Gas chromatography is a separation technique that uses a gaseous mobile phase to transport a vaporized sample through a column containing a stationary phase. It offers advantages such as high sensitivity, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness, and can analyze complex mixtures effectively. Various components and detectors are utilized in this method to enhance detection and measurement capabilities for a wide range of applications, including food analysis and pollution detection.

1. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
SUBMITTED BY: PRACHI PANDEY, RAHUL PAL
M. PHARM (PHARMACEUTICS), IIND SEM.
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS, NIMS INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, NIMS UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR,
RAJASTHAN, 303121, INDIA.

2. INTRODUCTION
 Gas chromatography is a process of separating component(s) from the given crude drug or mixture by using
stationary phase (solid or liquid) and gaseous mobile phase.
 It involves a sample being vaporized and injected onto the head of the chromatographic column. The sample is
transported through the column by the flow of inert, gaseous mobile phase.
 The column itself contains a solid or liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid.
 Two major types
 • Gas-solid chromatography (GSC)
(Stationary phase: solid)
 • Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)
(Stationary phase: immobilized liquid)

3. ADVANTAGES
 The technique has strong separation power and even complex mixture can be resolved into
constituents
 The sensitivity of the method is quite high. it is micro method only few mg of sample is sufficient for
analysis.
 It gives good precision and accuracy
 The analysis is completed in a short time
 The cost of instrument is relatively low and its life is generally long
 The technique is relatively suitable for routine analysis (do not require highly skilled person for
operation)

4. COMPONENTS OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
1. Carrier gas:- He (common), N2, H2, Argon.
2. Flow regulators & Flow meters Sample injection port:-
3. Columns:- 2-50 m coiled stainless steel/glass/Teflon.
4. Detectors:- Flame ionization (FID), Thermal conductivity (TCD), Electron capture (ECD), Nitrogen-
phosphorus, Flame photometric (FPD), Photo-ionization (PID).
5. Thermostat chamber:- for temperature regulation of the column and detectors.
6. An amplifier and recording system

5. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPH

6. HPLC

7. CARRIER GAS
 The carrier gas must be chemically inert.
 Commonly used gases include hydrogen, nitrogen, helium, argon, and carbon dioxide.
 Hydrogen has more advantages as compared to others but it highly flammable.
 Helium is generally used because of its excellent thermal conductivity, inertness, low density and allow
high flow rate.

8. SELECTION OF CARRIEER GAS
Selection of carrier gas dhould be done on the basic of
 It should not chemically interact with sample or any other material
 Should be suitable for detectors.
 No fire or explosion hazards
 Readily available in high purity.
 Should be economical

9. COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE OF HELIUM,
HYDROGEN AND NITROGEN

10. FLOW REGULATORS & FLOW METERS
 Deliver the gas with uniform pressure/flow rate
 flow meters:- Rota meter & Soap bubble flow meter
ROTAMETER
 Placed before column inlet
 It has a glass tube with a float held on to a spring.
 The level of the float is determined by the flow rate of carrier gas

11. SOAP BUBBLE METER
 Similar to Rota meter but instead of a float, soap
bubble formed indicates the flow rate

12. SAMPLE INJECTION PORT
1. The most common method of sample injection involves the use of micro syringe
to inject a liquid or gaseous sample through a self sealing silicon rubber
diaphragm or septum into a flash vaporizer port located at the head of column.
2. The sample port is generally located abut the 500 c above the boiling point of
leastvolatile component.
3. To increase the column efficiency suitable size of sample should be selected and
introduced as a plug of vapor. The slow injection of over size sample causes band
broadening and poor resolution of a mixture.
Sample injection
port
Sample injection
port
Sample injection
port
Sample injection
port
Sample Injection
Port

13. COLOUM
 The column is heart in chromatography. In the column the different solute in the vaporized sample separated from each
other by virtue of their different interaction with the column packing .
 The two types of column are commonly employed in gas chromatography.
1) Packed column
2) Capillary column
1. Packed columns
 prepared by packing metal or glass tubing with finely divided, inert, solid support material (diatomaceous earth) for
GSC.
 Solid inert coated with liquid stationary phase for GLC.
 Most packed columns are 1.5 – 10 m in length and have an internal diameter of 2 - 4mm.
Packed Columns

14. CAPILLARY COLUMN
 This column also referred as tubular column
 Made up of long capillary tubing (30 to 90 meter) in length having uniform and narrow internal diameter
(0.025 – 0.075 cm).
 Made up of stainless steel, copper, nylon or glass etc.
 Inside the wall of capillary tubing is coated with the liquid phase in the form of thin (0.5 – 1 micron) uniform
film on inert solid support or coated with inert solid material.
 There are two type of capillary column
 Open tubular column
 Support coated open tubular column
2. Capillary columns

15. SOME COMMON STATIONARY PHASE FOR GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY

16. DETECTORS
 There are many detectors which can be used in gas chromatography Different detectors will give
different types of selectivity.
 Detectors can be grouped into concentration dependent detectors and mass flow dependent detectors.
 The signal from a concentration dependant detector is related to the concentration of solute in the
detector, and does not usually destroy the sample Dilution of with make-up gas will lower the detectors
response.
 Mass flow dependant detectors usually destroy the sample, and the signal is related to the rate at which
solute molecules enter the detector. The response of a mass flow dependent detector is unaffected by
make-up gas

17. IDEAL PROPERTIES DETECTOR
 Sensitive (10-8-10-15 g solute/s)
 Operate at high T (0-400 °C)
 Stable and reproducible Linear response
 Wide dynamic range
 Fast response Simple (reliable)
 Nondestructive
 Uniform response to all analytes

18. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DETECTOR (TCD)
 The principle of the detector is that the temperature and thus resistance of the wire through which
current is flowing is depend upon thermal conductivity of gas in which it isimmersed.
 Thermal conductivity of gas is a function of its composition.
 Construction & Working
 It consist of two chamber of small volumes, made within a metal block: each containing a resistance
wire with high temperature coefficient of resistance (resistance varies greatly with temperature). These
resistance constitute Reference (R) and sensing (S).
 The carrier gas is passes in both the cell and arrangement is such that the column effluent are moved
into the sensing side only.
 When a sample component enters into sensing cell, the temperature of the sensing filament S changes
due to widely different thermal conductivity of sample component than the carrier gas, as a result
resistance of S also varies and bridge become unbalanced. This off-balance current is signalled to
recorder which draws the elution curve for chromatographic separation.

19. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DETECTOR (TCD)
Wheatstone Bridge

20. FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR (FID)
 Principle:
 The ionization detector are based on the electrical conductivity of gases. At normal temperature and pressure
gases act as insulator but become conductive of ions if electrons are present. If this condition are such that
the gas molecule themselves do not ionise, but change in conductivity due to presence of a very small
number of ions can be detected.
 Construction and Working:
 Hydrogen gas is added with a capillary jet if it was not used as a carrier gas, the sample components from
effluent are burn in air (or oxygen, hydrogen) and ionized. These ions raise upwards and are attracted
towards anode or cathode based on charge on them. When they impinge on the electrodes, current is passed
which is recorded. The strength and intensity of current depends on the sample its concentration.

21. FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR (FID)

22. ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTOR (ECD)
 Principle
 The electron affinity of different substances can be used as basis for ionization detector called as
Electron capture detector (ECD).
 This detector depend to only those compounds whose molecule have an affinity for electrons e. g.
chlorinated compounds, alkyl, lead etc.
 Construction and working
 ECD consist of chamber in which metal foil coated with a tritium (radioactive β emitter) is used as
steady source of slow electrons.
 The ECD is most frequently used for detection and measurement of trace environmental pollutants.
 It has high sensitivity for halogenated compounds therefore used for detection of herbicides pesticides,
traces in fuel gases, organometallic compounds etc.

23. ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTOR (ECD)

24. ARGON IONIZATION DETECTOR
 These detectors are similar to flame ionization detectors with only difference that argon ion gas is used
to ionize the sample molecules.
 The argon ion are obtained by reacting argon gas with radio active elements. Once argon ionizes they
try to get back to stable state by either taking or giving electron from the sample components thus
making sample molecules to ions for detection.

25. TYPES OF DETECTORS

26. TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMING SYSTEM
 As temperature programming facilitates controlled increase of even temperature
during analysis. So that peaks of analytes should be sharp and emerge quickly.
 Because of temperature programming facility the components of wide boiling point
range mixture may be resolved efficiently.
 Temperature programming may be carried out by three different modes
o Natural or ballastic
o Linear
o Matrix or multilinear

27. APPLICATION OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
 Qualitative Analysis:- of individual components of a mixture may be obtained by either of the
following.
 by comparing the retention time or volume of the sample to the standard, or
 by collecting the individual components as they emerge from the chromatograph and subsequently
identifying these compounds by other method
 Quantitative Analysis- area under a single component elution peak is proportional to the quantity of
the detected component.
 The detection of steroid drugs used by athletes in sport competition and steroid administration to
animals in traces being carried by GLC.

28. APPLICATION
 In analysis of food, the separation of and identification of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, flavors,
colorants and texture modifiers as well as vitamins, steroids, drugs and pesticides trace elements being
analyzed by GC.
 It is possible to analyzed dairy products by GLC for aldehyde and ketones (for rancidity), fatty acid and
milk sugar.
 better is analyzed for the butter fat content and for added color and flavour.
 It is possible to use pyrolysis GC for separation of and identification of volatile material like plastics,
natural and synthetic polymer, paints and microbiological samples.
 It may be use for analysis of pollutant, inorganic compounds etc.

29. REFERENCES
1) Grob, R. L., & Barry, E. F. (Eds.). (2004). Modern practice of gas chromatography. John
Wiley & Sons.
2) McNair, H. M., Miller, J. M., & Snow, N. H. (2019). Basic gas chromatography. John
Wiley & Sons.