The respiratory system functions to exchange gases, with oxygen coming in and carbon dioxide going out. It involves organs like the mouth, nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. The alveoli have an increased surface area that allows for more gas exchange between the circulatory and respiratory systems. The diaphragm and ribcage work together to inhale and exhale air by expanding and contracting the lungs.

1. Respiratory System

2. Function To exchange gases with the surrounding environment O 2 in, CO 2 out

3. Mechanism CO 2 is a waste product of cellular respiration It is carried in the blood as a Carbonate (carbonic acid) The medulla oblongata keeps track of blood acidity

4. Organs involved Mouth, Nose Trachea Bronchus Bronchioles Alveoli

5. Protection From External Environment All passageways of the respiratory system are kept moist, and most are lined with mucous This is to keep air flowing freely, and to trap dirt and bacteria We also have some cilia lined air passageways to prevent dirt from entering our lungs (nasal passages, and Trachea)

6. How does it work? Lungs are not muscles Diaphragm is Diaphragm contracts Ribcage expands Lungs expand Air rushes in to fill up empty space

7. How does it work? Exhaling is generally a passive process Diaphragm relaxes Lungs compress Forces out air You can also use the muscles around your ribcage to constrict your chest more, expelling more air

8. Diffusion Confusion Alveoli are to the respiratory system like villi to the digestive system, and like the nephron to the excretory system INCREASED SURFACE AREA LEADS TO MORE GAS EXCHANGE!!

10. Diffusion Alveoli are where circulatory system meet the respiratory system Site of gas exchange High concentration to low concentration Same process drive absorption of nutrients and wastes

11. Homeostatic Control Feedback loops Increased muscular activity leads to more cellular respiration Increased cellular respiration leads to increased levels of Carbon Dioxide in the blood Leads to high acid levels Triggers Medulla Medulla sends signal to increase respiratory rate

12. Disorders Bronchitis Asthma COPD Emphysema Lung Cancer Others…..

13. Immune System Pathogens can get into the body Lymph system and Circulatory system

14. Immunity The ability of an organism to resist foreign organisms or invaders which enter its body.

15. Layered Defense Humans have three layers of protection against pathogens 1- Physical barrier 2- Innate immune response 3- Adaptive immune response

16. Physical Barrier

17. Innate Immune System A non-specific response to pathogens Many different WBC Phagocytes , mast cells , eosinophils , basophils , and natural killer cells . Attack and destroy (phagocytosis)

18. Adaptive Immunity Immune system has a memory It can produce antibodies to certain pathogens Next time pathogen enters body antibodies deactivate, and tag it for destruction

19. Vaccines Rely on adaptive immunity Inject inactive pathogen Body develops antibodies If invaded, you already have the antibodies to fight it off

20. Allergies Overactive immune system Body identifies harmless substance as a pathogen Produces immune defense (sneezing, watery eyes, coughing, mucus production increase)

21. Autoimmune Diseases Disease in which the immune system targets it’s own body cells for destruction http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_autoimmune_diseases

22. AIDS Acquired Immune Defiency AIDS is a viral disease which destroys the ability of the immune system to produce antibodies, so the afflicted individual is unable to cope with infections and cancer cells which arise within the body.