The cervical plexus is formed from the anterior rami of cervical nerves C1-C4. It has cutaneous branches that innervate the skin of the head and neck, and muscular/communicating branches. The phrenic nerve from C3-C5 innervates the diaphragm. The document outlines the branches of the cervical plexus in detail, including the lesser occipital nerve, great auricular nerve, and supraclavicular nerves. It describes the muscular and communicating branches that innervate neck muscles and connect with other nerves.
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
understanding spinal cord, its bransches, lesions, functions and anatomy.
hope to give you better knowledge of spinal cord by the end of it.
plese review ans comment for my future updates and corrections that iw ill be needing in this.
Brachial plexus is one of the tough topic to remember by anyone undergoing MBBS course. This slide gives you in detail about the Origin / Course / Formation / Distribution / Anatomical variations & Applied anatomy & Made so easy to Remember & Draw as well.
This lecture give us an understanding about the pathway of the peripheral nerves that emerges from the brachial and cervical plexus. I also discuss about the motor and cutaneous innervation from these nerves and also some condition relate to peripheral nerve injury.
plexusFormed from anterioe rani o these spinal nervesMajor nerve.pdfannaelctronics
plexus
Formed from anterioe rani o these spinal nerves
Major nerves formed from the plexus
Cervical
The cervical plexus is a plexus of the front rami of the initial four cervical spinal nerves which
are situated from C1 to C4 cervical fragment in the neck.
They are found along the side to the transverse procedures between prevertebral muscles from
the average side and vertebral (m. scalenus, m. levator scapulae, m. splenius cervicis) from
horizontal side. There is anastomosis with extra nerve, hypoglossal nerve and thoughtful trun
The cervical plexus has two sorts of branches: cutaneous and strong.
Cutaneous (4 branches):
Incredible auricular nerve - innervates skin close concha auricle (external ear) and outer acoustic
meatus (ear waterway) (C2&C3)
Transverse cervical nerve - innervates front locale of neck (C2&C3)
Lesser occipital - innervates the skin and the scalp posterosuperior to the auricle (C2)
Supraclavicular nerves - innervate the skin above and underneath the clavicle (C3,C4)
Muscular:
Ansa cervicalis (circle framed from C1-C3), and so forth (geniohyoid (C1 just), thyrohyoid (C1
just), sternothyroid, sternohyoid, omohyoid)
Phrenic (C3-C5 (fundamentally C4))- innervates stomach and the pericardium
Segmental branches (C1-C4)- innervates front and center scalenes
Brachial
The brachial plexus is a system of nerves shaped by the foremost rami of the lower four cervical
nerves and first thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1). This plexus stretches out from the
spinal line, through the cervicoaxillary trench in the neck, over the primary rib, and into the
armpit. It supplies afferent and efferent nerve strands to the mid-section, shoulder, arm and hand.
The Brachial Plexus
1 Roots.
2 Trunks.
3 Divisions.
4 Cords.
5 Major Branches. 5.1 Musculocutaneous Nerve. 5.2 Axillary Nerve. 5.3 Median Nerve. 5.4
Radial Nerve. 5.5 Ulnar Nerve. 5.6 Practical Relevance: Dissecting the Brachial Plexus.
6 Minor Branches.
lumbosacral
The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerve form the
lumbosacral plexus, the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth
thoracic. For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts:
lumbar plexus
sacral plexus
pudendal plexus
lumbar plexus
sacral plexus
pudendal plexus
plexus
Formed from anterioe rani o these spinal nerves
Major nerves formed from the plexus
Cervical
The cervical plexus is a plexus of the front rami of the initial four cervical spinal nerves which
are situated from C1 to C4 cervical fragment in the neck.
They are found along the side to the transverse procedures between prevertebral muscles from
the average side and vertebral (m. scalenus, m. levator scapulae, m. splenius cervicis) from
horizontal side. There is anastomosis with extra nerve, hypoglossal nerve and thoughtful trun
The cervical plexus has two sorts of branches: cutaneous and strong.
Cutaneous (4 branches):
Incredible auricular nerve - innervates skin close con.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
12. 1. Ascending branches
a. Lesser occipital nerve
b. Great auricular nerve
c. Nervus cutaneous colli
2. Descending branches
a. Medial supraclavicular
b. Intermediate supraclavicular
c. Lateral supraclavicular
26. This arises from the second and third cervical
rami, curves round the posterior border of the
sternocleidomastoid
27. It perforates the deep cervical fascia, dividing under the
platysma into ascending and descending branches distributed to
the anterolateral areas of the neck.
28. distributed to the skin of the upper anterior areas of
the neck and anterolaterally to the skin of the neck, as
low as the sternum.
30. Supra Clavicular Nerves
• These arise by a common trunk from the third and fourth cervical ventral
rami and emerge from the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid, to
descend under the platysma and the deep cervical fascia;
31. 3 Branches:
1. The medial
supraclavicular nerves
- supply the skin as
far as the midline and
as low as the second
rib. They supply the
sternoclavicular joint.
32. 2. The intermediate
supraclavicular nerves
-cross the clavicle
to supply the skin over
the pectoralis major
and deltoid down to
the level of the
second rib
33. 3. The lateral
supraclavicular nerves
- supply the skin of
the upper and
posterior parts of the
shoulder.
35. 1. Lateral Branches:
a. Muscular branches going to the following:
i. SCM
ii. Trapezius
iii. Levator scapula
iv. Scalenius medius
v. Scalenius posterior
b. Communicating branches to spinal accessory nerves
37. 2. Medial branches:
a. Muscular branches going to the following muscles:
i. Prevertebral muscles
ii. Infrahyoid muscles thru the ansa
hypoglossi
iii. Diaphragm thru the phrenic nerve
b. Communicating branches to the vagus, hypoglossal
and sympathetic nerves
c. Phrenic nerve is the most important branch because it
supplies the diaphragm which is the chief muscle for
respiration. It is derived from cervical nerves 3, 4, and 5.
38. Communicating and Muscular Branches
(Medial Series)
Communicating branches with
Hypoglossal
C1, 2
Vagus
C1–2
Sympathetic
C1, 2
39. Muscular branches to
Rectus capitis lateralis C1
Rectus capitis anterior C1, 2
Longus capitis C1–4
Longus colli C2–4
Inferior root of ansa cervicalis
C2, 3
Phrenic nerve C3–5
41. Formed by spinal nerves C1, C2, and
C3.
• 3 parts:
1. Superior root C1
- innervates the superior
belly of omohyoid
2. Inferior root C2, C3
3. Loop of ansa cervicalis
- innervates the
sternothyroid, sternohyoid,
inferior belly of omohyoid
43. • Arises from the
converging APR of spinal
nerves C3, C4, and C5.
• This is the sole motor
supply to the diaphragm,
and also contains
widespread sensory
fibres.