Microstrip Antenna for ISM Band (2.4GHz) Applications-A reviewIJERA Editor
The past decade has seen a rapid development of wireless communication systems. This continuous trend is bringing about a wave of new wireless devices placing several demands on the antenna such as size miniaturization, power consumption, simplicity, compatibility with printed-circuit technology, low profile, light weight, lower return loss and good radiation properties. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research work done in the recent past by various authors on the design and optimization of the planar microstrip antenna operating in ISM band. An exhaustive list of reference has been provided.
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole AntennaIOSR Journals
A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with
a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through
several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer.
Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole
antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual
band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped
monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the
results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and
complete monopole antenna
2009 IEEE AP-S-Compact Coaxial-Line-Fed Printed Monopole Antenna for Lower-Ba...Saou-Wen Su
A compact, printed, ultrawideband (UWB) monopole antenna suitable to be as an internal antenna attractive for future UWB applications is demonstrated. The proposed antenna is of a small form factor with the dimensions 6 mm × 33 mm and can easily be fed by 50-ohms mini-cable line. The antenna mainly comprises a monopole antenna, a feeding strip and a ground plane, all printed on a small FR4 substrate. The monopole antenna is printed on both layers of the substrate with an end portion on the back for control of the first/lower resonant mode of the antenna. The feeding strip in between the monopole antenna and the ground plane is further offset to achieve better impedance matching and proper upper-edge operating frequency. With the proposed antenna structure, which provides an operating bandwidth of larger than 2.7 GHz, the impedance bandwidth by 10-dB return loss can easily cover the 3.1–4.85 GHz band, the lower band of the UWB operation.
Microstrip Antenna for ISM Band (2.4GHz) Applications-A reviewIJERA Editor
The past decade has seen a rapid development of wireless communication systems. This continuous trend is bringing about a wave of new wireless devices placing several demands on the antenna such as size miniaturization, power consumption, simplicity, compatibility with printed-circuit technology, low profile, light weight, lower return loss and good radiation properties. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research work done in the recent past by various authors on the design and optimization of the planar microstrip antenna operating in ISM band. An exhaustive list of reference has been provided.
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole AntennaIOSR Journals
A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with
a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through
several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer.
Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole
antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual
band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped
monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the
results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and
complete monopole antenna
2009 IEEE AP-S-Compact Coaxial-Line-Fed Printed Monopole Antenna for Lower-Ba...Saou-Wen Su
A compact, printed, ultrawideband (UWB) monopole antenna suitable to be as an internal antenna attractive for future UWB applications is demonstrated. The proposed antenna is of a small form factor with the dimensions 6 mm × 33 mm and can easily be fed by 50-ohms mini-cable line. The antenna mainly comprises a monopole antenna, a feeding strip and a ground plane, all printed on a small FR4 substrate. The monopole antenna is printed on both layers of the substrate with an end portion on the back for control of the first/lower resonant mode of the antenna. The feeding strip in between the monopole antenna and the ground plane is further offset to achieve better impedance matching and proper upper-edge operating frequency. With the proposed antenna structure, which provides an operating bandwidth of larger than 2.7 GHz, the impedance bandwidth by 10-dB return loss can easily cover the 3.1–4.85 GHz band, the lower band of the UWB operation.
Very-Low-Cost Copper-Wire Antenna for 2.4-GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A very-low-cost copper-wire antenna, easily fabricated by bending a single 70-mm-long copper wire two times, for WLAN operation in the 2.4 GHz band (2400-2484 MHz) is presented. The antenna has a very simple structure and is easily fed by using a 50- mini-coaxial cable. A prototype of the proposed antenna with the overall dimensions 40 mm x 5 mm is constructed and tested.
A Review of Multi Resonant Slotted Micro Strip Patch Antenna (MPA) for IMT, W...IJEEE
In this paper, a stacked multi resonant slotted micro strip patch antenna (MPA) has been proposed which is suitable to be used for GSM, WLAN standard and WiMAX applications. The antenna has been designed using substrate of FR4 material. In the designed stacked antenna, substrates having different thickness has been used. The bottom stack of designed antenna has a radiating patch of circular shape and the patch on the upper stack has rectangular shape and is flexible in nature. The antenna has a feed line which is connected to circular patch to feed power to the antenna. The feed line has to be of suitable width to match the antenna impedance with port impedance of 50 ohms. The designed antenna has a defected ground structure in order to improve the antenna performance. The antenna performance has been measured in terms of antenna parameters such as impedance bandwidth (GHz), Return loss (dB), antenna impedance (ohms), VSWR and Directivity (dBi). The designed antenna results have been simulated in CST Microwave Studio 2010. The practically designed antenna has been tested successfully by using Network analyzer E5071C. It has been observed that the practical results closely match with theoretical results.
Compact Rectangular Slot Microstrip Antenna with Band-Notched Characteristics...jmicro
n this paper, we present an offset microstrip-fed ultraw
ideband antenna with band notch
characteristics.The antenna structure consists of rectangular r
adiating patch and ground plane with
rectangular shaped slot, which increases impedance bandwidth upto 1
17.73%(2.9-11.2GHz).A new
modified U slot is etched in the radiating patch to create band-
notched properties in the WiMAX (3.3-
3.7GHz) and C-band satellite communication (3.7-4.15GHz).Further
more, parametric studies have been
conducted using EM simulation software CADFEKO suite(7.0) and
optimized with stable radiation pattern
which satisfied UWB requirement for VSWR<2.A prototype of ante
nna is fabricated on 1.6mm thick FR-4
substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02
.The designed antenna exhibits
bidirectional and omni directional radiation patterns along E and
H-plane with stable gain and efficiency
over entire operating band except notch frequency band. Simulated res
ults are in good agreement with the
measured results of the proposed antenna which makes it a good
candidate for UWB application.
2008 IEEE AP-S-Internal Wideband Monopole Antenna For MIMO Access-Point Appli...Saou-Wen Su
A three-antenna MIMO system capable of generating a wide operating bandwidth of 2400-5850 MHz for access-point applications is introduced. The proposed design is based on a bent metal-plate monopole antenna with a compact size of 20 × 20 × 14 mm3. The three antennas are equally spaced along the perimeter of a circular ground and all generate a wide bandwidth of larger than 4 GHz. With the antenna short-circuiting facing the center of the ground, not only the overall antenna size is reduced but also good isolation of less than -20 dB can easily be obtained. Calculated envelope correlation is also less than 0.002 across the operating band.
Integration of Internal 700 MHz and WLAN/WiMAX Antennas for Palm-Sized Mobile...Saou-Wen Su
Two promising, internal, shorted monopole antennas for 700 MHz and WLAN/WiMAX operation are combined in an arrangement with minimized mutual coupling for palm-sized mobile applications. The two stamped, metal-plate antennas with a 2 mm gap therein between can be integrated into a compact configuration and are then mounted near one side of the system circuit board. With the suitable shorting locations and arrangement of the two antennas, good isolation (S21 < –20 dB) between the two ports can easily be obtained. Analysis of placing a CCD shielding cylinder between the two antennas and the two shorting strips joined to form a shorting wall are also conducted. Detailed designs of the two antennas are described, and the results thereof are discussed.
Optimization of Complete Monopole Antennato Exhibit Wideband Capabilities.IOSR Journals
Antennas used for early portable wireless handheld devices were the so-called whip antennas. The
quarter-wavelength whip antenna was very popular, mostly because it is simple and convenient. It has an Omnidirectional
pattern in the plane of the earth when held upright and a gain satisfying the device’s specifications.
New antenna designs have appeared on radios with lower profile than the whip antenna and without
significantly reducing performance. These include the quarter-wavelength helical antenna and the “stubby”
helical antenna, which is the shortest antenna available. In recent years, the demand for compact handheld
communication devices has grown significantly. Devices smaller than palm size have appeared in the market.
Antenna size is a major factor that limits device miniaturization. In the past few years, new designs based on the
Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) and Microstrip Antennas (MSA) have been popular for handheld wireless
devices because these antennas have a low profile geometry instead of protruding as most antennas do on
handheld radios. Conventional PIFAs and MSAs are compact, with a length that is approximately a quarter to a
half of the wavelength. These antennas can be further optimized by adding new parameters in the design, such
as strategically shaping the conductive plate, or judiciously locating loads.
A Bent, Shorted, Planar Monopole Antenna for 2.4 GHz WLAN ApplicationsSaou-Wen Su
A simple, bent monopole antenna well useful for WLAN applications in the 2.4 GHz band is presented. The monopole antenna has a rectangular radiating plate in general and is short-circuited to a small antenna ground and an assembly plate. The assembly plate is not only used as a supporting plate for antenna installation but also regarded as antenna ground. With a low profile of the monopole and use of the coaxial-line feed, the antenna has much flexibility in the placement inside a wireless device. Good radiation characteristics have been observed too.
Compact Paper-Clip-Shaped Wire Antenna for 2.4 and 5.2 GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A compact dual-WLAN-band antenna, in the shape of a paper clip, is presented. The antenna can easily be manufactured by bending few times a single copper wire with a length of about 65 mm, and operates in the 2.4 and 5.2 GHz bands in the WLAN environment. In addition to the simple configuration, the antenna is easily fed by 50- mini-coaxial cable, which allows it flexibility in a defined location for installation. An experimental prototype of the proposed antenna with the overall dimensions about 5 mm x 23.5 mm is constructed, tested, and demonstrated.
Printed Coplanar Two-Antenna Element for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN Operation in a MIMO S...Saou-Wen Su
A printed coplanar two-antenna element suited for WLAN operation in the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands for dual-module applications in a MIMO system is proposed. The two-antenna element is comprised of one planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) and one monopole antenna, both printed and integrated in a coplanar configuration on a narrow dielectric substrate with the dimensions 50 mm × 11 mm. The two antennas are excited using two separate feeds with a common ground plane. By utilizing two proposed elements spaced 10 mm apart in the lateral direction with an optimized arrangement, the four-antenna MIMO system obtained can achieve optimal isolation between any two of the four antennas. In comparison with the conventional dual-band antenna with a single feed, the proposed two-antenna element allows the 2.4 and 5 GHz signals to be simultaneously received or transmitted with no external switch circuit between the antenna and modules required.
Hybrid of Monopole and Dipole Antennas for Concurrent 2.4- and 5-GHz WLAN Acc...Saou-Wen Su
A novel hybrid of a 2.4-GHz monopole antenna and a 5-GHz dipole antenna is presented to provide concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation for access- point applications. The two antennas are arranged in a collinear structure and printed on a compact dielectric substrate with dimensions 12 mm × 60 mm. The monopole antenna has a meandered radiating strip and is short-circuited to a small ground plane through a shorting strip. The dipole antenna includes two sub-dipoles at the opposite side of a narrow ground plane and fed by a simple T-junction microstrip-line network. The two antennas are closely set with a distance of 1 mm only, yet good port isolation (S21) well below –20 dB can be obtained. With a low profile, the proposed design can easily fit into the casing of some standard access points and allow the 2.4 and 5 GHz band signals to be simultaneously received or transmitted with no external diplexer required. Good omnidirectional radiation has been observed too.
Very-Low-Cost Copper-Wire Antenna for 2.4-GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A very-low-cost copper-wire antenna, easily fabricated by bending a single 70-mm-long copper wire two times, for WLAN operation in the 2.4 GHz band (2400-2484 MHz) is presented. The antenna has a very simple structure and is easily fed by using a 50- mini-coaxial cable. A prototype of the proposed antenna with the overall dimensions 40 mm x 5 mm is constructed and tested.
A Review of Multi Resonant Slotted Micro Strip Patch Antenna (MPA) for IMT, W...IJEEE
In this paper, a stacked multi resonant slotted micro strip patch antenna (MPA) has been proposed which is suitable to be used for GSM, WLAN standard and WiMAX applications. The antenna has been designed using substrate of FR4 material. In the designed stacked antenna, substrates having different thickness has been used. The bottom stack of designed antenna has a radiating patch of circular shape and the patch on the upper stack has rectangular shape and is flexible in nature. The antenna has a feed line which is connected to circular patch to feed power to the antenna. The feed line has to be of suitable width to match the antenna impedance with port impedance of 50 ohms. The designed antenna has a defected ground structure in order to improve the antenna performance. The antenna performance has been measured in terms of antenna parameters such as impedance bandwidth (GHz), Return loss (dB), antenna impedance (ohms), VSWR and Directivity (dBi). The designed antenna results have been simulated in CST Microwave Studio 2010. The practically designed antenna has been tested successfully by using Network analyzer E5071C. It has been observed that the practical results closely match with theoretical results.
Compact Rectangular Slot Microstrip Antenna with Band-Notched Characteristics...jmicro
n this paper, we present an offset microstrip-fed ultraw
ideband antenna with band notch
characteristics.The antenna structure consists of rectangular r
adiating patch and ground plane with
rectangular shaped slot, which increases impedance bandwidth upto 1
17.73%(2.9-11.2GHz).A new
modified U slot is etched in the radiating patch to create band-
notched properties in the WiMAX (3.3-
3.7GHz) and C-band satellite communication (3.7-4.15GHz).Further
more, parametric studies have been
conducted using EM simulation software CADFEKO suite(7.0) and
optimized with stable radiation pattern
which satisfied UWB requirement for VSWR<2.A prototype of ante
nna is fabricated on 1.6mm thick FR-4
substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02
.The designed antenna exhibits
bidirectional and omni directional radiation patterns along E and
H-plane with stable gain and efficiency
over entire operating band except notch frequency band. Simulated res
ults are in good agreement with the
measured results of the proposed antenna which makes it a good
candidate for UWB application.
2008 IEEE AP-S-Internal Wideband Monopole Antenna For MIMO Access-Point Appli...Saou-Wen Su
A three-antenna MIMO system capable of generating a wide operating bandwidth of 2400-5850 MHz for access-point applications is introduced. The proposed design is based on a bent metal-plate monopole antenna with a compact size of 20 × 20 × 14 mm3. The three antennas are equally spaced along the perimeter of a circular ground and all generate a wide bandwidth of larger than 4 GHz. With the antenna short-circuiting facing the center of the ground, not only the overall antenna size is reduced but also good isolation of less than -20 dB can easily be obtained. Calculated envelope correlation is also less than 0.002 across the operating band.
Integration of Internal 700 MHz and WLAN/WiMAX Antennas for Palm-Sized Mobile...Saou-Wen Su
Two promising, internal, shorted monopole antennas for 700 MHz and WLAN/WiMAX operation are combined in an arrangement with minimized mutual coupling for palm-sized mobile applications. The two stamped, metal-plate antennas with a 2 mm gap therein between can be integrated into a compact configuration and are then mounted near one side of the system circuit board. With the suitable shorting locations and arrangement of the two antennas, good isolation (S21 < –20 dB) between the two ports can easily be obtained. Analysis of placing a CCD shielding cylinder between the two antennas and the two shorting strips joined to form a shorting wall are also conducted. Detailed designs of the two antennas are described, and the results thereof are discussed.
Optimization of Complete Monopole Antennato Exhibit Wideband Capabilities.IOSR Journals
Antennas used for early portable wireless handheld devices were the so-called whip antennas. The
quarter-wavelength whip antenna was very popular, mostly because it is simple and convenient. It has an Omnidirectional
pattern in the plane of the earth when held upright and a gain satisfying the device’s specifications.
New antenna designs have appeared on radios with lower profile than the whip antenna and without
significantly reducing performance. These include the quarter-wavelength helical antenna and the “stubby”
helical antenna, which is the shortest antenna available. In recent years, the demand for compact handheld
communication devices has grown significantly. Devices smaller than palm size have appeared in the market.
Antenna size is a major factor that limits device miniaturization. In the past few years, new designs based on the
Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) and Microstrip Antennas (MSA) have been popular for handheld wireless
devices because these antennas have a low profile geometry instead of protruding as most antennas do on
handheld radios. Conventional PIFAs and MSAs are compact, with a length that is approximately a quarter to a
half of the wavelength. These antennas can be further optimized by adding new parameters in the design, such
as strategically shaping the conductive plate, or judiciously locating loads.
A Bent, Shorted, Planar Monopole Antenna for 2.4 GHz WLAN ApplicationsSaou-Wen Su
A simple, bent monopole antenna well useful for WLAN applications in the 2.4 GHz band is presented. The monopole antenna has a rectangular radiating plate in general and is short-circuited to a small antenna ground and an assembly plate. The assembly plate is not only used as a supporting plate for antenna installation but also regarded as antenna ground. With a low profile of the monopole and use of the coaxial-line feed, the antenna has much flexibility in the placement inside a wireless device. Good radiation characteristics have been observed too.
Compact Paper-Clip-Shaped Wire Antenna for 2.4 and 5.2 GHz WLAN OperationSaou-Wen Su
A compact dual-WLAN-band antenna, in the shape of a paper clip, is presented. The antenna can easily be manufactured by bending few times a single copper wire with a length of about 65 mm, and operates in the 2.4 and 5.2 GHz bands in the WLAN environment. In addition to the simple configuration, the antenna is easily fed by 50- mini-coaxial cable, which allows it flexibility in a defined location for installation. An experimental prototype of the proposed antenna with the overall dimensions about 5 mm x 23.5 mm is constructed, tested, and demonstrated.
Printed Coplanar Two-Antenna Element for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN Operation in a MIMO S...Saou-Wen Su
A printed coplanar two-antenna element suited for WLAN operation in the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands for dual-module applications in a MIMO system is proposed. The two-antenna element is comprised of one planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) and one monopole antenna, both printed and integrated in a coplanar configuration on a narrow dielectric substrate with the dimensions 50 mm × 11 mm. The two antennas are excited using two separate feeds with a common ground plane. By utilizing two proposed elements spaced 10 mm apart in the lateral direction with an optimized arrangement, the four-antenna MIMO system obtained can achieve optimal isolation between any two of the four antennas. In comparison with the conventional dual-band antenna with a single feed, the proposed two-antenna element allows the 2.4 and 5 GHz signals to be simultaneously received or transmitted with no external switch circuit between the antenna and modules required.
Hybrid of Monopole and Dipole Antennas for Concurrent 2.4- and 5-GHz WLAN Acc...Saou-Wen Su
A novel hybrid of a 2.4-GHz monopole antenna and a 5-GHz dipole antenna is presented to provide concurrent 2.4 and 5 GHz band operation for access- point applications. The two antennas are arranged in a collinear structure and printed on a compact dielectric substrate with dimensions 12 mm × 60 mm. The monopole antenna has a meandered radiating strip and is short-circuited to a small ground plane through a shorting strip. The dipole antenna includes two sub-dipoles at the opposite side of a narrow ground plane and fed by a simple T-junction microstrip-line network. The two antennas are closely set with a distance of 1 mm only, yet good port isolation (S21) well below –20 dB can be obtained. With a low profile, the proposed design can easily fit into the casing of some standard access points and allow the 2.4 and 5 GHz band signals to be simultaneously received or transmitted with no external diplexer required. Good omnidirectional radiation has been observed too.
Optical Spatial Modulation OFDM using Micro LEDsBasil Jacob
An insight into the latest technology that could become the corner stone of Li-Fi technology. It mainly compares the OSM-OFDM with Optical Spatial Multiplexing OFDM based on the reference publications.
Comparative Analysis of the Different Brassica OleraceaVarieties Grown on Jos...IOSR Journals
This study was carried out to determine and compare the phytochemical, anti-nutrients, proximate composition and the effects of Brassica oleracea varieties on hepatic and erythropoietic parameters such as liver enzymes and packed cell volume (PCV) respectively. Fresh samples of the different varieties of Brassica oleracea namely: Brassica oleracearepa(Chinese cabbage), Brassica oleracearupetris(red cabbage) and Brassica oleraceapeviridis(green cabbage) were collected from Kasa in Plateau state, Nigeria, and were identified. After the authentication of these samples, the effect of gastric inturbation (oral administration) of the aqueous extracts on Male White Albino rats was observed for 14days. Each of the three (3) varieties were analysed for proximate composition, phytochemicals and anti-nutrients. It was observed that Brassica olereceais an important source of nutrients, particularly minerals. However, the high content of anti-nutritional factors such as cyanides, tannins, oxalates and phytic acids make these minerals bio-unavailable due to the process of chelation. It was also observed that the 3 varieties could have possible effects in the reduction of packed cell volume (PCV)/ Haemoglobin (Hb) levels and in the elevation of liver enzymes activity (Alkaline phosphate, ALT and AST). One could therefore conclude that there is a change in PCV/Hb levels and liver enzymes activity of extract-fed subjects from Brassica oleraceavarieties to the control subjects from normal diet
Batch Thermodynamics and Kinetic Study for Removal of Cationic Dye from Aqueo...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Model using Iraqi limestone as an adsorbent has been investigated. The influences of equilibrium time, limestone dosage, limestone particle size, pH of solution, adsorption isotherms and temperature on adsorption performance have been experimentally verified by a batch method. The adsorbent used in this study exhibited a good adsorption potential at initial pH 10, temperatures 28ºC, particle size 75 μm, limestone dosage 0.1g for equilibrium time 140 min. The removal efficiency and distribution coefficient have also been determined for the adsorption system as a function of dosage of the adsorbent. The experimental results are described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Experimental results show that the kinetic model of pseudo-second order provided a good description of the whole experimental data more than the kinetic of the Lagergren-first order.
A Study On Psychological Variables On Women Sports Participation Levels In Un...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This research is to examine whether the psychological variable on women have any impact on
women’s sports participation between Anna and Pondicherry Universities at different levels. The subject were
(was) randomly selected from Anna University in Tamil Nadu State (300 Players) and Pondicherry University
(Central University) in Puducherry State (300 Players), India. The selected subjects were with a brief
questionnaire, to find out their level of sports participation, anxiety, aggression and stress. Data obtained were
subjected to find out statistical significance among the means using 3 (levels – Zonal, Inter – Zonal and
University participations) X 2 (University – Anna and Pondicherry) Factorial analysis. The result proved that
there were significant differences in selected psychological factors of the different level of women sports
players. There was no significant difference in stress at different levels. There was no significant difference
between the Anna and Pondicherry in anxiety, aggression and stress of the women sports players. It was
concluded that anxiety, aggression, and stress play a vital role in the participation level of women players.
Key Worlds: Different Level of Players, Women Sports Participation, University, Anxiety, Aggression and
Stress
“Trade-Off between Detection and Resolution of Two Point Objects Under Variou...IOSR Journals
It is a well-experienced fact that whenever one tries to detect a weak object point in the vicinity of an intense point object, viz., a binary star-SIRUS and its companion weak satellite star, there is always loss of resolution of the optical system. In other words, one wants to improve the defectively of the system, there is always a loss of resolution capabilities of the system. Thus, there is a trade-off between Detection and Resolution of optical systems under various imaging situations. In this first paper of discussion of this trade-off, we have derived the Fourier analytical formulation of this problem. This formulation will be used to find out a compatible trade-off between Detection and Resolution in our further publications
A Fossil Gymnospermous Leaf Gnetalophyllum deccanii gen. et sp.nov. From The ...IOSR Journals
Mohagaonkalan is the well known locality of the Deccan intertrappean series of Chhindwara district, of Madhya pradesh belonging to upper most cretaceous period. The present fossil leaf Gnetalophyllum deccanii collected from the deccan Intertrappean beds of Mohgaonkalan. The leaf is Gymnospermous, triangular in shape with ridges and furrows. Mesophyll undifferentiated, transfusion tissues are totally absent and vascular tissue present in radiating arm fashion. On comparison it shows close affinities with the order Gnetales. It measures 3099um in length along with lamina and 1433μm in width in the median region were as 1033μm in the laminar region.
A Compact Dual Band Elliptical Microstrip Antenna for Ku/K Band Satellite App...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an original elliptical microstrip patch antenna is proposed for Ku/K band satellite applications. The proposed antenna has a simple structure, small size with dimensions of about 10×12×1.58 mm³. The antenna has been designed and simulated on an FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness of 1.58 mm. The design is simulated by two different electromagnetic solvers. The results from the measured data show that the antenna has two resonant frequencies that define 2 bandwidths, defined by a return loss of less than -10 dB, and are: (14.44 GHz, 829 MHz) and (21.05 GHz, 5126 MHz),with the gain 5.59 dB and 5.048 dB respectively. The proposed antenna can be used in many applications such as in satellite, and wireless communications.
T- Shape Antenna Design for Microwave Band Applications IJEEE
It’s been studied fractal antennas shows promising future. There are numerous kinds of antenna, the thirst for excelling in this area is ever increasing. In this paper a Fractal based Antenna is designed to achieve reduced size and multiband. Fractal antenna is simulated using EM wave simulator like HFSS (High frequency structured simulator) and is designed and developed for multiple applications. The proposed antenna is experimentally realized using FR Epoxy substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness h= 1.56 mm with coaxial feeding. The patch has the dimensions of 2.5 cm 2.5 cm. An experimental result of this antenna shows multiband characteristics having resonances at frequencies such as 2.4 GHz , 6.8 GHz, 8 GHz, 10.8 GHz, 12.2 GHz,15.4 GHz with bandwidth of 230 MHz, 2 GHz, 600 MHz, 870 MHz and 2 GHz respectively. Further VSWR is also studied in this paper.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole Antenna.IOSR Journals
Abstract: A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer. Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and complete monopole antenna. Keywords- CPW, CST, FR4, LAN, WiMAX
Microstrip patch antenna for pcs and wlaneSAT Journals
Abstract Due to development in wireless devices, it poses a new challenge for the design of an antenna in wireless communication. Patch antennas are well suited for various wireless application systems due to their low weight, low profile, versatility, conformability, low cost and low sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances. This paper present design, simulation of a rectangular micro strip antenna for WLAN and PCS. The aim of the work is to design reliable broadband, compact patch antenna for wireless devices. Antenna is proposed which is providing circular polarization, dual band, resonant frequencies at 1.9 GHz, 2.4 GHz. Key Words: Patch antenna, co-axial feeding, polarization, dual band, HFSS …
An Analysis of Dual Band bandpass Filters using with Arbitrary Band Ratiosijtsrd
This paper proposes the variable reflection angle of meta surface composed of the double layered FSS (Frequency SelectiveSurface) and the ground. The meta-surface can steer the reflection direction of the incident wave by shifting the lower FSS. It is clarified that the gradient of the reflection phase in the reflection direction steering plane (x-z plane) are changed by the shift amount of lower FSS. A miniaturized dual-band frequency selective surfaces with second-order band-pass response at each operation band is presented. The design is implemented by cascading a two-dimensional periodic array of double square loops and an array of wire grids. The proposed structure composed of three metal and two dielectric layers acts as a spatial dual band microwave filter with large band separation. The predicted FSS has the merits of broadband response, excellent stability for different incident angles, and sharp roll-off at X- and Ka-band, respectively.Key-words:- Dual Band, FSS, steering etc. Payal Jindal | Dr. Sudheer Kumar Sharma | Dr. Rashid Hussain"An Analysis of Dual Band bandpass Filters using with Arbitrary Band Ratios" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7102.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/7102/an-analysis-of-dual-band-bandpass-filters-using-with-arbitrary-band-ratios/payal-jindal
Multiband Microstrip Antenna for Wi-MAX Application-A studyIJERA Editor
The wireless revolution is transforming the existing global telecommunications networks into an integrated system providing a broad class of communication services to customers anywhere, anytime in motion or fixed. An antenna is an important device in wireless communication system as its performance will have direct effect on the total system. The continuous shrinking of size of the electronic systems demands small size of antenna elements which can cater the need of multiband operation in order to fit properly in wireless devices without compromising the radiation properties of the antenna. This paper presents a review of the research work done by various authors on the topic multiband microstrip antenna for Wi-MAX application in the recent past.
Planar Inverted-F Antenna for GPS Application - A studyIJERA Editor
survey of recent studies and findings on wireless technology and its applications are explored aggressively in few areas that have the greatest potential for achieving entirely new capabilities using antennas. we have presented in depth conceptual understanding of antennas and potential application in wireless communication an exhaustive list of reference has been proceed.
Octa-band reconfigurable monopole antenna frequency diversity 5G wirelessIJECEIAES
An octa-band frequency-reconfigurable antenna (28×14×1.5 mm 3 ) with a broad tuning range is shown. Antenna mode1 (4.31 GHz) works in one single-band mode and two dual-band in modes 2 and 3 (i.e., 3.91 and 5.9 GHz) as well as one tri-band in mode 4 (i.e., 3.09, 5.65, and 7.92 GHz) based on the switching situation of the antenna. Changing capacitance for frequency reconfigurability is accomplished with the use of lumped components. The antenna’s observed tuning spans from 3.09 GHz to 7.92 GHz. for all the resonant bands, the suggested antenna has a voltage standing waves ratio (VSWR)<1.45 except for one band with a VSWR<1.85. From 70.57% to 97.93%, the suggested structure’s radiation efficiency may be calculated. For a better understanding proposed antenna’s far field and scattering characteristics, we used CST Microwave Studio 2021. We may conclude that our suggested antenna is suitable for today’s wireless applications, which need multiband and multimode small antennas. Using a small stainless-steel wire as a switch, a prototype of the antenna design is built and tested to verify the simulation findings. The suggested reconfigurable antenna’s strong concordance between simulated and measured findings.
Optimization of Complete Monopole Antennato Exhibit Wideband CapabilitiesIOSR Journals
Abstract:Antennas used for early portable wireless handheld devices were the so-called whip antennas. The quarter-wavelength whip antenna was very popular, mostly because it is simple and convenient. It has an Omni-directional pattern in the plane of the earth when held upright and a gain satisfying the device’s specifications. New antenna designs have appeared on radios with lower profile than the whip antenna and without significantly reducing performance. These include the quarter-wavelength helical antenna and the “stubby” helical antenna, which is the shortest antenna available. In recent years, the demand for compact handheld communication devices has grown significantly. Devices smaller than palm size have appeared in the market. Antenna size is a major factor that limits device miniaturization. In the past few years, new designs based on the Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) and Microstrip Antennas (MSA) have been popular for handheld wireless devices because these antennas have a low profile geometry instead of protruding as most antennas do on handheld radios. Conventional PIFAs and MSAs are compact, with a length that is approximately a quarter to a half of the wavelength. These antennas can be further optimized by adding new parameters in the design, such as strategically shaping the conductive plate, or judiciously locating loads. Keywords-CPW,CST, PIFA, MSA,LAN, WiMAX
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
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All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Empowering NextGen Mobility via Large Action Model Infrastructure (LAMI): pav...
E011133639
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 11, Issue 1, Ver. III (Jan. - Feb .2016), PP 36-39
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2834-11123639 www.iosrjournals.org 36 | Page
Frequency Tuning OF Inverted F Antenna
Amin H. Al Ka’bi
Australian College of Kuwait, Kuwait
Abstract: Internal antennas are widely used in mobile wireless communication devices like smart phones,
which have been a major incentive of internal antenna research and design during the last decade, where new
designs with wider frequency bands have been introduced; single-band devices have developed into
multiband and multimode terminals. Although the average terminal size has decreased drastically, the
internal antennas have been designed into standard solutions, to meet the new design requirements, taking
into consideration the strict limitations set on the energy absorbed by the users of mobile devices. In this
paper, a model for frequency tunable ferrite-based Inverted F Antenna is proposed by altering the
permeability of the ferrite material.
I. Introduction
There are different techniques that can be possibly used for changing the operating frequency of the
antenna. They are mainly categorized as: mechanical techniques, using tunable electronic circuits, and
alteration of the properties of the antenna material. In this paper we will focus on the alteration of the
electrical properties (permittivity, permeability, and conductivity) of the antenna material.
The mechanical techniques, which include changing the shape or dimensions of the antenna, have a
disadvantage of lack of reliability to time delay, and short life time due to mechanical movements. On the
other hand the alteration of the antenna material does not require a mechanical movement of the antenna as
suitable material is incorporated into the antenna such that changing its electrical properties lead to change in
the antenna operating frequency[1].
Alteration of Ferrites permeability
Ferrites are magnetic materials made from a mixture of metal oxides. Due to their electrical
characteristics; they can be used many applications like antennas, electronic and communication devices,
inductors, transformers, and many other applications. Ferrites have high permeability at low frequencies,
and a dielectric constant of 10 or more, besides its high resistivity. The behavior of ferrites at high
frequencies is well studied in many research publications e.g. [2] & [3]. In this section a brief overview of
ferrites characteristics is presented.
The magnetic dipole moment is primarily responsible for the magnetic properties of the ferrites,
where it is produced by the spin of electrons in the material. Fig. 1 depicts this process where a constant
magnetic field , is applied to the ferrite, and the electrons start to spin about the axis of the magnetic field
at a frequency of (called Larmor frequency), where . When the magnetic
field is intense, the electron spins causing the dipole moments are aligned together and form one large dipole
moment. This case is called magnetization saturation , which can be used as an indicator of the density of
magnetic flux that is needed to align all the electron spins of the ferrite.
Fig. 1 Spin of electron about the constant field .
In conjunction with the constant magnetic field , a tiny magnitude alternating magnetic field at a
radio frequency , can be used to produce a forced spin of magnetic moment. In this case, the Polder
permeability tensor [4] is produced such as
2. The Effect of Electromagnetic Polarization on the Performance of Adaptive Array Antennas
DOI: 10.9790/2834-11123639 www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
[ ] (1)
where and are given as:-
(2)
(3)
where , and .
Ferrites are commercially obtainable including nickel, lithium, and magnesium ferrites, with
different shapes including bars and sheets. The magnetization saturations of these ferrites have ranges
from , and a resonance width from . As
we are dealing with radio frequencies, the frequencies are measured in MHz, where ,
, and .
If the polarization of the applied magnetic field and the density of the magnetic flux is circular,
where (+) denotes clockwise and (-) denotes anticlockwise polarizations, then can be expressed in terms of
as:-
[ ] [ ] [ ] (4)
where , and .
Fig. 2 depicts a characteristic performance of and versus the frequency of the RF magnetic field. It
can be seen that the clockwise waves resonates at where of exhibits a significant peak can be observed
at that frequency. This indicates a significant reduction in the magnitude of the clockwise waves, in
contradiction with case of anticlockwise waves, where there is no attenuation. Moreover, the waves do not
propagate if the frequency of the RF magnetic field lies in the range as the real part ( of
the ferrites permeability is negative in this case.
Fig. 2 Ferrites permeability as a function of the frequency of RF magnetic field.
This change in the magnetic field intensity when a radio frequency magnetic field propagates
through the ferrites can be employed in designing frequency tunable antennas. In order to investigate this
case, the effective permeability can is used to estimate the range of frequency tuning of the ferrite
material. The magnitude of depends on the direction of the static field and on the radio frequency
magnetic field . Here, we have three scenarios: parallel bias with , transverse bias with
⁄ , and longitudinal bias with . In the transverse bias case will be negative, and
the waves will not propagate when the frequency of the RF magnetic field lies in the range √
.
In the saturation phase of the ferrites, the following approximations hold and
, where indicates the remaining magnetization in the ferrite after the static magnetic field
is turned off [3]. Figure 3 illustrates versus the frequency of the RF magnetic field.
3. The Effect of Electromagnetic Polarization on the Performance of Adaptive Array Antennas
DOI: 10.9790/2834-11123639 www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
Fig. 3 Maximum range of frequency tuning of a ferrite antenna vs. frequency of RF magnetic field[1].
Fig. 4 Resonant frequency vs. the static magnetic field (Magnetic bias), for a rectangular ferrite micro-strip batch
antenna[5].
As the maximum range of frequency tuning of the ferrite antenna (including micro-strip and
dielectric resonator antennas) depends on , it can be seen from Figure 3 that the maximum frequency tuning
range declines by increasing the frequency of the RF magnetic field. The static field can be produced
either by a permanent magnet or by an electromagnet with dc current. Therefore, the resonant frequency of a
ferrite micro-strip batch antenna can be controlled by varying the current in the electromagnet that produces
the static magnetic field , as shown in Fig. 4[5]
Proposed model for Ferrite-based Inverted F Antenna
In this section a model for a ferrite-based Inverted F antenna is proposed. Figure 5 shows a typical
2.4GHz micro-strip Inverted F antenna, and Fig. 6 shows a typical radiation pattern of the antenna with
vertical polarization. The reflection at the feed-point of the antenna in dB is depicted in Fig.7, where it can
be seen clearly that the resonant frequency of the antenna occurs at around 2.41GH.
Fig. 5 Typical 2.4GHz Inverted F antenna Fig. 6 Typical radiation pattern of 2.4 GHz
Inverted F antennas with vertical polarization [6]
4. The Effect of Electromagnetic Polarization on the Performance of Adaptive Array Antennas
DOI: 10.9790/2834-11123639 www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
Fig. 7 Reflection at the feed-point of the 2.4GHz Inverted F antenna [6].
Fig. 8 Resonant frequency vs. the static magnetic field (Magnetic bias), for 2.4GHz Inverted F antenna.
Based on the explanations presented in section 1 and 2, the resonant frequency is expected to follow
the curve shown in Fig. 8. From this figure it can be seen that the resonant frequency of the inverted F
antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz by increasing the bias frequency from
0.2KOrested to 6.0KOersted, with a shift percentage of around 31%. This leads to a significant enhancement
in the performance of the antenna and hence the communication systems over wide range of frequencies
II. Conclusions
In this paper a model for frequency tunable ferrite-based Inverted F antenna is proposed. The
resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted by altering the permeability of the ferrite
material in the antenna, and without changing the physical dimensions of the antenna. The resonant
frequency shift gives flexibility to operate the antenna over wide range of frequencies which leads a overall
enhancement of the communication systems.
References
[1] Petosa, Aldo, “Frequency-Agile Antennas for Wireless Communications,” Published by Artech House, ISBN
9781608077694, December 2013.
[2] Uchino, K., Ferroelectric Devices, New York, NY: Marel Dekker, 2000.
[3] Martienssen, W., H. Warlimont, (eds.), "Ferroelectrics and Antiferroelectrics." In Springer Handbook of Condensed Matter
and Materials Data, pp. 903- 915, Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2005.
[4] Pozar, D., Microwave Engineering, Boston, MA: Addison- Wesley, 1990, pp. 529- 578.
[5] Mishra, R. K., S. S. Pattnaik, and N. Das, "Tuning of Microstrip Antenna on Ferrite Substrate," IEEE Transaction on
Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 41 No. 2, February 1993, 230- 233.
http://www.ti.com/lit/an/swru120b/swru120b.pdf