This document provides a summary of a study material presentation on lipid metabolism. It discusses (1) the beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids like palmitic acid, (2) the formation and utilization of ketone bodies and ketoacidosis, and (3) disorders of lipid metabolism including hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, fatty liver and obesity. The presentation covers the stages of fatty acid oxidation, the breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, and the major pathways of ketone body utilization. It also examines the causes and consequences of hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and fatty liver disease.

1. Study Material
on
Lipid Metabolism
Presented By:
Ms. Sayali Dilip Powar
(M. Pharm )
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
@ Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar
26/03/2020
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2. Content
• β-Oxidation of saturated fatty acid (Palmitic
acid)
• Formation and utilization of ketone bodies;
ketoacidosis
• Disorders of lipid metabolism:
Hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, fatty
liver and obesity
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3. β-Oxidation of saturated fatty acid
• The fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized
by BETA oxidation.
• Oxidation may be defined as the oxidation of
fatty acids on the beta carbon atom.
• This results in the sequential removal of a
two carbon fragment, acetyl CoA.
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4. β-Oxidation of saturated fatty acid
• It occurs in many tissues including liver, kidney and heart.
• Fatty acids oxidation doesn't occur in the brain
• o There are several types of fatty acids oxidation.
(1) β- oxidation of fatty acid
(2) α- oxidation of fatty acids
(3) ω- oxidation of fatty acids
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5. NOTE
• Fatty acids are oxidized by most of the tissues
in the body. However, brain, erythrocytes and
adrenal medulla cannot utilize fatty acids for
energy requirement.
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6. Fatty acid oxidation-
Stages and tissues
• The beta oxidation of fatty acids involves three
stages
• I. Activation of fatty acids occurring in the
cytosol
• II. Transport of fatty acids into mitochondria
• III.beta-Oxidation proper in the mitochondrial
matrix.
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7. Diagram: β-Oxidation 3 Stages
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8. β-oxidation of fatty acid
• β-oxidation of fatty acid- The break down of a
fatty acid to acetyl-CoA.
• Occurs in the mitochondria
• Process is strictly aerobic
• After production Acetyl-CoA is fed directly into the
Krebs cycle
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9. Diagram: β-Oxidation of saturated fatty acid
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10. Diagram: β-Oxidation of saturated fatty acid26/03/2020 10

11. Formation and utilization of ketone
bodies; ketoacidosis
• Ketone bodies, or simply ketones are substances
produced by the liver during gluconeogenesis a process
which creates glucose in times of fasting and
starvation.
• There are three ketone bodies produced by the liver.
• They are acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate,
and acetone.
• These compounds are used in healthy individuals to
provide energy to the cells of the body when glucose is
low or absent in the diet.
• In a normal man, concentration of ketone bodies in the
blood is usually less than 3 mg/100ml
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12. Acetoacetate, acetone and β- hydroxybutyrate are
collectively known as ketonebodies
Formation and utilization of ketone
bodies; ketoacidosis
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13. • Ketone bodies are the water-soluble
molecules containing the ketone group that
are produced by the liver from fatty acids
during periods of low food intake,
carbohydrate restrictive diets, starvation,
prolonged intense exercise, alcoholism, or in
untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Formation of ketone bodies
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14. The major pathway of ketone bodies utilization is Transacylase pathway.
1.Formation of acetoacetate from β-hydroxybutyrate
• β-hydroxybutyrate is converted to acetoacetate by β-hydroxybutyrate
dehydrogenase.
2. Formation of acetoacetyl CoA
• Acetoacetate is activated to form acetoacetyl CoA by the transfer of
CoA molecule from succinyl CoA.
• The reaction is catalyzed by succinyl CoA:Acetoacetate CoA
transferase
3. Formation of acetyl CoA
• Acetoacetyl CoA is cleaved to form acetyl CoA and acetyl CoA in a
reaction catalyzed by thiolase
Utilization of ketone bodies
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15. Utilization of ketone bodies
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16. • Ketoacidosis is a metabolic state caused by
uncontrolled production of ketone bodies that
cause a metabolic acidosis.
ketoacidosis
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17. Disorders of Lipid Metabolism
• Hypercholesterolemia
• Fatty liver
• Obesity
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18. Hypercholesterolemia/
High Cholesterol
Excess of cholesterol in the
bloodstream.
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19. WHAT HAPPENS IF CHOLESTEROL IS HIGH
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21. CHOLESTEROL FUNCTIONS
1) Structural component of cell membrane
2) Precursor for synthesis of steroids in body
TYPES OF CHOLESTEROL
1) HDL- Highly Desirable Lipoprotein (GOOD)
2) LDL- Lethally Dangerous Lipoprotein (BAD)
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23. CONTROL OF HIGH CHOLESTEROL
1. Consumption of PUFA
2. Dietary cholesterol
3. Dietary fiber
4. Lifestyle
5. Use of drugs
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24. OBESITY
• Obesity is essentially an excessive
accumulation of triacylglycerols in fatty tissue
• A triglyceride (TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or
triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from
glycerol and three fatty acids (from tri- and
glyceride).
• Triglycerides are the main constituents of
body fat in humans and other vertebrates, as
well as vegetable fat.
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28. FATTY LIVER
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29. What is fatty liver disease?
• Liver is the largest organ inside body.
• It helps your body digest food, store energy,
and remove poisons.
• Fatty liver disease is a condition in which fat
builds up in your liver.
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30. Types
• There are two main types:
1. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
2. Alcoholic fatty liver disease
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31. What is nonalcoholic fatty liver
disease (NAFLD)?
• Fatty liver disease that is not related
to heavy alcohol use.
• There are two kinds:
• Simple fatty liver, in which you have fat in your
liver but little or no inflammation or liver cell
damage.
• Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), in which
you have inflammation and liver cell damage, as
well as fat in your liver. Inflammation and liver
cell damage can cause fibrosis, or scarring, of the
liver. NASH may lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer.
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