Anatomy of GI Tract with special reference to anatomy and functions of stomach,
( Acid production in the stomach, regulation of acid production through
parasympathetic nervous system, pepsin role in protein digestion) small intestine
and large intestine, anatomy and functions of salivary glands, pancreas and liver,
movements of GIT, digestion and absorption of nutrients and disorders of GIT.
Drugs affecting the GI system are used in the treatment of gastric acidity, peptic ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), bowel motility disorders (gastroparesis [delayed gastric emptying due to partial paralysis of the stomach muscles], constipation, and diarrhea), and for the treatment of nausea and vomiting.
Human have a special digestive system than the other animals. We have to know how our body digest our food after having a meal. So, let's check it out.
Drugs affecting the GI system are used in the treatment of gastric acidity, peptic ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), bowel motility disorders (gastroparesis [delayed gastric emptying due to partial paralysis of the stomach muscles], constipation, and diarrhea), and for the treatment of nausea and vomiting.
Human have a special digestive system than the other animals. We have to know how our body digest our food after having a meal. So, let's check it out.
Physiology and Anatomy of Human Digestive System at a GlanceDilip Kumar Mahto
Human Digestive System is one of the very important system of human body. This presentation was prepared during class session of WASH to make them understand briefly.
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
Physiology and Anatomy of Human Digestive System at a GlanceDilip Kumar Mahto
Human Digestive System is one of the very important system of human body. This presentation was prepared during class session of WASH to make them understand briefly.
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
Peritoneum, abdomen, quadrant and regions.
a) Alimentary digestive organs: Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, location and parts of stomach, parts of small and large
intestine, villi.
b) Accessory digestive organs: Salivary gland, liver, gall bladder,
pancreas.
Cardiovascular System: Mediastinum, divisions of mediastinum,
anatomy of heart, chambers of heart, opening and valves of the heart,
circulatory system
Quality assurance and quality management concepts.pptxGayatriBahatkar1
UNIT – I
Quality Assurance and Quality Management concepts: Definition and concept of Quality
control, Quality assurance and GMP
Total Quality Management (TQM): Definition, elements, philosophies
Prevention of Cruelty to animals Act-1960: Objectives, Definitions, Institutional
Animal Ethics Committee, CPCSEA guidelines for Breeding and Stocking of
Animals, Performance of Experiments, Transfer and acquisition of animals for
experiment, Records, Power to suspend or revoke registration, Offences and Penalties
NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES ACT 1985 AND.pptxGayatriBahatkar1
Objectives,
Definitions, Authorities and Officers, Constitution and Functions of narcotic &
Psychotropic Consultative Committee, National Fund for Controlling the Drug
Abuse, Prohibition, Control and Regulation, opium poppy cultivation and production
of poppy straw, manufacture, sale and export of opium, Offences and Penalties
Sale of Drugs – Wholesale, Retail sale and Restricted license. Offences and penalties
Labeling & Packing of drugs- General labeling requirements and specimen labels for
drugs and cosmetics, List of permitted colors. Offences and penalties.
Drug & Cosmetic ACT 1940 & Rules 1945 unit I.pptxGayatriBahatkar1
Objectives, Definitions, Legal definitions of schedules to the Act and
Rules
Import of drugs – Classes of drugs and cosmetics prohibited from import, Import under
license or permit. Offences and penalties.
Manufacture of drugs – Prohibition of manufacture and sale of certain drugs,
Conditions for grant of license and conditions of license for manufacture of drugs,
Manufacture of drugs for test, examination and analysis, manufacture of new drug, loan
license and repacking license.
Introduction to Pharmacovigilance
History and development of Pharmacovigilance
Importance of safety monitoring of Medicine
WHO international drug monitoring programme
Pharmacovigilance Program of India(PvPI)
Introduction to adverse drug reactions
Definitions and classification of ADRs
Detection and reporting
Methods in Causality assessment
Severity and seriousness assessment
Predictability and preventability assessment
Management of adverse drug reactions
Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female
reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization,
spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition
Classification of hormones, mechanism of hormone action, structure
and functions of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus and their disorders.
Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and
nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation,
micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid base balance, role of RAS in kidney
and disorders of kidney.
Anatomy of respiratory system with special reference to anatomy of lungs,
mechanism of respiration, regulation of respiration
Lung Volumes and capacities transport of respiratory gases, artificial respiration,
and resuscitation methods.
Energetics
Formation and role of ATP, Creatinine Phosphate and BMR.
References;
Ankur Chaudhari; Pharmaguideline; formation and role of ATP, Creatinine Phosphate; And BMR
https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/biological-energy-adp-atp
https://byjus.com/biology/energy-currency-of-the -cell/
https://gbsleiden.com/bioenergetics/
https://www.brainkart.com/article/basal-metabolic-rate-%28BMR%29-the-minimum-energy-expenditure-for-the-body-to-exist_19947/
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Human digestive system
The digestive system of the human body comprises a group of organs working together
to convert food into energy for the body. Anatomically, the digestive system is made up
of the gastrointestinal tract, along with accessory organs such as the liver, pancreas and
gallbladder. The hollow organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) include
the mouth, stomach, oesophagus, small intestine and large intestine that contains the
rectum and anus.
Human Digestive System and Nutrition involve the intake of food by an organism and
its utilization for energy. This is a vital process which helps living beings to obtain their
energy from various sources. The food which we eat undergoes much processing before
the nutrients present in them are utilized to generate energy. This processing is known as
digestion. Humans and other animals have specialized organs and systems for this
process.
The digestion process involves the alimentary canal along with various accessory organs
and organ systems. In humans, the process is quite simple due to our monogastric
nature. This means that we have a one-chambered stomach, unlike other animals such as
cows, which have four chambers.
5. Parts of the Human Digestive System
The digestive system of the human body comprises a group of organs that work
together in converting food into energy and other basic nutrients to power the body.
The food we take in is digested and utilized by our body, and the unused parts of the
food are defecated.
The digestive system of the human body is the sum of the gastrointestinal tract
(GIT; also called alimentary canal) and accessory organs (tongue, liver, pancreas,
etc.). These two parts together help in the digestion process.
The alimentary canal is the long tube through which the food that we eat is passed.
It begins at the mouth (buccal or oral cavity), passes through the pharynx,
oesophagus or food pipe, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum and
finally ends at the anus. The food particles gradually get digested as they travel
through various compartments of the alimentary canal.
Accessory organs are organs which participate in the digestion process but are not
actually a part of GIT. They stimulate the digestion by releasing certain enzymes
that help in breaking down the food.
Let us have a detailed look at the digestive system of the human body, along with its
parts and functions:
6. Mouth
Food starts its journey from the mouth or the oral cavity. There are many other organs that
contribute to the digestion process, including teeth, salivary glands, and tongue. Teeth are
designed for grinding food particles into small pieces and are moistened with saliva before
the tongue pushes the food into the pharynx.
Pharynx
A fibromuscular y-shaped tube attached to the terminal end of the mouth. It is mainly
involved in the passage of chewed/crushed food from the mouth through the oesophagus. It
also has a major part in the respiratory system, as air travels through the pharynx from the
nasal cavity on its way to the lungs.
Oesophagus
This is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx, which is a part of an upper section of the
gastrointestinal tract. It supplies swallowed food along with its length
7. Stomach
It serves as a muscular bag which is situated towards the left side of the abdominal cavity,
beneath the diaphragm. This vital organ acts as a storage for the food and provides enough
time to digest meals. The stomach also produces digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid
that maintains the process of digestion.
Mucous: It is an aqueous secretion produced by the mucous membranes. It functions by
protecting the stomach lining and gastric pits from the acid, which is produced by the glands
to destroy the bacteria that entered along with the food particles.
Digestive enzymes: They are the group of enzymes which functions by breaking down
polymeric macromolecules like biopolymers into their smaller and simpler substances.
Hydrochloric acid: It is the digestive fluid formed by the stomach during the process of
digestion. It functions by destroying harmful microorganisms present in the food particles.
8. Small Intestine
The small intestine is a thin, long tube of about 10 feet long and a part of the lower
gastrointestinal tract. It is present just behind the stomach and acquires a maximum area
of the abdominal cavity. The complete small intestine is coiled and the inner surface
consists of folds and ridges.
Large Intestine
This is a thick, long tube measuring around 5 feet in length. It is present just beneath
the stomach and wraps over the superior and lateral edges of the small intestine. It
absorbs water and consists of bacteria (symbiotic) that support the breakdown of
wastes to fetch small nutrients.
Rectum
Waste products are passed into the end of the large intestine called the rectum and
eliminated out of the body as a solid matter called stool. It is stored in the rectum as
semi-solid faces which later exits from the body through the anal canal through the
process of defecation.
9. Accessory Organs
Pancreas
It is a large gland present just behind the stomach. It is short with its anterior connected
to the duodenum and posterior pointing towards the left part of the abdominal cavity.
The pancreas releases digestive enzymes to complete the process of chemical digestion.
Liver
The liver is a roughly triangular, reddish-brown accessory organ of the digestive system
located to the right of the stomach. It produces bile, which helps in the digestion of fat
in the small intestine. The bile is stored and recycled in the gallbladder. It is a small,
pear-shaped organ which is located just next to the liver.
10. Digestion process
The process of digestion begins from the mouth and ends in the small intestine – the large
intestines’ main function is to absorb the remaining water from the undigested food and
enable bacterial fermentation of materials that can no longer be digested.
The alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract is a series of hollow organs and tubes
that begins from the mouth cavity and continues into the pharynx, through the stomach,
small intestines, large intestines, and finally ending at the anus. Food particles gradually
get digested as they travel through various compartments of the gastrointestinal tract.
The digestion process takes place in the following steps.
Ingestion
The very first step involves mastication (chewing). The salivary glands, along with the
tongue, helps to moisten and lubricate food, before being pushed down into the food pipe.
Mixing and Movement
It involves the process of lubricating and manipulating food and pushing it down the food
through the food pipe (using peristalsis), and into the stomach.
11. Secretion
The stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas secrete enzymes and acids to aid the
process of digestion. It functions by breaking down food particles into simple
components and easily absorbable components.
Digestion
The process of converting complex food particles into simpler substances in the
presence of enzymes and acids secreted by different digestive organs.
Absorption
This process begins in the small intestine where most of the nutrients and minerals are
absorbed. The excess water in the indigestible matter is absorbed by the large
intestines.
Excretion
The process of removing indigestible substances and waste by-products from the body
through the process of defecation.
In a nutshell, the digestion process consists of the six following steps:
Ingestion ⇒Mixing and Movement ⇒ Secretion ⇒ Digestion ⇒Absorption ⇒Excretion
12. Anatomy and function of salivary gland
Anatomy of salivary glands
The salivary glands secrete saliva into the mouth through ducts. This allows you to swallow and
chew food. Saliva can also protect you from oral and pharyngeal infections.
Salivary glands can be divided into two groups:
Minor salivary glands
Major salivary glands
Major salivary glands
There are several large and important salivary glands, but the major ones are the largest and most
important of them. The largest amount of saliva is produced by these glands. The three major
salivary glands are the parotid gland, the submandibular gland, and the sublingual gland.
Parotid glands
A parotid gland is one of the largest salivary glands. Their size is quite large, and they are located
behind the ear. A duct near your upper second molar allows saliva to flow into your mouth from
these glands. The shallow lobe and deep lobe of the parotid gland are separate. The facial nerve
lies between these two parts. This nerve controls a variety of facial functions, including the ability
to close your eyes, raise your brows, and smile.
13. Submandibular glands
Submandibular glands are located below the Jaw and measure about the size of a walnut.
They produce saliva, which is then secreted From under the tongue into the mouth. The
Submandibular glands also have superficial and Deep lobes, like the parotid glands. They
are Located near:
• Nerves that help you smile, called marginal mandibular nerves
• You can move your lower lip because of the muscle called platysma muscle.
• The sensation in your togue is allowed by lingual nerve
As your tongue moves, the hypoglossal nerve allows you to speak and swallow All of
these structures must be protected during treatment to avoid causing damage.
Sublingual glands
One of the smallest of the main salivary glands is the sublingual gland. Under the tongue
and under the mouth floor are structures with almond-like shapes. These structures are
very rarely affected by tumors.
14. Minor salivary gland
Small salivary glands are distributed all over the mouth and aerodigestive tract. It is
impossible to see these glands without a microscope because they are much smaller than
the major salivary glands. The majority of them are found in the walls of the mouth, on
the tongue, inside the cheeks, in the nose, in the sinuses, and in the larynx (voice box). It
is extremely rare for salivary glands to develop small tumors. The likelihood of
malignant tumors is higher than benign ones. The cancers that affect the roof of the
mouth are most likely to affect the minor salivary glands.
Functions of salivary glands
Many different purposes are served by saliva. Saliva forms the finely packed ball of food
we roll in our mouths, as well as being the only secretion of our salivary glands. The
shape of this food ball allows it to pass through our alimentary canal with ease. Saliva
also has protective properties that make it an effective lubricant. While swallowing a
bolus, our saliva protects our mouths, teeth, and throats from bacteria. Aside from that, it
helps cleanse the mouth after meals and gives food a taste by converting fat into chemical
compounds.
15.
16.
17. Function Secrete saliva for initial phases of digestion and for protection and
lubrication of oral cavity
Types of glands Serous: parotid gland
Mucous: sublingual gland, minor salivary gland
Mixed: submandibular gland
Parotid gland Location: between ramus of mandible and sternocleidomastoid
muscle
Excretory duct: Stensen's duct (opens on the buccal wall at the
level of maxillary second molar)
Submandibular
gland
Location: beneath the tongue
Excretory duct: Wharton's duct (opens at sublingual papilla under
tongue)
Sublingual gland Location: beneath the sublingual fold
Excretory duct: multiple ducts that open along sublingual folds
Minor glands Location: bucca, labia, lingual mucosa, soft palate, hard palate
Clinical relations Cysts, inflammation, tumors
18. Anatomy and function of pancreas
Location As a horizontal organ (15 cm long) lying obliquely across the posterior
abdominal wall, the pancreas is elongated and horizontal, lying between the L1 and L2
vertebral bodies. The oblique positioning of the pancreas makes it impossible to see the
entire organ in a single transverse section in the clinical context. During its travel through
the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions of the abdomen, the pancreas comes into
contact with several neighbouring structures. Besides the tail, the pancreas is located in the
retroperitoneum, behind the peritoneum, in the abdominal cavity.
Parts It is now time to move on to exploring the anatomy of the pancreas, since you know
now where it is located. The body, the uncinate process, the neck, the body, and the tail
make up the five anatomical sections of the parenchymatous organ. Pancreas expands
medially at the head. The duodenum extends downwards and horizontally around the
pancreatic head. On the inferior surface of the head, we see the uncinate process, which
extends in a posterior direction towards the inferior mesenteric artery. In addition to the
head, the neck continues laterally from it, a short extension of around 2 cm that joins the
head to the body. As well as the origins of the hepatic portal vein and superior mesenteric
artery.
19. Upon merging with the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein is present. Besides
their surfaces (anteroposterior and posterior) and borders (superior and inferior),
pancreatic bodies also have two integral lobes. The bursa of the L2 vertebra is located
anteriorly. A smaller bursa called the omental bursa is located near it. The pancreatic
body has several vessels and glands posterior to it, including the superior mesenteric
artery, left kidney vessels, left suprarenal gland, and left renal vessels. Lastly, the
pancreas is composed of the intraperitoneal tail. Splenic vessels run along the
splenorenal ligament and the splenic hilum is closely related to it.
Ducts (Wirsung) in the pancreatic parenchyma: one in the tail and one in the head. The
hepatopancreatic duct, or ampulla of Vater, connects the liver with the pancreatic head.
On the major duodenal papilla, it opens into the duodenum descending part. Flow
through smooth muscle is controlled by the sphincter of Oddi through the ampulla of
Vater. Hepatopancreatic duct resorption is also prevented due to this device. A
sphincter sets up at the end of the main pancreatic and bile ducts to regulate the flow
of these fluids. Pancreatic accessory ducts are in addition to the main duct. In the
duodenum, in the descending part of the pancreatic neck, the main pancreatic duct
opens.
20.
21. Functions of pancreas
An exocrine gland runs the length of your pancreas. It produces enzymes that help
to break down food (digestion). Your pancreas releases the following enzymes:
Lipase: Works with bile (a fluid produced by the liver) to break down fats.
Amylase: Breaks down carbohydrates for energy.
Protease: Breaks down proteins.
When food enters your stomach:
Your pancreas releases the pancreatic enzymes into small ducts (tubes) that flow
into the main pancreatic duct.
Your main pancreatic duct connects with your bile duct. This duct transports bile
from your liver to your gallbladder.
From the gallbladder, the bile travels to part of your small intestine called the
duodenum.
Both the bile and the pancreatic enzymes enter your duodenum to break down
food.
22. How does the pancreas affect blood sugar?
The endocrine glands in your pancreas release hormones that control
blood sugar (glucose). These hormones are:
Insulin: Reduces high blood sugar levels.
Glucagon: Increases low blood sugar levels.
Your body needs balanced blood sugar to help with your kidneys, liver
and brain. Your heart and circulatory system and nervous system also
need balanced levels of insulin and glucagon to function.
23. Anatomy and function of liver
Anatomy of liver
In your belly (abdomen) top right corner is the liver. There is a cavity beneath the
diaphragm above the stomach, right kidney, intestines, and the right kidney. It
performs a variety of functions.
Blood is supplied to the liver from two distinct sources:
By way of the hepatic artery, blood is supplied with oxygen to the liver.
Hepatic portal veins bring nutrient-rich blood into the liver.
The liver consists of two lobes. Each lobe contains eight segments. Segments are
divided into thousands of small lobes (lobules). There are tiny ducts (tubes)
connecting the lobules that connect with the larger ducts to form the hepatic duct. As
bile is made in the liver, it travels through the common hepatic duct and on to the
gallbladder and the duodenum. Bile aids digestion by being yellow or orange and
helping to break down food.
24.
25. Functions of liver
The liver is responsible for controlling the majority of chemical levels in the blood. The
liver secretes this yellow or orange liquid. By breaking down fats, it makes them easier to
digest and absorb. As the blood leaves the stomach and intestines, it is filtered by the liver.
In the liver, blood is broken down, balanced, and nutrient-rich nutrients are created for the
body. As well as breaking down the medicines in the blood to make them easier to use by
the body, it metabolizes them. This liver performs several important functions, including:
• Bile helps transport waste away from the small intestine and break down fat during
digestion.
• It is also responsible for producing proteins for blood plasma
• Produces cholesterol and special proteins for carrying fat around the body
• Glucose is stored and released as Necessary
• The liver uses the iron in hemoglobin to produce hemoglobin.
• Produces urea (one of the materials excreted in the urine as a result of protein Metabolism
that is harmful.
26. Blood is cleansed of harmful substances and medicines Aids clotting of the blood
By making immune factors, it removes bacteria from the bloodstream and
protects the body against infections
Bilirubin is cleared by this medication (high levels of bilirubin cause yellowing of
the skin and eyes).
The liver excretes harmful substances into the bile or blood after they have been
broken down by the liver. As bowel movements leave the body, bile by-products
enter the intestine By excreting blood by-products as urine; the kidneys eliminate
these substances from the body.
27. Disorders of the Human Digestive System
Vomiting: It is the ejection of stomach contents through the mouth.
Diarrhea: It is the abnormal watery bowel movement. Prolonged diarrhea eventually
leads to dehydration.
Constipation: A condition in which the faces are clutched within the rectum due to an
irregular bowel movement.
Indigestion: A pain or discomfort in the stomach which is caused when food is not
digested properly, resulting in the feeling of fullness. Indigestion is mainly caused due
to inadequate enzyme secretion, food poisoning, anxiety, overeating and eating spicy
foods.
28. Gastrointestinal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid frequently
flows back into your esophagus. The acid reflux can irritate the lining of your
digestive system.
Common symptoms include:
Heartburn
Chest pain
Difficulty swallowing
A feeling of a lump in your throat
Regurgitation of food and liquids that taste sour
Disrupted sleep
Laryngitis
Chronic coughing, especially at night
Treatment often involves lifestyle and diet changes, along with acid reflux
medication.
29. Celiac Disease
This digestive disease is also categorized as an immune system disorder. Celiac disease is
triggered by the consumption of foods that contain gluten.
Gluten is a protein that is found in wheat, barley, and rye. Over time it can wreak have on
the small intestine causing digestive problems and nutrient deficiencies from a lack of
proper nutrient absorption.
Symptoms of Celiac Disease include:
Diarrhea
Fatigue
Weight loss
Bloating and gas
Abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
Constipation
There is no cure for Celiac Disease, but most people can promote intestinal healing and
mitigate symptom frequency and severity by sticking to a strict gluten-free diet.
30. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
IBS is a common digestive disorder that affects the large intestine. The main cause of the disorder is still
not well understood by medical professionals.
Symptoms include:
Abdominal pain and cramping
Bloating and gas
Diarrhea
Constipation
Changes in the appearance of your bowels
Inconsistent bowel movement frequency
Most can control their symptoms by managing diet, lifestyle and stress. Those living with more severe
symptoms can be treated with prescription medication.
31. Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. With this disease, abnormal
reactions of the immune system cause chronic inflammation and painful ulcers on the
inner lining of the large intestine.
Ulcerative colitis is most likely to develop in people between the ages of 15 and 30 but
can be diagnosed at any age.
Symptom severity varies greatly depending on the amount of inflammation in the large
intestine but often include:
Diarrhea, with blood or pus, Abdominal pain and cramping
Rectal pain, Rectal bleeding
Urgency to defecate, Inability to defecate
Weight loss, Fatigue, Fever
Failure to grow (in children)
There is no cure for ulcerative colitis but many people experience long periods of
remission with no active symptoms.
32. Crohn's Disease
Crohn’s Disease is another form of inflammatory bowel disease which causes inflammation of the
digestive tract.
Inflammation caused by this disease can involve various sections of the digestive tract which often
spread into deeper layers of the bowel.
Crohn's disease can be extremely painful and debilitating and sometimes lead to life-threatening
complications.
Symptoms include:
Diarrhea
Fever, Fatigue
Abdominal pain and cramping
Blood in your stool, Mouth sores
Reduced appetite, Weight loss
Pain or drainage near or around the anus
Inflammation of skin, eyes and joints ,liver or bile ducts
Kidney stones, Anemia
There is no cure for Crohn’s Disease, professional medical treatment can help mitigate symptoms that
lead to long-term remission.