with the resultant incorporation of different amino acids
Biochemistry For Medics 21
22. Genetic code- Summary
Genetic code is unambiguous,
universal, degenerate, commaless
and non overlapping.
UAG, UGA and UAA are termination
codons .
AUG is the start codon
Mutations can be well described using
genetic code
Biochemistry For Medics 22