This document discusses methods for solving systems of linear equations, including the traditional method, matrix method, row echelon method, Gauss elimination method, and Gauss Jordan method. It provides examples working through solving systems of equations using Gauss elimination and Gauss Jordan. The key steps of each method like constructing the augmented matrix, row operations, and back substitution are demonstrated. Related fields where linear algebra is applied are also listed.

3. Solve the following equations.
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟔
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐
A𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝒙 = 𝟔
&
𝒚 = −𝟐

4. Methods of Solution of Linear
Equations
Traditional Method Matrix Method

5. Methods of Solution of Linear
Equations… Continue…
Traditional Method Matrix Method
Row Echelon
Method
Reduce Row
Echelon Method
Get the Upper
Triangle
Get the Identity
Matrix

6. Methods of Solution of Linear
Equations…Continue…
Row Echelon
Method
Reduce Row
Echelon Method
Get the Upper
Triangle
Get the Identity
Matrix
Gauss Elimination
Method
Gauss Jordan
Method
Derived at AD1850 Derived in AD1880
Why I’m
HappyToday?

7. Don’t think Jordan was Smarter than
Gauss.!!
Related Field
1.Number Theory,
2. algebra,
3. statistics,
4. analysis,
5. differential geometry,
6. geodesy,
7. geophysics,
8. electrostatics,
9. astronomy,
10. Matrix theory and
11. optics
Related Field
1. geodesy

8. Methods of Solution of Linear
Equations…Continue…
Now all we need is to construct a matrix from
given problem or set of equations.
This matrix is known as Augmented matrix.

9. Methods of Solution of Linear
Equations…Continue…
Are you able to get Augmented matrix from set of equations?
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 8
−3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −11
−2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −3
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10
𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 9
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0
𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7
𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 𝑦
2 1 −1
−3 −1 2
−2 1 2
|
|
|
8
−11
−3
2 1 −1
0 1 1
1 0 2
|
|
|
3
10
9
1 −1 0
0 1 1
1 −1 2
|
|
|
−2
7
0
Set of Equations Augmented matrix

10. Example of Gauss Elimination Method
Ex.1 Solve the following equations by Gauss Elimination or
Backward Substitution.
2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −8
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0
−𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3
Solution:
Augmented Matrix
0 2 1
1 −2 −3
−1 1 2
|
|
|
−8
0
3

11. Augmented Matrix
0 2 1
1 −2 −3
−1 1 2
|
|
|
−8
0
3
Interchange 𝑅1& 𝑅2
1 −2 −3
0 2 1
−1 1 2
|
|
|
0
−8
3
𝑅3 + 𝑅1
1 −2 −3
0 2 1
0 −1 −1
|
|
|
0
−8
3
Interchange 𝑅2& 𝑅3
1 −2 −3
0 −1 −1
0 2 1
|
|
|
0
3
−8

12. 1 −2 −3
0 −1 −1
0 2 1
|
|
|
0
3
−8
𝑅3 + 𝑅2(2)
1 −2 −3
0 −1 −1
0 0 −1
|
|
|
0
3
−2
Therefore,
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0 … 1
−𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3 … 2
−𝑧 = −2 ⇒ 𝒛 = 𝟐 … (𝟑)
By using (3) in (2)
−𝑦 − 2 = 3 ⇒ −𝑦 = 5 ⇒ 𝒚 = −𝟓 … (𝟒)
By using (3), (4) in (1)
𝑥 − 2 −5 − 3 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 + 10 − 6 = 0
⇒ 𝒙 = −𝟒 … (𝟓)

13. Thus the solution of given equations
2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −8
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0
−𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3
are
𝒙 = −𝟒,
𝒚 = −𝟓
&
𝒛 = 𝟐

14. Example of Gauss Jordan Method
Ex.1 Solve the following equations by Gauss Jordan
Method.
2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −8
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0
−𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3
Solution:
Augmented Matrix
0 2 1
1 −2 −3
−1 1 2
|
|
|
−8
0
3

15. Augmented Matrix
0 2 1
1 −2 −3
−1 1 2
|
|
|
−8
0
3
Interchange 𝑅1& 𝑅2
1 −2 −3
0 2 1
−1 1 2
|
|
|
0
−8
3
𝑅3 + 𝑅1
1 −2 −3
0 2 1
0 −1 −1
|
|
|
0
−8
3
Interchange 𝑅2& 𝑅3
1 −2 −3
0 −1 −1
0 2 1
|
|
|
0
3
−8

16. 1 −2 −3
0 −1 −1
0 2 1
|
|
|
0
3
−8
𝑅3 + 𝑅2(2)
1 −2 −3
0 −1 −1
0 0 −1
|
|
|
0
3
−2
𝑅1 − 𝑅2(2)
1 0 −1
0 −1 −1
0 0 −1
|
|
|
−6
3
−2
𝑅2 − 𝑅3 & 𝑅1 − 𝑅3
1 0 0
0 −1 0
0 0 −1
|
|
|
−4
5
−2

17. Therefore, 𝒙 = −𝟒, 𝒚 = −𝟓 & 𝒛 = 𝟐
Thus the solution of given equations
2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −8
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0
−𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3
are
𝒙 = −𝟒,
𝒚 = −𝟓
&
𝒛 = 𝟐
1 0 0
0 −1 0
0 0 −1
|
|
|
−4
5
−2
Multiply 𝑅2 & 𝑅3 both by (−1)
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
|
|
|
−4
−5
2

18. Which Method is Better for solution
purpose?
Why?
Traditional
or
Gaussian Elimination Method
Gauss Jordan Method
or

19. Can we extend these methods one
step ahead?
RocketVelocity
The upward velocity of a rocket is
given at three different times
The velocity data is approximated by a polynomial as:
Find: The Velocity at 𝑡 = 5,7, 7.5 and 8 seconds.
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝒂𝒕 𝟐 + 𝒃𝒕 + 𝒄 , 𝟐 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟖

20. Problem: Given is not linear equation.
Question: Can we treat it as a linear?

21. Let me Help you,…
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝒂𝒕 𝟐
+ 𝒃𝒕 + 𝒄 , 𝟐 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟖
In this equation 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑡2
+ 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐 … 1 ; 𝑡 & 𝑣 are given so
don’t worry about it. Time (𝑡)
In second (unit)
Velocity (𝑣)
In
𝐾.𝑚.
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
(unit)
𝑡1 = 2 𝑣1 = 1
𝑡2 = 4 𝑣2 = 2
𝑡3 = 6 𝑣3 = 4
So, from 1st equation we have
𝑣1 = 𝑎𝑡1
2
+ 𝑏𝑡1 + 𝑐 … 2
𝑣2 = 𝑎𝑡2
2
+ 𝑏𝑡2 + 𝑐 … 3
𝑣3 = 𝑎𝑡3
2
+ 𝑏𝑡3 + 𝑐 … 4
Do you think equations 2′
, 3′
& 4′
are linear equations?
1 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 … 2′
2 = 16𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 𝑐 … 3′
4 = 36𝑎 + 6𝑏 + 𝑐 … 4′

22. WillYou Generate Matrix from this…?
4 2 1
16 4 1
36 6 1
|
|
|
1
2
4
Have you got this…!
Okay, then solve…
Answer is 𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝒃 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎
1 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 … 2′
2 = 16𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 𝑐 … 3′
4 = 36𝑎 + 6𝑏 + 𝑐 … 4′

23. From the above values 𝑎 = 0.125
𝑏 = −0.250
𝑐 = 1.000
& equation_(1) 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑡2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐
we have
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒕 𝟐
− 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒕 + 𝟏 … 𝟓
Equation_(5) Shows the Rocket Velocity equation in the time interval
of [2 8] seconds.
Now can you answer for these:
Find The Velocity at 𝑡 = 5,7, 7.5 and 8 seconds.
From equation_(5) 𝑣 𝑡 = 0.125𝒕2 − 0.25𝒕 + 1
Put 𝑡 = 5 ⇒ 𝑣 5 = 0.125 × 𝟓2
− 0.25 × 𝟓 + 1 ⇒ 𝒗 𝟓 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟓
𝒌𝒎
𝒔
𝑡 = 7 ⇒ 𝑣 7 = 0.125 × 𝟕2
− 0.25 × 𝟕 + 1 ⇒ 𝒗 𝟕 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝒌𝒎
𝒔
𝑡 = 7.5 ⇒ 𝑣 7.5 = 0.125 × 𝟕. 𝟓2 − 0.25 × 𝟕. 𝟓 + 1 ⇒ 𝒗 𝟕. 𝟓 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟓𝟔
𝒌𝒎
𝒔
𝑡 = 8 ⇒ 𝑣 8 = 0.125 × 𝟖2 − 0.25 × 𝟖 + 1 ⇒ 𝒗 𝟖 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟎
𝒌𝒎

24. Would you balance the following
chemical reactions for me?
𝐶𝐻4 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑍𝑛(𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2)2+𝐻𝐵𝑟 → 𝑍𝑛𝐵𝑟2 + 𝐻𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2
𝐻2 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐻2 𝑂

25. Can We Generate Matrix for each
reaction?
We will see in next lecture…
IfYes then “HOW???”
Think & Come with pre-reading
What will be in next Lecture?

26. Can we solve Gauss Elimination &
Gauss Jordan Method in Mat-lab?
We will see in coming Lab.
IfYes then “How???”
Think & Come with pre-reading
For Lab. …