The document summarizes the major endocrine glands and hormones in the human body. It describes the location and functions of the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, pineal gland, ovaries, testes, placenta and other minor hormone producing tissues. The key hormones produced by each gland are identified along with their targets and actions in regulating metabolism, growth, development, and other physiological processes throughout the body.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
Reproductive system
Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female
reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization,
spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition
Endocrine Glands. Explaination of different glands.Function of different glands and the disorders caused by the alterations in the level of hormone secreted by the different glands.
The cardiovascular system can be thought of as the transport system of the body.
This system has three main components: the heart, the blood vessel and the blood itself.
The heart is the system’s pump and the blood vessels are like the delivery routes.
Unit-I, Chapter_1 Nervous System Final PPT.pptAudumbar Mali
B. Pharm. Sem:-II,
BP 201T. HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-II (Theory),
Nervous System:
Organization of nervous system, neuron, neuroglia, classification and properties of nerve fibre, electrophysiology, action potential, nerve impulse, receptors, synapse, neurotransmitters. Central nervous system: Meninges, ventricles of brain and
cerebrospinal fluid.structure and functions of brain (cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum), spinal cord (gross structure, functions of afferent and efferent nerve tracts,reflex activity).
Reproductive system
Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female
reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization,
spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition
Endocrine Glands. Explaination of different glands.Function of different glands and the disorders caused by the alterations in the level of hormone secreted by the different glands.
The cardiovascular system can be thought of as the transport system of the body.
This system has three main components: the heart, the blood vessel and the blood itself.
The heart is the system’s pump and the blood vessels are like the delivery routes.
Unit-I, Chapter_1 Nervous System Final PPT.pptAudumbar Mali
B. Pharm. Sem:-II,
BP 201T. HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-II (Theory),
Nervous System:
Organization of nervous system, neuron, neuroglia, classification and properties of nerve fibre, electrophysiology, action potential, nerve impulse, receptors, synapse, neurotransmitters. Central nervous system: Meninges, ventricles of brain and
cerebrospinal fluid.structure and functions of brain (cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum), spinal cord (gross structure, functions of afferent and efferent nerve tracts,reflex activity).
Musculoskeletal system – movements of the lower limb technologiesKareem Magar
A teaching resource I created for an assessment for university. It lists all the main movements of the lower limb (hip joint, leg/knee and leg/foot), the muscles associated with each movement and any other relevant information. At the end is a table summarizing all the information in depth, including origin and insertion. Included within the presentation are pictures of every movement and muscle involved, as well as links to useful resources such as a 3D anatomy model.
endocrine system is made up of several organs called glands. These glands, located all over your body, create and secrete (release) hormones. Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Slide 9.23a
Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland
• Found at the base of the throat
• Consists of two lobes and a connecting
isthmus
• Produces two hormones
• Thyroid hormone
• Calcitonin
9. Slide 9.26
Parathyroid GlandsParathyroid Glands
• Target: Osteoclasts
• Action:
• Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium
from bone
• Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to
absorb more calcium
• Raise calcium levels in the blood
10. Slide 9.27
Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands
• Paired glands above kidneys
• Cortex
• outer glandular region
• in three layers
• Medulla – inner neural tissue region
13. Slide 9.29a
Hormones of the Adrenal CortexHormones of the Adrenal Cortex
• Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and
cortisol)
• Target: Most body cells
• Actions:
• Promote normal cell metabolism
• Help resist long-term stressors
• Depress immune response
14. Slide 9.29b
Hormones of the Adrenal CortexHormones of the Adrenal Cortex
• Sex hormones
• Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal
cortex
• Androgens (male) and some estrogen
(female)
• Target: gonadal tissue
• Action: development of secondary sex
characteristics
15. Slide 9.30
Hormones of the Adrenal MedullaHormones of the Adrenal Medulla
• Produces Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
• Target: Sympathetic nervous system
• Action:
• Prepare the body to deal with short-term
stress
• Potentiate sympathetic response
16. Slide 9.31
Roles of the Hypothalamus and AdrenalRoles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal
Glands in the Stress ResponseGlands in the Stress Response
Figure 9.12
17. Slide 9.32a
Pancreatic IsletsPancreatic Islets
• The pancreas is both endocrine and
exocrine
• The islet cells produce hormones
• Insulin – produced by ß cells
• Target: all cells, esp. muscle, adipose
• Action: enhances glucose transport
across plasma membranes
18. Slide 9.32a
Pancreatic IsletsPancreatic Islets
• Glucagon – produced by α cells
• Target: the liver
• Action:
•breakdown of glycogen to glucose
•Increases blood sugar
• These hormones are antagonists that
maintain blood sugar homeostasis
21. Slide 9.34
Pineal Gland (“Third Eye”)Pineal Gland (“Third Eye”)
• Found above third ventricle of the brain
• Secretes melatonin
• Target: Sleep centers in brain, gonads
• Action:
• Helps establish the body’s Circadian
rhythms
• Affects timing of puberty
22. Slide 9.35
ThymusThymus
• Located posterior to the sternum
• Largest in infants and children
• Produces thymosin, thymopoietin
• Target: immature white blood cells
• Action:
• Maturation of T-cells
• Important in developing the immune system
23. Slide 9.36
Hormones of the OvariesHormones of the Ovaries
• Estrogens
• Produced by Graafian follicles or the placenta
• Targets:
• Gonadal tissue
• Female reproductive organs
24. Slide 9.36
Hormones of the OvariesHormones of the Ovaries
• Actions:
• Stimulates the development of secondary
female characteristics
• Matures female reproductive organs
• Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized
egg
• Helps maintain pregnancy
• Prepares the breasts to produce milk
25. Slide 9.37
Hormones of the OvariesHormones of the Ovaries
• Progesterone
• Produced by the corpus luteum
• Target: Uterus, breast tissue
• Action:
• Acts with estrogen to regulate the
menstrual cycle
• Helps maintain pregnancy
26. Slide 9.38
Hormones of the TestesHormones of the Testes
• Interstitial cells produce several
androgens
• Testosterone is the most important
• Target:
• Male reproductive organs
• Skeletal muscle
• Skeletal system
• Larynx
27. Slide 9.38
Hormones of the TestesHormones of the Testes
• Actions:
• Responsible for adult male secondary sex
characteristics
• Promotes growth and maturation of male
reproductive system
• Required for sperm cell production
28. Slide 9.39
Other Hormone-Producing TissuesOther Hormone-Producing Tissues
and Organsand Organs
• Parts of the small intestine
• Parts of the stomach
• Kidneys
• Heart
• Many other areas have scattered
endocrine cells
29. Slide 9.40
Endocrine Function of the Placenta:Endocrine Function of the Placenta:
FYIFYI
• Produces hormones that maintain the
pregnancy
• Some hormones play a part in the
delivery of the baby
• Produces HCG in addition to estrogen,
progesterone, and other hormones
30. Slide 9.41
Developmental Aspects of theDevelopmental Aspects of the
Endocrine System: FYIEndocrine System: FYI
• Most endocrine organs operate smoothly
until old age
• Menopause is brought about by lack of
efficiency of the ovaries
• Problems associated with reduced estrogen
are common
• Growth hormone production declines with age
• Many endocrine glands decrease output with
age
