Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy uses the principle that free atoms generated from a sample can absorb radiation at specific frequencies, allowing the technique to quantify the concentration of various metals and metalloids present. The sample is atomized using a flame or graphite furnace and exposed to light from a hollow cathode lamp, with absorption measured to generate calibration curves and determine unknown concentrations. AAS is a common analytical technique used across various fields like environmental analysis, food testing, and pharmaceutical applications.

1. ATOMIC
ABSORPTION
SPECTROSCOPY
SUPERVISOR: PRESENTED BY:
Dr. SANGEETA OBROI SURITI SHARMA
M.Sc. Chem.-3rd Sem.
11311114

2. CONTENTS:
 Principle of AAS.
 Instrumentation.
 Applications.
 Experiments.

3. INTRODUCTION:
 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is a very common
technique for detecting metals and metalloids in
samples.
 It is very reliable and simple to use.
 It can analyze over 62 elements.
 It also measures the concentration of metals in the
sample.

4. HISTORY:
The first atomic absorption spectrometer was built by
CSIRO scientist Alan Walsh in 1954. Shown in the
picture Alan Walsh(left), with a spectrometer.

5. Elements detectable by atomic absorption are highlighted in pink in this
periodic table

6. PRINCIPLE:
 The technique uses basically the principle that free
atoms (gas) generated in an atomizer can absorb
radiation at specific frequency.
 Atomic-absorption spectroscopy quantifies the
absorption of ground state atoms in the gaseous state .
 The atoms absorb ultraviolet or visible light and make
transitions to higher electronic energy levels. The analyte
concentration is determined from the amount of
absorption.

7. - Concentration measurements are usually determined from a
working curve after calibrating the instrument with standards
of known concentration.
- Atomic absorption is a very common technique for
detecting metals and metalloids in environmental samples.

8. THEORY:
Hollow Cathode
Lamp
Detector Nebulizer
Atomic
Absorption
spectrometer
Monochromator Atomizer

10. Schematic diagram of AAS:

11. LIGHT SOURCE:
 Hollow Cathode Lamp are the most common radiation
source in AAS.
 It contains a tungsten anode and a hollow cylindrical
cathode made of the element to be determined.
 These are sealed in a glass tube filled with an inert gas
(neon or argon ) .
 Each element has its own unique lamp which must be
used for that analysis .

12. Hollow Cathode Lamp:
Quartz window
Pyrex body
cathode
Anode
Cathode

13. NEBULIZER:
 suck up liquid samples at controlled rate.
 create a fine aerosol spray for introduction into flame.
 Mix the aerosol and fuel and oxidant thoroughly
for introduction into flame.

14. Atomizer
 Elements to be analyzed needs to be in atomic sate.
 Atomization is separation of particles into individual
molecules and breaking molecules into atoms. This is
done by exposing the analyte to high temperatures in a
flame or graphite furnace .

15. ATOMIZERS:
ATOMIZER
FLAME GRAPHITE TUBE
ATOMIZERS ATOMIZERS

16. FLAME ATOMIZER:
 To create flame, we need to mix an oxidant gas and a
fuel gas.
 in most of the cases air-acetylene flame or nitrous oxide-
acetylene flame is used.
 liquid or dissolved samples are typically used with flame
atomizer.

18. GRAPHITE TUBE ATOMIZER:
 uses a graphite coated furnace to vaporize the sample.
 ln GFAAS sample, samples are deposited in a small
graphite coated tube which can then be heated to
vaporize and atomize the analyte.
 The graphite tubes are heated using a high current
power supply.

19. MONOCHROMATOR:
 This is a very important part in an AA spectrometer. It is
used to separate out all of the thousands of lines.
 A monochromator is used to select the specific
wavelength of light which is absorbed by the sample, and
to exclude other wavelengths.
 The selection of the specific light allows the
determination of the selected element in the presence of
others.

20. DETECTOR:
 The light selected by the monochromator is directed onto
a detector that is typically a photomultiplier tube , whose
function is to convert the light signal into an electrical
signal proportional to the light intensity.
 The processing of electrical signal is fulfilled by a signal
amplifier . The signal could be displayed for readout , or
further fed into a data station for printout by the
requested format.

21. Calibration Curve
 A calibration curve is used to determine the unknown
concentration of an element in a solution. The instrument
is calibrated using several solutions of known
concentrations. The absorbance of each known solution
is measured and then a calibration curve of
concentration vs absorbance is plotted.
 The sample solution is fed into the instrument, and the
absorbance of the element in this solution is
measured .The unknown concentration of the element is
then calculated from the calibration curve

22. APPLICATIONS:
Determination of even small amounts of metals (lead,
mercury, calcium, magnesium, etc) as follows:
 Environmental studies: drinking water, ocean water, soil.
 Food industry.
 Pharmaceutical industry.

23. EXPERIMENTS
DETERMINATION OF VANDIUM IN LUBRICATING
OIL
DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN
CONTAMINATED SOIL

24. VANADIUM IN LUBRICATING OIL:
 THEORY:
High temperature corrosion and fouling can be
attributed to vanadium in the fuel. During
combustion, the element oxidize and form semi-
liquid and low melting salts (vanadium
pentoxide), which adhere to exhaust valves and
turbochargers. In practice, the extent of hot
corrosion and fouling are generally maintained at
an acceptable level through temperature control,
an operational solution, and material selection.

25.  the oil is dissolved in white spirit and the absorption of
this solution is compared with the absorption of standard.
 STANDARD SOLUTION: the standard solutions are
made up from vanadium naphthenate in white spirit
which contain about 3% of vanadium.
 (weigh out 0.6 g of vanadium naphthenate into a 100 ml
flask and made up to mark with white spirit. dilute
portions of this stock solution to obtain a series of
working standards containing 10-40 mg ml-1 of
vanadium).

26. PROCEDURE:
 weigh out accurately about 5 g of the oil sample, dissolve in
small volume of white spirit and transfer to 50 ml flask.
 using same solvent, make up the sol. to the mark.
 set up a vanadium hollow cathode lamp selecting a resonance
line of wavelength 318.5 nm.
 adjust gas controls to give a fuel rich acetylene-nitrous oxide
flame.
 aspirate successfully into the flame the solvent blank, standard
solutions and finally the test solution
 in each case recording the absorbance reading .plot the
calibration curve and ascertain the vanadium content of the oil.

27. LEAD IN CONTAMINATED SOIL:
 SAMPLING: samples of approx. 50g should be taken
from specified sampling points on the site.
 The sampling point should include surface soil and two
further samples taken at depth, at 0.5 and 1.0m.
 The exact location of these points should be noted, for it
may be necessary to take further samples.

28. PROCEDURE:
 weight out about 1g of seived soil and transfer to a
100ml beaker. add 20 ml of 1:1 nitric acid .
 boil gently on a hot plate until the volume of nitric acid is
reduced to 5ml.
 add 20ml of deionised water and boil gently again until
the volume is 10ml.

29.  cool the suspension and filter through a whatman filter
paper, washing the beaker and filter paper with
deionised water until a volume of about 25ml is obtained.
 transfer the filtrate to a 50ml flask and make up to the
mark with deionised water.
 setup acetylene-air flame with resonance line 217.0 nm.
 standard lead solutions containing 1-10 mg ml-1 are
suitable for measurement

30. REFERENCES:
 Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Analysis, G. Svehla,
Pearson.
 Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Skoog.

Basic Concepts Of Analytical chemistry, S M Khopkar.