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Endocrine system
- 1. Slide 2.1 Human AnatomyHumanAnatomy Endocrine System Pavemedicine.comPavemedicine.com
- 2. Slide 9.23a Thyroid GlandThyroidGland • Found at the base of the throat • Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus • Produces two hormones • Thyroid hormone • Calcitonin
- 3. Slide 9.23b Thyroid GlandThyroidGland Figure 9.6
- 4. Slide 9.24 Thyroid HormoneThyroidHormone • Major metabolic hormone • Composed of two active iodine- containing hormones • Thyroxine (T4) – secreted by thyroid follicles • Triiodothyronine (T3) – conversion of T4 at target tissues
- 5. Slide 9.24 Thyroid HormoneThyroidHormone • Target: all body cells • Action: • Regulation of cell metabolism • Oxygen utilization
- 6. Slide 9.25 CalcitoninCalcitonin • Antagonisticto parathyroid hormone • Produced by C (parafollicular) cells Figure 9.9
- 7. Slide 9.25 CalcitoninCalcitonin • Target:osteocytes • Action: • Decreases blood calcium levels • Stimulates Ca++ deposition in bone
- 8. Slide 9.26 Parathyroid GlandsParathyroidGlands • Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid • Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- 9. Slide 9.26 Parathyroid GlandsParathyroidGlands • Target: Osteoclasts • Action: • Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone • Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium • Raise calcium levels in the blood
- 10. Slide 9.27 Adrenal GlandsAdrenalGlands • Paired glands above kidneys • Cortex • outer glandular region • in three layers • Medulla – inner neural tissue region
- 11. Slide 9.28a Hormones ofthe Adrenal CortexHormones of the Adrenal Cortex Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) • Target: the kidneys • Action: • Regulate mineral content in blood • Water, electrolyte balance (Na+ retention) • Increase blood pressure
- 12. Slide 9.28b Hormones ofthe Adrenal CortexHormones of the Adrenal Cortex Figure 9.10
- 13. Slide 9.29a Hormones ofthe Adrenal CortexHormones of the Adrenal Cortex • Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol) • Target: Most body cells • Actions: • Promote normal cell metabolism • Help resist long-term stressors • Depress immune response
- 14. Slide 9.29b Hormones ofthe Adrenal CortexHormones of the Adrenal Cortex • Sex hormones • Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex • Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female) • Target: gonadal tissue • Action: development of secondary sex characteristics
- 15. Slide 9.30 Hormones ofthe Adrenal MedullaHormones of the Adrenal Medulla • Produces Epinephrine, Norepinephrine • Target: Sympathetic nervous system • Action: • Prepare the body to deal with short-term stress • Potentiate sympathetic response
- 16. Slide 9.31 Roles ofthe Hypothalamus and AdrenalRoles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress ResponseGlands in the Stress Response Figure 9.12
- 17. Slide 9.32a Pancreatic IsletsPancreaticIslets • The pancreas is both endocrine and exocrine • The islet cells produce hormones • Insulin – produced by ß cells • Target: all cells, esp. muscle, adipose • Action: enhances glucose transport across plasma membranes
- 18. Slide 9.32a Pancreatic IsletsPancreaticIslets • Glucagon – produced by α cells • Target: the liver • Action: •breakdown of glycogen to glucose •Increases blood sugar • These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis
- 19. Slide 9.32b Pancreatic IsletsPancreaticIslets Figure 9.13
- 20. Slide 9.33 Pancreatic Hormonesand Blood SugarPancreatic Hormones and Blood Sugar Figure 9.14
- 21. Slide 9.34 Pineal Gland(“Third Eye”)Pineal Gland (“Third Eye”) • Found above third ventricle of the brain • Secretes melatonin • Target: Sleep centers in brain, gonads • Action: • Helps establish the body’s Circadian rhythms • Affects timing of puberty
- 22. Slide 9.35 ThymusThymus • Locatedposterior to the sternum • Largest in infants and children • Produces thymosin, thymopoietin • Target: immature white blood cells • Action: • Maturation of T-cells • Important in developing the immune system
- 23. Slide 9.36 Hormones ofthe OvariesHormones of the Ovaries • Estrogens • Produced by Graafian follicles or the placenta • Targets: • Gonadal tissue • Female reproductive organs
- 24. Slide 9.36 Hormones ofthe OvariesHormones of the Ovaries • Actions: • Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics • Matures female reproductive organs • Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg • Helps maintain pregnancy • Prepares the breasts to produce milk
- 25. Slide 9.37 Hormones ofthe OvariesHormones of the Ovaries • Progesterone • Produced by the corpus luteum • Target: Uterus, breast tissue • Action: • Acts with estrogen to regulate the menstrual cycle • Helps maintain pregnancy
- 26. Slide 9.38 Hormones ofthe TestesHormones of the Testes • Interstitial cells produce several androgens • Testosterone is the most important • Target: • Male reproductive organs • Skeletal muscle • Skeletal system • Larynx
- 27. Slide 9.38 Hormones ofthe TestesHormones of the Testes • Actions: • Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics • Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system • Required for sperm cell production
- 28. Slide 9.39 Other Hormone-ProducingTissuesOther Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organsand Organs • Parts of the small intestine • Parts of the stomach • Kidneys • Heart • Many other areas have scattered endocrine cells
- 29. Slide 9.40 Endocrine Functionof the Placenta:Endocrine Function of the Placenta: FYIFYI • Produces hormones that maintain the pregnancy • Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby • Produces HCG in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones
- 30. Slide 9.41 Developmental Aspectsof theDevelopmental Aspects of the Endocrine System: FYIEndocrine System: FYI • Most endocrine organs operate smoothly until old age • Menopause is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries • Problems associated with reduced estrogen are common • Growth hormone production declines with age • Many endocrine glands decrease output with age