Analytical chemistry involves separating, identifying, and quantifying components of matter. Hyphenated techniques combine two analytical methods, such as gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS separates chemical mixtures using gas chromatography and then identifies components using mass spectrometry. Other common hyphenated techniques include liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy (GC-IR). These coupled techniques provide enhanced sensitivity and accuracy for analyzing organic compounds, pollutants, drugs, proteins, and more.

1. Hyphenated Techniques

2. Analytical Chemistry
• Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of matter for the
purpose of chemical characterization of matter.
• Analytical chemistry answers the two important questions...
1. What is it..??
2. How much is it..??
• Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of the chemical species in the sample.
• Quantitative analysis determines the amount of certain components in the substance.
1. Conventional/ Classical methods
2. Instrumental methods
• The separation of components is often performed prior to analysis.
• The separation of materials is accomplished using-
– Chromatography,
– Electrophoresis,
– Field flow fractionation methods.

3. • To select an appropriate method of analysis,
following factors must be taken into account-
a. Nature of information which is sought
b. Size of sample available
c. Proportion of the constituents to be determined
d. Purpose for which analytical data is required

4. Qualitative Analysis
• A qualitative analysis determines the presence or
absence of a particular compound, but not the
mass or concentration.
• By definition, qualitative analyses do not measure
quantity.
– Color Tests
– Microcrystal Tests
– Flame Tests
– pH Tests

5. Hyphenated Techniques
• A Hyphenated technique is combination or coupling of two different analytical
techniques with the help of proper interface.
• Hirschfield (1980) introduced the term "hyphenation" to refer to the on-line
combination of a separation technique and one or more spectroscopic detection
techniques.
• Chromatography - Produces pure or nearly pure fractions of chemical
components in a mixture. Spectroscopy – Produces selective information for
identification using standards or library spectra.
• The hyphenated technique is developed from the coupling of a separation
technique and an online spectroscopic detection technology.
• The number of existing techniques has been combined to expand the utility.
• The direct conjugation of chromatographic technique with spectroscopic
examination of separated fraction constitutes several powerful analytical
techniques.

6. Hyphenation
• The hyphenation does not always have to be between two
techniques; the coupling of separation or detection techniques
• Recently, more than two techniques coupled together to form a
more powerful integrated system have revolutionized the trace
element analysis industry.
• Also called double hybrid e.g. LC-PDA-MS; LC-MS-MS; LC-NMR-MS
instruments have become available and have been applied to
pharmaceutical problem solving.
• Online coupling with solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase micro
extraction or large volume injection can be incorporated to build in
a more powerful integrated system e.g. SPE-LC-MS.

7. •Hyphenated techniques ranges from the
combination of-
1. separation-separation,
2. separation-identification &
3. Identification-identification techniques.

8. Hyphenated technique; LC-ESI-MS

9. Advantages of Hyphenated
Techniques
1. Fast and accurate analysis
2. Higher degree of automation
3. Higher sample throughput
4. Better reproducibility
5. Reduction of contamination due to its closed System
6. Separation and quantification achieved at same time.

10. List of Hyphenated Techniques
1. GC-MS
2. LC-MS
3. LC-NMR
4. EC-MS
5. CE-MS
6. GC-IR
7. LC-MS-MS
8. LC-ESI-MALDI-TOF
9. GC-MS-MS
10. GC-NMR
11. GC-AES
12. ICP-MS
13. ICP-AAS
14. ICP-OES

11. Hyphenated GC
• Simple detector (such as thermal-conductivity detection (TCD), flame-
ionization detection (FID) and electron-capture detector (ECD), etc.) for a GC
system.
• Based on different detection mechanism, information-rich detectors can be
mainly classified as-
1. detection based on molecular mass spectrometry,
2. detection based on molecular spectroscopy such as Fourier-Transform infrared
(FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and
3. detection based on atomic spectroscopy (elemental analysis) by coupling with
such as inductively-coupled plasma (ICP)-MS, atomic absorption spectroscopy
(AAS) and atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), respectively.
• In addition to these hyphenations mentioned above and which are mounted
after a gas chromatograph, it can also include automated online sample
preparation systems before a GC system such as-
1. Static headspace (HS),
2. Dynamic headspace,
3. Large volume injection (LVI) and
4. Solid-Phase Micro Extraction (SPME).

12. GC-MS
• A GC-MS instrument is composed of following two
major building blocks:
i. a gas chromatograph and
ii. a mass spectrometer.
• GC-MS separates chemical mixtures into individual
components (using a gas chromatograph) and
identifies / quantifies the components at a molecular
level (using a MS detector).
• It is one of the most accurate and efficient tools for
analyzing volatile organic samples.

13. GC Components:
•Carrier Gas, N2 or He, 1-2 mL/min
•Injector
•Oven
•Column
•Detector

14. Oven
Detector
Injection
port
Nitrogen
cylinder
Column
Recorder

15. In the animation below the red molecules are more soluble in the liquid
(or less volatile) than are the green molecules.

16. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

17. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Example
•To analyze a urine sample for tetrahydrocannabinol, (THC) the principal
psychoactive component, the organic compounds are extracted from
urine, purified, concentrated and injected into the GC-MS.
•THC appears as a GC peak, and gives a molecular ion at 314, its
molecular weight.
Mass spectrum
of Tetrahydro-
cannabinol
(THC)

18. Problem
Bank President
Who robbed the bank?
Biologist
What protein was isolated?

19. Gather Evidence
Police Officer
1. Interview witnesses
2. Dust for fingerprints
Mass Spectrometrist
1. Interview biologist who isolated
the protein
2. Cleave protein to obtain peptide
mixture
3. Analyze peptide mixture by MS to
obtain peptide molecular masses!
enzym
e

20. Database Search
Police Officer
Height: 5’7”
Weight: 160 lbs
Gender: male
Age: 35-40
Fingerprints
Mass Spectrometrist
Approx. molecular weight: 30,000
Origin: bovine liver
Peptide mass list from MS analysis:
975.4832, 1112.5368, 632.3147,
803.4134, 764.3892
DATABASE OF
KNOWN FELLOWS
PEPTIDE MASS
DATABASE
OF KNOWN
PROTEINS
search search

21. Database Search Results
Police Officer
Identifies the robber
Mr. XYZ
Mass Spectrometrist
Identifies the protein
e.g. bovine carbonic anhydrase

22. Working of GC-MS
• The separation occurs in the gas chromatographic column (such as capillary) when
vaporized analytes are carried through by the inert heated mobile phase (so-called
carrier gas such as helium).
• The analytes spend different time (called retention time) to come out of (elute
from) the GC column due to their different adsorption on the stationary phase (of
a packed column in gas-solid chromatography).
• As the eluted substances emerge from the column opening, they flow further into
the MS through an interface.
• This is followed by ionization, mass-analysis and detection of mass-to-charge ratios
of ions generated from each analyte by the mass spectrometer.
• The combination of the gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer in a GC-MS,
allows a much accurate chemical identification than either technique used
separately.

23. Application
1. Quantitation of pollutants in drinking and waste water.
2. Quantitation of drug in metabolites and urine is done for
the pharmacological and forensic use.
3. Identification of unknown organic compounds in
hazardous waste dumps and reaction products by
synthetic organic chemistry.
4. Used for drug analysis, pesticide and herbicide detection.

24. LC-MS
• Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is the technique which performs separation by liquid
chromatography and mass analysis with the help of the mass spectrometry.
• Electrospray needle is used as bridge to connect the liquid chromatography with that of the mass.
• LC-MS is mainly separated into the three parts-
1. Chromatography
– In liquid chromatography separation is performed which is detected with the help of Photo
diode Array.
– These separated components then transferred to the interface.
2. Interface
– In interface the liquid is volatilized and transferred to the MS.
3. Spectrometry
– With the help of various ionization techniques the compound is ionized and then it is
analyzed by mass analyzer.
– Various mass analyzers are used viz. Quadrupoles, quadrupole ion traps, time-to-flight (TOF),
time-to-flight reflection (TOFR), and ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) mass analyzers.

25. Applications
1. LC-MS used to detect compounds from polyaromatic
(non-polar) to peptide and proteins.
2. LC-MS used for compounds identification and purity.
3. Used for determination of pesticides, herbicides &
organic pollutant for environmental monitoring.
4. Proteome analysis is done by this technique.

26. GC-IR
• GC-IR technique is hyphenation of gas chromatography and Infrared
spectroscopy.
• This technique is very sensitive, very expensive, sample recovery is also
possible because IR is non-destructive technique.
• In this technique the GC does the separation part where as IR perform
the function of identification.
• Effluent from GC is directly forwarded into the heated pipe of IR at
atmospheric pressure.
• Infrared red spectroscopy identifies the compound by identifying the
functional groups.

27. Applications
1. Pharmaceutical, Industrial
2. DNA Analysis of blood samples, other fluids.

28. GC-AES/ GC-OES
• This technique is combination of gas chromatography with atomic emission
spectroscopy.
• Atomic emission spectroscopy is one of the elemental analysis techniques.
• GC performs the separation of the components and with the help of AES the
elemental identification of the components is performed.
• Elemental composition of every peak separated by GC is determined.
i. GC effluent is directly introduced into the Quartz atomization furnace.
ii. Analytes are first atomized using either ICP or microwave irradiation (high
temperatures), where the atoms are transferred to electronically excited state.
iii. Then these electrons are return to the lower energy levels at that time photons are
emitted at certain wavelengths that are characteristic of the particular element.
iv. In both the techniques sample is in gas phase so the techniques are complementary
to each other.