Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze volatile compounds. It works by injecting a sample into a column through which an inert gas flows, carrying the separated components out at different rates depending on their interactions with the stationary phase coating the column. The separated components are detected to produce a chromatogram showing peaks that can be analyzed to determine the identity and quantity of each component in the original sample.
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
By M.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
HPLC is a High Performance liquid Chromatography.
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography.
High Priced Liquid Chromatography.
It is column chromatography.
It is Liquid Chromatography.
It is modified from of gas chromatography, it is applicable for both Volatile as well as Non volatile compound.
It can mainly divided by two types 1. Normal phase HPLC 2. Reversed Phase HPLC.
It is having a high resolution and separation capacity.
Gas chromatography and its instrumentationArgha Sen
Gas chromatography is an unique technology which helps us in separating volatile analytes. Its is an easy and reproduciple method for detecting residual solvents found in APIs.
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
By M.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
HPLC is a High Performance liquid Chromatography.
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography.
High Priced Liquid Chromatography.
It is column chromatography.
It is Liquid Chromatography.
It is modified from of gas chromatography, it is applicable for both Volatile as well as Non volatile compound.
It can mainly divided by two types 1. Normal phase HPLC 2. Reversed Phase HPLC.
It is having a high resolution and separation capacity.
Gas chromatography and its instrumentationArgha Sen
Gas chromatography is an unique technology which helps us in separating volatile analytes. Its is an easy and reproduciple method for detecting residual solvents found in APIs.
HPLC Principle,Instrumentation and ApplicationAlakesh Pradhan
HPLC Chromatography and its principle
Liquid chromatography
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( HPLC )
The components of the high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC).
The separation process.
The chromatogram
Detectors are the brain of any chromatograhic system. It help us to record the chromatogram based on certain characteristics of the analyte and help us in identifying that compound both qualitatively and quantitatively.
HPTLC- Principle, Instrumentation and Software (Abhishek Gupta)Abhishek Gupta
HPTLC is the improved method of TLC which utilizes the conventional technique of TLC in more optimized way
It is also known as planar chromatography or Flat-bed chromatography.
A separation technique in which the mobile phase is a gas. Gas chromatography is always carried out in a column.
Separating mixtures of gases or volatile materials based primarily on their physical properties.
HPLC Principle,Instrumentation and ApplicationAlakesh Pradhan
HPLC Chromatography and its principle
Liquid chromatography
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( HPLC )
The components of the high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC).
The separation process.
The chromatogram
Detectors are the brain of any chromatograhic system. It help us to record the chromatogram based on certain characteristics of the analyte and help us in identifying that compound both qualitatively and quantitatively.
HPTLC- Principle, Instrumentation and Software (Abhishek Gupta)Abhishek Gupta
HPTLC is the improved method of TLC which utilizes the conventional technique of TLC in more optimized way
It is also known as planar chromatography or Flat-bed chromatography.
A separation technique in which the mobile phase is a gas. Gas chromatography is always carried out in a column.
Separating mixtures of gases or volatile materials based primarily on their physical properties.
A presentation on column efficiency parameters in chromatography.. A part of gas chromatography in pharmacutical analysis..will be helpful for all mphrm students
X-ray crystallography is a technique used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.
Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be determined). In some situations, GC may help in identifying a compound. In preparative chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure compounds from a mixture
Introduction to gas Chromatography
,Principle of gas chromatography
Instrumentation of gas Chromatography
Type of detectors of gas chromatography
Advantages of gas chromatography
Disadvantages of gas chromatography
Applications of gas chromatography
Low amount of sample
Complex mixture.
Gas chromatography is a process of separating component(s) from the given crude drug or mixture by using stationary phase (solid or liquid) and gaseous mobile phase. It involves a sample being vaporized and injected onto the head of the chromatographic
column. The sample is transported through the column by the flow of inert, gaseous
mobile phase. The column itself contains a solid or liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the
surface of an inert solid.
Gas Chromatography in Analytical Analysis.pptxRAHUL PAL
Gas chromatography is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture.
Gas Chromatography is an analytical techniques, used for the separation of volatile substances on the basis of their partition coefficient . In this slide you will find out different instrumentation of gas chromatography, its advantages, disadvantages and moreover its applications.
Introduction and principle of glc, hplc
columns of hplc
columns of glc
detectors of glc
detectors of hplc
chromatography
classification of chromatography
gas liquid chromatography
high performance liquid chromatography
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
38. 1.Thermal Conductivity Detector (Katharometer, Hot Wire Detector) Measures the changes of thermal conductivity due to the sample ( g). Sample can be recovered.
39. Thermal Conductivity Basics When the carrier gas is contaminated by sample , the cooling effect of the gas changes. The difference in cooling is used to generate the detector signal. The TCD is a nondestructive, concentration sensing detector. A heated filament is cooled by the flow of carrier gas. Flow Flow
40. When a separated compound elutes from the column , the thermal conductivity of the mixture of carrier gas and compound gas is lowered. The filament in the sample column becomes hotter than the control column. The imbalance between control and sample filament temperature is measured by a simple gadget and a signal is recorded Thermal Conductivity Detector
80. Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Fatty Acids C C C Detector Response Retention Time 14 16 18 Peak Area Sample Concentration (mg/ml ) 2 4 6 8 10 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
81. Tentative Identification of Unknown Compounds Response GC Retention Time on Carbowax-20 (min) Mixture of known compounds Hexane Octane Decane 1.6 min = RT Response Unknown compound may be Hexane 1.6 min = RT Retention Time on Carbowax-20 (min)
82. Retention Times Response GC Retention Time on SE-30 Unknown compound RT= 4 min on SE-30 Response GC Retention Time on SE-30 Hexane RT= 4.0 min on SE-30
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Editor's Notes
Packed - As suggested by the term, it is filled with a coated inert solid support such as fire brick, alumina, and graphite with a specific mesh size. The coatings are called phases and for best results are chemically bonded to the support. Chemical bonding provides for longer column life and less bleeding (major source of background noise) contributing to lower sensitivity. Column dimensions 1/8” - 1/4” ID x up to about 6’ using glass or stainless steel. Advantages - higher capacity (higher conc). Disadvantages: low resolution and low S/N. Capillary - Here the phase (film) is coated on the inside diameter of the capillary wall with film thickness range of 0.1 to 5μ where the ticker film provides for better resolution but also allows for more bleed. Typical dimensions .25mm - .53mm ID x up to 60m made of fused silica coated with polyamide. Advantages: high resolution and better S/N. Disadvantages: low capacity and cost.
Isothermal - Keep oven at one temp thru run. Not very useful. Possibly useful for series of very similar compounds differing by boiling points such as alcohols ( MeOH, EtOH, n-PrOH, i-PrOH, BuOH, i-BuOH). BP 64.6 78.3 97.2 82.4 117.6 99.5 Gradient - temp profile: 40 deg hold for 10 min then 10deg/min to 240 deg and hold there for 20 min. Advantages: 1- resolution and 2- analysis time.
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