Gastrointestinal System

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The gastrointestinal (GI) system digests food and makes nutrients available to the body. It begins breaking down food in the mouth through enzymes and moves food through the digestive tract using peristalsis. Various organs like the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine further break down food using enzymes, acids, and bacteria before absorbing nutrients and expelling waste. The GI system communicates with the nervous system to regulate hunger, digestion, and nutrient feedback loops.

Gastrointestinal System (Digestive System)

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75 3 Learning Outcomes After reading this chapter, you will be able to: 3.1 Describe the processes and organs involved in digestion. 3.2 Explain how food is propelled through the gastrointestinal tract. 3.3 Identify the role of enzymes and other secre- tions in chemical digestion. 3.4 Describe how digested nutrients are absorbed. 3.5 Explain how hormones and the nervous system regulate digestion. 3.6 Explain how absorbed nutrients are trans- ported throughout the body. 3.7 Discuss the most common digestive disorders. True or False? 1. Saliva can alter the taste of food. T/F 2. Without mucus, the stomach would digest itself. T/F 3. The major function of bile is to emulsify fats. T/F 4. Acid reflux is caused by gas in the stom-ach. T/F 5. The primary function of the large intes-tine is to absorb water. T/F 6. Feces contain a high amount of bacteria. T/F 7. The lymphatic system transports all nutrients through the body once they’ve been absorbed. T/F 8. Hormones play an important role in digestion. T/F 9. Diarrhea is always caused by bacterial infection. T/F 10. Irritable bowel syndrome is caused by an allergy to gluten. T/F See page 110 for the answers. Digestion, Absorption, and Transport M03_BLAK8260_04_SE_C03.indd 75 12/1/17 11:28 PM 76 Chapter 3 | Digestion, Absorption, and Transport The digestion of food begins even before you take that first bite. Just the sight and smell of homemade apple pie stimulates the release of saliva in the mouth. The secretion of saliva and other digestive juices starts a cascade of events that prepares the body for digestion, the chemical and mechanical processes by which the body breaks food down into individual nutrient molecules ready for absorption. Food components that aren’t absorbed are excreted as waste (feces) by elimination. Although these are complex processes, they go largely unnoticed. You consciously chew and swallow the pie, but you don’t feel the release of chemicals or the muscular contractions that cause it to be digested or the absorption of nutrient molecules through the intestinal lining cells. In fact, you may be unaware of the entire process until about 48 hours after eating, when the body is ready to eliminate waste. In this chapter, we explore the processes of digestion, absorption, and elimination, the organs involved, and the other biological mechanisms that regulate our bodies’ processing of food and nutrients. We also discuss the causes and treatments of some common gastrointestinal conditions and disorders. What Are the Processes and Organs Involved in Digestion? LO 3.1 Describe the processes and organs involved in digestion. Digestion, absorption, and elimination occur in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a muscular tube approximately 20–24 feet long in an adult. Stretched vertically, the tube would be about as high as a two-story building. It provides a barrier between the food within the lumen (the hollow .

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