The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
Torque Production & Control of Speed in Synchronous Motor.
Speed of synchronous motors can be controlled using two methods called open loop and close loop control.
Open loop contol is the simplest scalar control method where motor speed is controlled by independent frequency control of the converter.
In case of close loop self control mode, instead of controlling the inverter frequency independentaly, the frequency and the phase of the output waveform are controlled by an absolute position encoder mounted on the machine shaft giving an account of position of the rotor.
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
Torque Production & Control of Speed in Synchronous Motor.
Speed of synchronous motors can be controlled using two methods called open loop and close loop control.
Open loop contol is the simplest scalar control method where motor speed is controlled by independent frequency control of the converter.
In case of close loop self control mode, instead of controlling the inverter frequency independentaly, the frequency and the phase of the output waveform are controlled by an absolute position encoder mounted on the machine shaft giving an account of position of the rotor.
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOMINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device used in AC transmission systems as a source or a sink of reactive power. The most widely utilization of the STATCOM is in enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission line. A voltage regulator is a FACTs device used to adjust the voltage disturbance by injecting a controllable voltage into the system. This paper implement Nruro-Fuzzy controller to control the STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of the power network. The controller has been simulated for some kinds of disturbances and the results show improvements in voltage profile of the system. The performance of STATCOM with its controller was very close within 98% of the nominal value of the busbar voltage.
Power System Stability Enhancement Using FLC and MPC for STATCOMIJERA Editor
In modern power system, Static Compensator (STATCOM) is used to alleviate the transient stability problem
and damping power system oscillations. In this paper different STATCOM control scheme using fuzzy logic
controller (FLC) and model predictive controller (MPC) for the Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system in
improving transient stability is simulated using MATLAB/ Simulink in power systems block set. PI, FLC and
MPC signals are used to control and exchange the required reactive power among the STATCOM and the power
grid. A load disturbance is simulated and the behavior of the system for voltage fluctuations has been studied.
Simulation results using Proportional-Integral (PI) controller, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) and Model
Predictive Controller (MPC) have been compared. The effectiveness of the different controllers in damping
oscillations and improving power system stability has been discussed.
Power System Stability Enhancement Using FLC and MPC for STATCOMIJERA Editor
In modern power system, Static Compensator (STATCOM) is used to alleviate the transient stability problem
and damping power system oscillations. In this paper different STATCOM control scheme using fuzzy logic
controller (FLC) and model predictive controller (MPC) for the Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system in
improving transient stability is simulated using MATLAB/ Simulink in power systems block set. PI, FLC and
MPC signals are used to control and exchange the required reactive power among the STATCOM and the power
grid. A load disturbance is simulated and the behavior of the system for voltage fluctuations has been studied.
Simulation results using Proportional-Integral (PI) controller, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) and Model
Predictive Controller (MPC) have been compared. The effectiveness of the different controllers in damping
oscillations and improving power system stability has been discussed.
Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM) is a shunt compensating device which is used
to improve current profile by exchanging of reactive power with unbalanced and nonlinear load. DSTATCOM is a
shunt compensating device used for power quality improvement in distribution systems. Relevant solutions are
applied for harmonics, fluctuation of voltage, voltage deviation, unbalance of three phase voltage and current and
frequency deviation. Different controlling schemes such as Phase Control Method (PCM), Fryze Power Theory
(FPT), Synchronous Reference Frame Theory (SRFT) and Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory (IRPT) are used
for reactive power compensation with the help of Voltage source Inverter (VSI). In this project we are going to
balance the source current using different control schemes. The results of different source currents are compared
with a different control schemes in terms of active and reactive power and in terms of Total Harmonic Distortion
(THD) for nonlinear load using Fryze Power Theory (FPT) and Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory (IRPT).
Reference currents are generated by the different control schemes have been dynamically traced in a hysteresis
current controller. The performance of DSTATCOM for different control schemes is validated for load balancing
and harmonic elimination by using simulation models in MATLAB/SIMULINK
This paper presents study of distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) for compensation of reactive power, harmonic distortion mitigation and load balancing in three phase three wire nonlinear load distribution system. The proposed control algorithm is developed based on synchronous reference frame theory using PI and FUZZY logic controller. The obtained reference current signal from control algorithm is compared in hysteresis band current controller for better switching of D-STATCOM. The performance of DSTATCOM with PI and fuzzy logic controller is also analysed and compared for DC voltage regulation and harmonic distortion mitigation .The proposed method is provided effective compensation for reactive power, harmonic distortion mitigation and load voltage balancing. The simulation results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK soft ware.
Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOMINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device used in AC transmission systems as a source or a sink of reactive power. The most widely utilization of the STATCOM is in enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission line. A voltage regulator is a FACTs device used to adjust the voltage disturbance by injecting a controllable voltage into the system. This paper implement Nruro-Fuzzy controller to control the STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of the power network. The controller has been simulated for some kinds of disturbances and the results show improvements in voltage profile of the system. The performance of STATCOM with its controller was very close within 98% of the nominal value of the busbar voltage.
Enhancement of power quality using microprocessor based shunt active power fi...IJECEIAES
Power quality is the most significant factor of power sector. The end user equipment such as induction motor, inverters, rectifiers inject harmonics into power system that influences the quality of power delivered. The presence of harmonics forces the use of instantaneous reactive power theory to calculate instantaneous power that helps in finding the compensating currents to eliminate harmonics. The control action required by active filter is accomplished by STM32F303RET6 microcontroller. Single phase induction motor is used as a dynamic nonlinear load in one of the three phases and resistive loads on the other two phases. TRIAC based RC triggering circuit was used to control the single phase induction motor. This paper presents the simulation and hardware implementation of shunt active power filter for 3 phase 4 wire unbalanced system. The hardware results show that THD in the source side has been reduced from 50.7% to 9.6% by implementing the SAPF.
Static Sustenance of Power System Stability Using FLC Based UPFC in SMIB Powe...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Adaptive Fuzzy PID Based Control Strategy For 3Phase 4Wire Shunt Active Filte...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a new control strategy for controlling the shunt active power filter to compensate reactive
power and to reduce the unwanted harmonics in the grid current. Shunt active filter act as a current source which
is connected in parallel with a non-linear load and controlled to produce the required compensating current. The
proposed control strategy is based on the fuzzy PID controller which is used for determining the reference
compensating currents of the three-phase shunt active power filters. Simulations are carried out using
MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify the performance of the proposed controller. The output shows the controller has
fast dynamic response high accuracy of tracking DC voltage reference and robust to load parameters variations
This paper focus on distribution system by applying different control techniques in order to improve the performance of the system. In the distribution system mainly concentrate on power quality issues like reactive power control, harmonic elimination, power factor correction, etc. Because of power quality problems voltage, current, frequency are continuously changing in power systems. These changes will effects the performance of power systems. Power quality problems can be compensated by placing DSTATCOM which is connected at PCC in parallel. It is shunt connected VSI along with the filters, with the help of DSTATCOM voltage sag, swell and THD can be controlled. This paper presents detailed explanation about performance and configuration of latest control techniques to control the DSTATCOM.
CONTROL OF BATTERY OPERATED SYSTEM WITH A DC-DC BOOSTCONVERTER FED DSTATCOM U...ijiert bestjournal
This paper presents a comprehensive survey of DSTATCOM control strategies put forward recently. It is
aimed at providing a broad perspective on the status of DSTATCOM control methods to researchers and
application engineers dealing with harmonic suppression issues. Many control techniques have been
designed, developed, and realized for active filters in recent years. The proposed DSTATCOM consists of a
three-leg Voltage Source Converter (VSC) with a dc bus capacitor. The PV array or battery operated boost
converter is proposed to maintain the dc link voltage of the dc bus capacitor for continuous compensation
for the load. This paper presents to evaluate the performance comparison of two control strategies for
extracting the reference currents to control the proposed DSTATCOM. The two control methods are
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory and IcosΦ algorithm. The performance of the DSTATCOM is
validated using MATLAB software with its simulink and Power System Block set (PSB) toolboxes. The
simulation results for the two control methods are compared to validate the superior performance of the
IcosΦ algorithm.
DYNAMIC STABILITY ENHANCEMENT IN MULTIMACHINE POWER SYSTEMS BY DIFFERENT FACT...IAEME Publication
Modern Power system are becoming increasingly stressed due to increasing demand of electricity and restriction on new transmission network .This effect of power network is that transmission power loss increases and decreasing power transmission capability of network. And also stability of synchronous alternator is lost. There are electronic based FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) devises is established to enhance the power transmitting capacity. A major important function of FACTS devises is to enhanced power transmission capacity of power system network without increasing power generation capacity of power system. Because system voltage is inversely proportional to transmission loses.
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY SSSC AND STATCOM USING PI CONTROLLERJournal For Research
This paper presents the enhancement of voltage stability using Static Synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and Static Synchronous series compensator (SSSC). In recent past years, along with the rapid increasing electrical power requirement has caused system to be heavily loaded leading to voltage instability. Under this condition there may be insufficient reactive power causing voltage to drop at various buses. The result would be the occurrence of voltage collapse which leads to total blackout of the whole system. FACT controllers have been used for solving various stability control problems. In this paper, SSSC and STATCOM are used to investigate the effect of these devices in controlling active and reactive powers to maintain voltage stability. The PI Controller is used to tune the circuit and to provide the zero signal error. Simulation results have been presented in MATLAB/Simulink environment for two machines four buses system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
Similar to SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICS (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
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DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
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IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
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Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
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ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. SRF Theory Based STATCOM for Compensation of Reactive Power and Harmonics
http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/index.asp 33 editor@iaeme.com
system resembles the ideal conditions. Power quality is defined as providing uninterrupted power supply
with voltage, frequency and power factor within nominal values [1].
Non linear loads are primary thing for harmonic distortion in a power system these harmonic
distortions will be eliminated so far using tuned LC filtersHPF and shunt passive filter. In shunt passive
filter have an resonance and fixed compensation problems, the disadvantage of passive filters is overcome
by using FACTS controller STATCOM.
The Concept of STATCOM is proposed by Gyugyi in 1976. A STATCOM is operated as a shunt
connected static var compensator (SVC) whose capacitive or inductive output current can be controlled
independent of the ac system voltage. STATCOM is used to improve power quality and compensate
harmonics of the system by injecting compensating currents. The performance of an STATCOM mainly
based on the reference current generation strategy, current control technique, power inverter topology
which is done by controller designed for STATCOM. One of the important tasks in the STATCOM design
is the maintenance of constant DC voltage across the capacitor connected to the inverter [5].In this
investigation, STATCOM has been realized using 3-φ 3-leg VSC, which is controlled for reactive power
compensation and harmonic elimination [6].
The STATCOM adopt intelligent control circuits to detect harmonic and reactive power drawn by
nonlinear loads and take corrective actions to make the source current purely sinusoidal at source.
Synchronous reference frame theory (SRF) based algorithm is found to have a better performance than
other control algorithms for STATCOM [7].
In this paper we tend to implement the STATCOM compensating the reactive power and harmonics in
distribution system. The MatlabSimulink based model is developed and simulation results are showed for
linear and nonlinear load conditions.
2. STATCOM CONNECTED IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Figure 1 Block diagram for STATCOM connected in distribution system.
The STATCOM basically consists of a VSC means voltage source converter with a leakage reactance. A
capacitor in its DC side connected the inverter is operated as in conventional STATCOM mode, switched
with a SPWM and in order to provide harmonic current minimization and serve as a link between VSI and
the system [8]. The block diagram of STATCOM connected in Distribution system is showed in figure.1.
The DC voltage to VSI is maintained with a capacitor is connected across STATCOM. When non
linear connected with the system the load and STATCOM currents are unbalanced in nature. The AC
3. Satyanarayana Gorantla and Dr. Goli Ravi Kumar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/index.asp 34 editor@iaeme.com
voltage difference of system, across the leakage reactance produces reactive power exchange between the
STATCOM and the power system, such that the AC voltage at the bus bar can be regulated to improve the
voltage profile of the power system, which is the primary duty of the STATCOM
If the system voltage is more than the voltage source inverter voltage, then the STATCOM absorbs the
reactive power from source. Similarly if the system voltage is less than the voltage source inverter voltage,
then the STATCOM generates reactive power to load. Other than these two cases the system voltage is
equal to the voltage source inverter voltage [5].
3. CONTROL TECHNIQUE FOR STATCOM
3.1. Synchronous Reference Frame Theory (SRF) Theory
Figure 2 Block diagram for SRF theory based control.
The internal view of Synchronous Reference Frame Theory (SRF) control strategy for STATCOM is
showed in figure.2. In this control strategy the SRF-based STATCOM control technique is used to
generate gate pulses for controlling of STATCOM. Here from the control strategy is designed with abc
frame to d-q frame conversion block, PLL block, HPF, PI controller, DQ to ABC conversion block and
hysteresis controller [10]-[11].
In abc frame to d-q frame conversion block is used to convert three phase load current parameters
(Iabc) to dq0 parameters frame by using parks transformation. Firstly, the current components from block
in α–β co-ordinates are generated. Iabc phases can then be transformed into α– β coordinates. The phase
locked loop is used to generate Sinwt and coswt signals for transformation block. HPF is high pass filter is
used to block low frequency components coming from conversion block. The Vd reference and actual
value is compared then given to pi controller is again compared with Id loss value then given to inverse
transformation block. The output of inverse transformation block is STATCOM reference current is
compared with actual STATCOM current then given to Hysteresis controller. It will generate gate pulses
for switches.
4. SRF Theory Based STATCOM for Compensation of Reactive Power and Harmonics
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4. COMPLETE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SRF CONTROLLED STATCOM
1T
3T
4T 2T6T
5T
Figure 3 Block diagram for SRF theory based control of STATCOM connected in Distribution system.
The Block diagram for SRF theory based control of STATCOM connected in Distribution system is
showed in figure.3. The control strategy for STATCOM is consists voltage source inverter (VSI), SRF
theory control technique and distribution, interfacing inductances and phase locked loop (PLL).
The performance of STATCOM as a compensator depends on the control algorithm what we are used
here i.e. the precise extraction of the current with harmonics reactive components. For this purpose there
are so many control schemes which have been proposed and are reported in the literature and three of these
are the Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory (IRPT), Synchronous Reference Frame Theory (SRF) and I-
cosф algorithm which are most widely used. In this paper, controlling of STATCOM by SRF algorithm for
compensation of reactive power and harmonics component has been used. Due to non linear connected
loads in system will demands for reactive power from source, so for this purpose of compensating reactive
power and harmonics at PCC the STATCOM is shunted to line through interfacing instances [10].
5. ESTIMATION OF REFERENCE REACTIVE SOURCE CURRENT
The instantaneous currents can be written as
( ) ( ) ( )s l ci t i t i t= −
(1)
Source voltage is given by
( ) sin ts mv t v ω=
(2)
If a non-linear load is applied, then the load current will have a fundamental component and harmonic
components which can be represented as
1
( ) sin( )L n n
n
i t I n tω φ
∞
=
= +∑ 2
sin( ) sin( )l l n n
n
I n t I n tω φ ω φ
∞
=
= + + +∑
(3)
The instantaneous load power can be given as
5. Satyanarayana Gorantla and Dr. Goli Ravi Kumar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/index.asp 36 editor@iaeme.com
L s(t) (t)* (t)lp v i=
2
1 1
2
sin *cos sin *cos *sin
sin * sin( )
m l m l
m n n
n
v i t v i t t
v t I n t
ω φ ω ω φ
ω ω φ
∞
=
= +
+ +∑
(4)
( ) ( ) ( )fund reac harP t P t P t= + +
(5)
the real (fundamental) power drawn by the load is
2
1( ) sin *cosfund m lP t v i tω φ= ( )* ( )s sv t i t=
(6)
the source current supplied by the source, after compensation is
1
( )
( ) cos sin sin
( )
fund
s l m
s
P t
i t i t I t
v t
φ ω ω= = =
(7)
The desired source currents, after compensation, can be given as
*
( ) sinsa spi t I tω=
*
( ) sin( 120 )o
sb spi t I tω= −
*
( ) sin( 120 )o
sc spi t I tω= +
(8)
Where Isp (=I1cosΦ1+Isl) the amplitude of the desired source current of system,
The load requires real power from ac source is supplied with STATCOM configuration and few losses
like switching losses, losses in reactor and dielectric losses. The STATCOM switching is done by
reference source current is used here it has two elements those are real first harmonic component and
losses in STATCOM. The first harmonic component of load current being extracted from SRF theory. The
losses of STATCOM is estimated mistreatment a proportional–integral (PI) controller over the dc bus
voltage of the STATCOM. To compute the second element of the reference active current, a reference dc
bus voltage (Vdc*) is compared with the sensed dc bus voltage (Vdc) of STATCOM. Which in the nth
sampling instant, is expressed as
*
( ) ( ) ( )dcl dc dcv n v n v n= − (9)
This error signal vdcl(n) is processed in a PI controller, and the output {Ip(n)}at the nth
sampling instant
is expressed
p(n) p(n 1) ( ) ( 1) ( )I I { }pdc dcl n dcl n idc dcl nK v v K v− −= + − +
(10)
Where Kpdc and Kidc are the proportional and integral gains of the PI controller. The output of this PI
controller accounts for the losses in STATCOM, and it is considered because of the loss element.
6. MODELLING AND SIMULATION
Simulations studies were carried out to study the behavior of STATCOM under different loads like linear
and non linear loads. The simulating parameters values are showed in table.1
6. SRF Theory Based STATCOM for Compensation of Reactive Power and Harmonics
http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/index.asp 37 editor@iaeme.com
Table 1 Simulation Parameters
PARAMETER VALUE
Source voltage 415V
Source Imp 0.1+j0.027
Load Imp
20+j0.002
Inter facing inductance Linear load (RL+LL)
0.1+j0.001
Inter facing inductance at Non linear load
(RL+LL)
0.1+j0.003
6.1. Performance of STATCOM for Linear Load Condition
Figure 4 Source Voltage waveform at Linear Load
Figure 5 Source current waveform at Linear Load
Figure.4 & Figure.5 shows the Source voltage and current waveforms at linear load connected in
Distribution system. The peak amplitude of source voltage is 320V and the peak amplitude of source
current is 15A.
7. Satyanarayana Gorantla and Dr. Goli Ravi Kumar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/index.asp 38 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 6 Load current waveform at Linear Load
Figure.6 shows load current wave form linear load. Here R-L load is considered, it has peak amplitude
of load current is 15A.
Figure 7 STATCOM current waveform at Linear Load
Figure.7 shows the compensating STATCOM current waveforms at linear load connected in
Distribution system. The STATCOM supplies the Reactive current required by the load.
Figure 8 Power Factor waveform at Linear Load
Figure.8 shows the Power Factor waveforms at linear load connected in Distribution system. Here the
power factor is unity , because STATCOM compensate the reactive current required by the load.
8. SRF Theory Based STATCOM for Compensation of Reactive Power and Harmonics
http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/index.asp 39 editor@iaeme.com
6.2. Performance of STATCOM with Non-Linear Load Condition
The performance of STACOM with SRF controlled non-linear load can also be observed and results has
been showed in below with clear explanation.
Figure 9 Source voltage waveform at Non Linear Load
Figure10 Source current waveform at Non Linear Load
Figure.9 & Figure10 shows the Source voltage and current waveforms at nonlinear load connected in
Distribution system, The peak amplitude of source voltage is 320V and the peak amplitude of source
current is 30A.
Figure 11 load current waveform at Non Linear Load
9. Satyanarayana Gorantla and Dr. Goli Ravi Kumar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/index.asp 40 editor@iaeme.com
Figure.11 shows the load current waveforms at non linear load connected in Distribution system. Due
to non linear load nature the current shape is square wave and it contains harmonics is showed.
Figure 12 STATCOM current waveform at Non Linear Load
Figure.12 shows the compensating STATCOM current waveforms at nonlinear load connected in
Distribution system. STATCOM supplies the harmonic current to load, such that source current is
sinusoidal.
Figure 13 Load current THD waveform at Non Linear Load
Figure.13 shows the load current THD plot at Non linear load connected in Distribution system. The
value of THD presented in load current is 27.48%.
10. SRF Theory Based STATCOM for Compensation of Reactive Power and Harmonics
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Figure 14 Source current THD waveform at Non Linear Load
Figure.12 shows the Source current THD plot when Non linear load is connected in Distribution
system. The THD at source current is 1.52%.
Figure 15 Power factor waveform at Non Linear Load
Figure.15 shows the Power Factor waveforms at non linear load connected in Distribution system.
Here the power factor is unity , because STATCOM compensate the reactive current required by the load..
11. Satyanarayana Gorantla and Dr. Goli Ravi Kumar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/index.asp 42 editor@iaeme.com
Table 2 THD Values
PARAMETERS THD of Source
current without
STATCOM
THD of Source
current with
STATCOM
Nonlinear load 23.03% 1.52%
7. CONCLUSION
The MatlabSimulink based model is simulated and results are discussed. The performance analysis of
proposed STATCOM with SRF control theory is found to be quiet satisfactory for harmonic elimination
and reactive power compensation for linear and non linear loads. The STATCOM effectively compensate
the reactive power & harmonics for linear and non linear load cases. For non linear load case the effect is
compensated by STATCOM and power factor is maintained at unity. The harmonic content of the current
at source side is 1.52% when non linear load is connected.
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12. SRF Theory Based STATCOM for Compensation of Reactive Power and Harmonics
http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/index.asp 43 editor@iaeme.com
[10] Kakoli bhatacharjee,” Harmonic mitigation by SRF theory based active power filter using adaptive
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[11] S.M.Padmaja and Dr. G. Tulasi Ramdas, “SVPWM Based 3-Level STATCOM for Reactive Power
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[13] Dr. Naarisetti Srinivasa Rao and Dasam Srinivas, “An Experimental Design to Improve Power Quality
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