A review on various security attacks in vehicular ad hoc networksjournalBEEI
Ad hoc vehicle networks (VANET) are being established as a primary form of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) and a critical infrastructure to provide vehicle passengers with a wide range of safety applications. VANETs are increasingly common nowadays because it is connecting to a wide range of invisible services. The security of VANETs is paramount as their future use must not jeopardize their users' safety and privacy. The security of these VANETs is essential for the benefit of secure and effective security solutions and facilities, and uncertainty remains, and research in this field remains fast increasing. We discussed the challenges in VANET in this survey. Were vehicles and communication in VANET are efficient to ensure communication between vehicles to vehicles (V2V), vehicles to infrastructures (V2I). Clarified security concerns have been discussed, including confidentiality, authentication, integrity, availableness, and non-repudiation. We have also discussed the potential attacks on security services. According to analysis and performance evaluations, this paper shows that the ACPN is both feasible and appropriate for effective authentication in the VANET. Finally, the article found that in VANETs, encryption and authentication are critical.
A Survey on Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication SystemIOSR Journals
Abstract: Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communications for Safety is the wireless exchange of critical safety
and operational data between vehicles and roadway infrastructure, intended primarily to avoid motor vehicle
crashes. Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication based on wireless local area network (WLAN) IEEE
802.11 standard technology can support user in-motion to achieve preferable Internet connectivity. This
standard is created for urgent short message transmission.The IEEE 802.11 standard defines an infracture
mode with at least one central access point connected to a wired network. In this paper we present an
experimental study of IEEE802.11g using off-the-shelf devices in vehicle-to-infrastructure small scale scenario.
In order to evaluate the V2I the type of communication in large scale scenario and intelligent transportation
systems (ITS) will necessitate wireless vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communica-tions. This wireless link can
be implemented by several technolo-gies, such as digital broadcasting, cellular communication, or dedicated
short range communication (DSRC) systems. Analyses of the coverage and capacity requirements are presented
when each of the three systems are used to implement the V2I link
Keywords: Short Range Vehicle Network; 802.11g; wireless network; goodput; network performance;
transport; mobile stations; auto traffic; vehicle speed
V2V communication systems communicates with the approaching vehicle and avoids the accident by alerting the driver and often it drives away the vehicle if the driver fails to stop it. V2I communication system communicates with the server in the road and reduces the traffic taking place in the road.
Recent advances in wireless networks have led to the introduction of a new type of networks called Vehicular Networks. Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a form of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). VANETs provide us with the infrastructure for developing new systems to enhance drivers’ and passengers’ safety and comfort. VANETs are distributed self organizing networks formed between moving vehicles equipped with wireless communication devices. This type of networks is developed as part of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to bring significant improvement to the transportation systems performance. One of the main goals of the ITS is to improve safety on the roads, and reduce traffic congestion, waiting times, and fuel consumptions. The integration of the embedded computers, sensing devices, navigation systems (GPS), digital maps, and the wireless communication devices along with intelligent algorithms will help to develop numerous types of applications for the ITS to improve safety on the roads. The up to date information provided by the integration of all these systems helps drivers to acquire real-time information about road conditions allowing them to react on time. For example, warning messages sent by vehicles involved in an accident enhances traffic safety by helping the approaching drivers to take proper decisions before entering the crash dangerous zone (ElBatt et al., 2006) (Xu et al., 2007). And Information about the current transportation conditions facilitate driving by taking new routes in case of congestion, thus saving time and adjusting fuel consumption (Dashtinezhad et al., 2004) (Nadeem et al., 2004). In addition to safety concerns, VANET can also support other non-safety applications that require a Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. This includes Multimedia (e.g., audio/video) and data (e.g., toll collection, internet access, weather/maps/ information) applications.
Vehicular networks are composed of mobile nodes, vehicles equipped with On Board Units (OBU), and stationary nodes called Road Side Units (RSU) attached to infrastructure that will be deployed along the roads.
A review on various security attacks in vehicular ad hoc networksjournalBEEI
Ad hoc vehicle networks (VANET) are being established as a primary form of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) and a critical infrastructure to provide vehicle passengers with a wide range of safety applications. VANETs are increasingly common nowadays because it is connecting to a wide range of invisible services. The security of VANETs is paramount as their future use must not jeopardize their users' safety and privacy. The security of these VANETs is essential for the benefit of secure and effective security solutions and facilities, and uncertainty remains, and research in this field remains fast increasing. We discussed the challenges in VANET in this survey. Were vehicles and communication in VANET are efficient to ensure communication between vehicles to vehicles (V2V), vehicles to infrastructures (V2I). Clarified security concerns have been discussed, including confidentiality, authentication, integrity, availableness, and non-repudiation. We have also discussed the potential attacks on security services. According to analysis and performance evaluations, this paper shows that the ACPN is both feasible and appropriate for effective authentication in the VANET. Finally, the article found that in VANETs, encryption and authentication are critical.
A Survey on Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication SystemIOSR Journals
Abstract: Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communications for Safety is the wireless exchange of critical safety
and operational data between vehicles and roadway infrastructure, intended primarily to avoid motor vehicle
crashes. Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication based on wireless local area network (WLAN) IEEE
802.11 standard technology can support user in-motion to achieve preferable Internet connectivity. This
standard is created for urgent short message transmission.The IEEE 802.11 standard defines an infracture
mode with at least one central access point connected to a wired network. In this paper we present an
experimental study of IEEE802.11g using off-the-shelf devices in vehicle-to-infrastructure small scale scenario.
In order to evaluate the V2I the type of communication in large scale scenario and intelligent transportation
systems (ITS) will necessitate wireless vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communica-tions. This wireless link can
be implemented by several technolo-gies, such as digital broadcasting, cellular communication, or dedicated
short range communication (DSRC) systems. Analyses of the coverage and capacity requirements are presented
when each of the three systems are used to implement the V2I link
Keywords: Short Range Vehicle Network; 802.11g; wireless network; goodput; network performance;
transport; mobile stations; auto traffic; vehicle speed
V2V communication systems communicates with the approaching vehicle and avoids the accident by alerting the driver and often it drives away the vehicle if the driver fails to stop it. V2I communication system communicates with the server in the road and reduces the traffic taking place in the road.
Recent advances in wireless networks have led to the introduction of a new type of networks called Vehicular Networks. Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a form of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). VANETs provide us with the infrastructure for developing new systems to enhance drivers’ and passengers’ safety and comfort. VANETs are distributed self organizing networks formed between moving vehicles equipped with wireless communication devices. This type of networks is developed as part of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to bring significant improvement to the transportation systems performance. One of the main goals of the ITS is to improve safety on the roads, and reduce traffic congestion, waiting times, and fuel consumptions. The integration of the embedded computers, sensing devices, navigation systems (GPS), digital maps, and the wireless communication devices along with intelligent algorithms will help to develop numerous types of applications for the ITS to improve safety on the roads. The up to date information provided by the integration of all these systems helps drivers to acquire real-time information about road conditions allowing them to react on time. For example, warning messages sent by vehicles involved in an accident enhances traffic safety by helping the approaching drivers to take proper decisions before entering the crash dangerous zone (ElBatt et al., 2006) (Xu et al., 2007). And Information about the current transportation conditions facilitate driving by taking new routes in case of congestion, thus saving time and adjusting fuel consumption (Dashtinezhad et al., 2004) (Nadeem et al., 2004). In addition to safety concerns, VANET can also support other non-safety applications that require a Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. This includes Multimedia (e.g., audio/video) and data (e.g., toll collection, internet access, weather/maps/ information) applications.
Vehicular networks are composed of mobile nodes, vehicles equipped with On Board Units (OBU), and stationary nodes called Road Side Units (RSU) attached to infrastructure that will be deployed along the roads.
Towards Improving Road Safety Using Advanced Vehicular NetworksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are advanced network technologies applied to improve safety on roads and to offer suitable solutions for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The goal of VANETs is to assistdrivers and to act as a smart co-pilot that can alret about accidents and help avoiding them while prodivding high-end infotainment systems for both the driver and passengers. Consequently, VANETs can save millions of lives around the world, especially in Saudi Arabia, which has a very high rate of road accidents annualy. In this paper, we introduce and discuss VANETs, related routing protocols, challenging problems, and the existing solutions. This work is a part of a bigger project that aims to enhance VANETs technologies and to updapteITS to significantly promote road safety in general and Saudi Arabia’s roads in particular.
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) technology has come out as an important research field over the last few years. VANETs are the likely an influencing approach to provide safety of driver and other applications for the traffic conditions as well as passengers. Being dynamic in nature, it establishes the network, according to the situation and need of the users and provides reliable communication among the vehicles. Due to its great benefits, it is highly vulnerable to various attacks and security in VANET should be taken into consideration. This paper presented the security attacks between vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I). Many research works have been done to improve the performance and security of this network. The main aim of this paper is the security using hashing and techniques to calculate the trust in VANETs.
Master Thesis on Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET)Prof Ansari
In present, many people during the public died each year in vehicle accidents, therefore in almost countries some safety data i.e. traffic lights & velocity limits are applied, simply however it is not a better solution. Also government and number of automation industries regarded that vehicular safety is real challenging task [1]. Then equally result, to enhance people traffic safety of a new progressed particular technology is formulated i.e. VANET [4]. It is progress type of MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network). VANET manages a network within which vehicles are act nodes and applied as mobile nodes to construct a robust infrastructure-less ad-hoc network. In Figure 1 illustrates the basic components of VANET architecture. It builds the network among Inter-Vehicle, Vehicle-to-Roadside and Inter-Roadside communicating networks [4]. Moreover, apart from accidental-safety and security types, there are also broad varieties of applications in VANET are available and potential that can extend passenger comfort like predictable mobility by GPS, web browsing and information modify and so on. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a novel formulated form of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET), where moving nodes are vehicles same automobiles, cars, buses etc [2].
Multicast routing protocol for advanced vehicular ad hoc networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Transport sector has great impact on our daily life. Despite the huge number of vehicular models, driving process still faces many challenges due to the lack information about the roads and the surrounding sudden events, which can result in high number of accidents globally and especially in Saudi Arabia. A new technology, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), has emerged to support Intelligent Transport System (ITS) and to offer advanced solutions for drivers to avoid different hazard events that occur on the road. In this paper, we discuss the multicast and broadcast communications in VANETs, Quality of Sevice (QoS) awaregroup addressing/managing solutions to VANETs which help inclassifying different application that explore and design a new cross-layer framework, aware of high mobility and efficiency.
GLOBAL FRONTRUNNER ROUTING ALGORITHM (GFRA) FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN VANETS cscpconf
VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork) is the emerging research area that making the phrase
“Network on Wheel” true. In this new age network the basic WLAN (IEEE 802.11) standard is
used. As the necessity of such network increases the implementation challenges are being taken
into account. They are broadcasting, routing, priority scheduling and security and privacy. In
this paper the routing is considered as the research factor. A proposal for routing with
frequently changing topology to avoid disconnection of network on road and for the routing
among overlapping networks in flyovers with multiple ramps and stack to avoid wrong
messaging is given.
Abstract: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), a subclass of mobile ad hoc network (MANET), is a
promising approach for the intelligent transport system (ITS). VANET allows vehicles to form a self-organized
network without the need for a permanent infrastructure. As the VANET has a potential in improving road
safety, real time traffic update and other travel comforts, it turns attention of the researcher. Though VANET
and MANET shares some common characteristics like self-organized network, dynamic topology, ad hoc nature
etc, VANET differs from MANET by challenges, application, architecture, power constraint and mobility
patterns, so routing protocols used in MANET are not applicable with VANET. New routing strategy for VANET
has been proposed by many researchers in recent year. This paper provides focus on the various aspects of
VANET like architecture, characteristic, challenges, glimpse of routing protocols, and simulation models used
for VANET.
Keywords: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks; routing; position based routing; characteristics; transmission strategies
Optimization of Quality of Service (QoS) framework for highway based Vehicula...IJERA Editor
The Vehicular Ad-hoc Network is a novel technology. It has the property of higher node mobility. Vehicular Adhoc
networks offer wireless communications between vehicles themselves (V2V) and between vehicles to the
roadside units (V2R). The VANET is an active research area, as it has great prospective to enhance the road and
vehicle safety, efficiency of traffic. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network not only just provides the safety applications, but
also provides communication to the users. The QoS support in VANET is a challenge when the existing routing
paths become no longer are available as a result of changes in the velocity and position of node, and distance
between the vehicular nodes or network topology. In this study we designed a framework which provides us the
facility to enhance various Quality of Service parameters, such as End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss
ratio etc. The proposed model uses layered approach, deep classification as existed QoS components are further
broken down and provides Quality of Experience to the users. NCTUns is used as simulation tool to build up
simulations. After getting the results of simulation we carried out the performance analysis of various routing
protocols. The simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme provides much better performance in terms
of various QoS parameters like End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss ratio
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is the furthermost remarkable and an advantageous technique for the research field for improving the security and protection of drivers and passengers. It is an interesting subclass of Mobile Ad-hoc Network, which authorizes smart communication between vehicles furthermore in the middle of the vehicle and roadside frameworks. It is an application of a wireless network for witching the data – to the domain of vehicles. For the creation of trustful surroundings, trust can be practiced to increase the safety in vehicular networks, which is a major section of security. Trust can be considered by directly observing the human actions or indirectly by getting the neighbor's opinion which produces a trusted communicating environment. They turn into a principal component of intelligent transportation systems. There is a transitivity model in the existing work in which the Authentication Server (AS) provides the authority to Law Executor (LE) for authenticating the other vehicles as a trustful vehicle. So in proposed work a new technique in which there is no vehicle in the network to provide the authority. Trust is estimated by the nodes, then this value sends to the AS where this value is calculated and updated regularly. This method enhances the security of the network. NS2 simulator is used for the overall operation of the proposed work and throughput, PDR and routing overhead show the efficiency of the network.
A Secure QOS Distributed Routing Protocol for Hybrid Wireless Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Traffic Control System by Incorporating Message Forwarding ApproachCSCJournals
During the last few years, continuous progresses in wireless communications have opened new research fields in computer networking, aimed at extending data networks connectivity to environments where wired solutions are impracticable. Among these, vehicular traffic is attracting a growing attention from both academia and industry, due to the amount and importance of related distributive applications to mobile entertainment. VANETs are self-organized networks built up from moving vehicles, and are part of the broader class of MANETs. Because of these peculiar characteristics, VANETs require new networking techniques, whose feasibility and performance are usually tested by means of simulation. In order to meet performance goals, it is widely agreed that VANETs must rely heavily on node-to-node communication. In VANET, each vehicle acts as a node and communicates with other vehicles within the range or communicates with base stations. The main idea is to deploy a wireless communication network that has a capability of sending and receiving messages between transmitter and mobile devices in the particular network. Results can be shown using an effective VEINS Simulator. This Simulator can produce detailed vehicular movement traces and can simulate different traffic conditions through fully customizable scenarios. The Framework is expected to be employed using such simulator that makes use of traffic modulator, network simulator and coupling module that integrates the traffic and network.
International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems (IJANS)pijans
In recent years, AdHoc networks have been attracting much interest in both academic and industrial communities. International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems is an open access peer-reviewed journal that serves as a forum to discuss on ongoing research and new contributions. The journal addresses both practical and theoretical research in the areas of ad hoc networks, sensor networks, mesh networks and vehicular networks. Its main focus is on all issues from link layer up to the application layer. The journal solicits original technical papers that were not previously published and are not currently under review for publication elsewhere.
Detecting of routng misbehavion in hybrid wireless networks used and acknowle...AAKASH S
The succeeding wireless network is Hybrid Wireless Networks. It can provide Quality of Service (QoS) requirements in real time
transmission for wireless application. But it stream including critical mission application like military use or emergency
recovery. Hybrid wireless networks is unified mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) and wireless infrastructure networks. It inherits
invalid reservation and race condition problem in Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET). Whereas open medium and wide
distribution of node make vulnerable to malicious attackers in Hybrid wireless networks. How to secure routing in Hybrid
wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a Enhanced Adaptive ACKnowledgment (EAACK)-implement a new intrusiondetection
system for Hybrid wireless networks. It protect Hybrid wireless networks from attacks that have higher malicious
behavior detection rate. Analytical and simulation result based on the real human mobility mode. EAACK can provide high secure performance in terms of Intrusion-detection, overhead, transmission delay
E- Chitral aimed to provide ICT Skills in the grass root level with a major focus on rural communities. E-Chitral aimed to create partnership with operational IT Institutes across the district and utilize the resources in provision of skill development through online and offline trainings.
Those trainings includes short courses, diploma programs, designing, web developments, online marketing, skill development of untrained work force and marketing of rural community products.
Additionally this include E-Solar, E-Siyahat, E-Agriculture and other programs which aimed to provide economic up liftment solution within the door steps of rural communities
ALA’s 2015 Corporate Law Department Symposium is specifically for in house corporate law department professionals.
Led by industry leaders, this one day event offers educational sessions highly focused on process management, leveraging technology to analyze outside counsel costs and performance, alternative fee arrangements and general counsel’s involvement in cyber security.
Join us, gain insight and enjoy networking opportunities with corporate legal department management peers.
Towards Improving Road Safety Using Advanced Vehicular NetworksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are advanced network technologies applied to improve safety on roads and to offer suitable solutions for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The goal of VANETs is to assistdrivers and to act as a smart co-pilot that can alret about accidents and help avoiding them while prodivding high-end infotainment systems for both the driver and passengers. Consequently, VANETs can save millions of lives around the world, especially in Saudi Arabia, which has a very high rate of road accidents annualy. In this paper, we introduce and discuss VANETs, related routing protocols, challenging problems, and the existing solutions. This work is a part of a bigger project that aims to enhance VANETs technologies and to updapteITS to significantly promote road safety in general and Saudi Arabia’s roads in particular.
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) technology has come out as an important research field over the last few years. VANETs are the likely an influencing approach to provide safety of driver and other applications for the traffic conditions as well as passengers. Being dynamic in nature, it establishes the network, according to the situation and need of the users and provides reliable communication among the vehicles. Due to its great benefits, it is highly vulnerable to various attacks and security in VANET should be taken into consideration. This paper presented the security attacks between vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I). Many research works have been done to improve the performance and security of this network. The main aim of this paper is the security using hashing and techniques to calculate the trust in VANETs.
Master Thesis on Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET)Prof Ansari
In present, many people during the public died each year in vehicle accidents, therefore in almost countries some safety data i.e. traffic lights & velocity limits are applied, simply however it is not a better solution. Also government and number of automation industries regarded that vehicular safety is real challenging task [1]. Then equally result, to enhance people traffic safety of a new progressed particular technology is formulated i.e. VANET [4]. It is progress type of MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network). VANET manages a network within which vehicles are act nodes and applied as mobile nodes to construct a robust infrastructure-less ad-hoc network. In Figure 1 illustrates the basic components of VANET architecture. It builds the network among Inter-Vehicle, Vehicle-to-Roadside and Inter-Roadside communicating networks [4]. Moreover, apart from accidental-safety and security types, there are also broad varieties of applications in VANET are available and potential that can extend passenger comfort like predictable mobility by GPS, web browsing and information modify and so on. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a novel formulated form of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET), where moving nodes are vehicles same automobiles, cars, buses etc [2].
Multicast routing protocol for advanced vehicular ad hoc networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Transport sector has great impact on our daily life. Despite the huge number of vehicular models, driving process still faces many challenges due to the lack information about the roads and the surrounding sudden events, which can result in high number of accidents globally and especially in Saudi Arabia. A new technology, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), has emerged to support Intelligent Transport System (ITS) and to offer advanced solutions for drivers to avoid different hazard events that occur on the road. In this paper, we discuss the multicast and broadcast communications in VANETs, Quality of Sevice (QoS) awaregroup addressing/managing solutions to VANETs which help inclassifying different application that explore and design a new cross-layer framework, aware of high mobility and efficiency.
GLOBAL FRONTRUNNER ROUTING ALGORITHM (GFRA) FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN VANETS cscpconf
VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork) is the emerging research area that making the phrase
“Network on Wheel” true. In this new age network the basic WLAN (IEEE 802.11) standard is
used. As the necessity of such network increases the implementation challenges are being taken
into account. They are broadcasting, routing, priority scheduling and security and privacy. In
this paper the routing is considered as the research factor. A proposal for routing with
frequently changing topology to avoid disconnection of network on road and for the routing
among overlapping networks in flyovers with multiple ramps and stack to avoid wrong
messaging is given.
Abstract: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), a subclass of mobile ad hoc network (MANET), is a
promising approach for the intelligent transport system (ITS). VANET allows vehicles to form a self-organized
network without the need for a permanent infrastructure. As the VANET has a potential in improving road
safety, real time traffic update and other travel comforts, it turns attention of the researcher. Though VANET
and MANET shares some common characteristics like self-organized network, dynamic topology, ad hoc nature
etc, VANET differs from MANET by challenges, application, architecture, power constraint and mobility
patterns, so routing protocols used in MANET are not applicable with VANET. New routing strategy for VANET
has been proposed by many researchers in recent year. This paper provides focus on the various aspects of
VANET like architecture, characteristic, challenges, glimpse of routing protocols, and simulation models used
for VANET.
Keywords: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks; routing; position based routing; characteristics; transmission strategies
Optimization of Quality of Service (QoS) framework for highway based Vehicula...IJERA Editor
The Vehicular Ad-hoc Network is a novel technology. It has the property of higher node mobility. Vehicular Adhoc
networks offer wireless communications between vehicles themselves (V2V) and between vehicles to the
roadside units (V2R). The VANET is an active research area, as it has great prospective to enhance the road and
vehicle safety, efficiency of traffic. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network not only just provides the safety applications, but
also provides communication to the users. The QoS support in VANET is a challenge when the existing routing
paths become no longer are available as a result of changes in the velocity and position of node, and distance
between the vehicular nodes or network topology. In this study we designed a framework which provides us the
facility to enhance various Quality of Service parameters, such as End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss
ratio etc. The proposed model uses layered approach, deep classification as existed QoS components are further
broken down and provides Quality of Experience to the users. NCTUns is used as simulation tool to build up
simulations. After getting the results of simulation we carried out the performance analysis of various routing
protocols. The simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme provides much better performance in terms
of various QoS parameters like End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss ratio
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is the furthermost remarkable and an advantageous technique for the research field for improving the security and protection of drivers and passengers. It is an interesting subclass of Mobile Ad-hoc Network, which authorizes smart communication between vehicles furthermore in the middle of the vehicle and roadside frameworks. It is an application of a wireless network for witching the data – to the domain of vehicles. For the creation of trustful surroundings, trust can be practiced to increase the safety in vehicular networks, which is a major section of security. Trust can be considered by directly observing the human actions or indirectly by getting the neighbor's opinion which produces a trusted communicating environment. They turn into a principal component of intelligent transportation systems. There is a transitivity model in the existing work in which the Authentication Server (AS) provides the authority to Law Executor (LE) for authenticating the other vehicles as a trustful vehicle. So in proposed work a new technique in which there is no vehicle in the network to provide the authority. Trust is estimated by the nodes, then this value sends to the AS where this value is calculated and updated regularly. This method enhances the security of the network. NS2 simulator is used for the overall operation of the proposed work and throughput, PDR and routing overhead show the efficiency of the network.
A Secure QOS Distributed Routing Protocol for Hybrid Wireless Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Traffic Control System by Incorporating Message Forwarding ApproachCSCJournals
During the last few years, continuous progresses in wireless communications have opened new research fields in computer networking, aimed at extending data networks connectivity to environments where wired solutions are impracticable. Among these, vehicular traffic is attracting a growing attention from both academia and industry, due to the amount and importance of related distributive applications to mobile entertainment. VANETs are self-organized networks built up from moving vehicles, and are part of the broader class of MANETs. Because of these peculiar characteristics, VANETs require new networking techniques, whose feasibility and performance are usually tested by means of simulation. In order to meet performance goals, it is widely agreed that VANETs must rely heavily on node-to-node communication. In VANET, each vehicle acts as a node and communicates with other vehicles within the range or communicates with base stations. The main idea is to deploy a wireless communication network that has a capability of sending and receiving messages between transmitter and mobile devices in the particular network. Results can be shown using an effective VEINS Simulator. This Simulator can produce detailed vehicular movement traces and can simulate different traffic conditions through fully customizable scenarios. The Framework is expected to be employed using such simulator that makes use of traffic modulator, network simulator and coupling module that integrates the traffic and network.
International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems (IJANS)pijans
In recent years, AdHoc networks have been attracting much interest in both academic and industrial communities. International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems is an open access peer-reviewed journal that serves as a forum to discuss on ongoing research and new contributions. The journal addresses both practical and theoretical research in the areas of ad hoc networks, sensor networks, mesh networks and vehicular networks. Its main focus is on all issues from link layer up to the application layer. The journal solicits original technical papers that were not previously published and are not currently under review for publication elsewhere.
Detecting of routng misbehavion in hybrid wireless networks used and acknowle...AAKASH S
The succeeding wireless network is Hybrid Wireless Networks. It can provide Quality of Service (QoS) requirements in real time
transmission for wireless application. But it stream including critical mission application like military use or emergency
recovery. Hybrid wireless networks is unified mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) and wireless infrastructure networks. It inherits
invalid reservation and race condition problem in Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET). Whereas open medium and wide
distribution of node make vulnerable to malicious attackers in Hybrid wireless networks. How to secure routing in Hybrid
wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a Enhanced Adaptive ACKnowledgment (EAACK)-implement a new intrusiondetection
system for Hybrid wireless networks. It protect Hybrid wireless networks from attacks that have higher malicious
behavior detection rate. Analytical and simulation result based on the real human mobility mode. EAACK can provide high secure performance in terms of Intrusion-detection, overhead, transmission delay
E- Chitral aimed to provide ICT Skills in the grass root level with a major focus on rural communities. E-Chitral aimed to create partnership with operational IT Institutes across the district and utilize the resources in provision of skill development through online and offline trainings.
Those trainings includes short courses, diploma programs, designing, web developments, online marketing, skill development of untrained work force and marketing of rural community products.
Additionally this include E-Solar, E-Siyahat, E-Agriculture and other programs which aimed to provide economic up liftment solution within the door steps of rural communities
ALA’s 2015 Corporate Law Department Symposium is specifically for in house corporate law department professionals.
Led by industry leaders, this one day event offers educational sessions highly focused on process management, leveraging technology to analyze outside counsel costs and performance, alternative fee arrangements and general counsel’s involvement in cyber security.
Join us, gain insight and enjoy networking opportunities with corporate legal department management peers.
Environmental and Socio-economic Effects Of Artisanal Mining in Oke Ogun regi...micobin
Environmental and Socio-economic Effects Of Artisanal Mining in Oke Ogun region, Oyo State Nigeria.CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CELL RISK, concept of environmental sustainability, map of oke-ogun
ATEE-Eindhoven RDC Primary and Pre-primary Neus Lorenzo
Presentation at 41st conference ATEE, at Fontys Eindhoven. Neus Lorenzo and Ray Gallon from Transformation Society were Co-chairing the RDC Primary and Pre-primary for Teachers Educators and educational experts.
Plurilingüisme Transversal, per un Disseny Universal d'AprenentatgeNeus Lorenzo
Un resum d'aquesta Presentació feta per Neus Lorenzo a la Inspecció d'educació, en el Consorci d'Educació de Barcelona va ser el context per introduir conceptes com: Transversalitat Curricular, Estructura cognitiva, Disseny universal d'Aprenentatge (DUA & UDL), consciència fonològica, Avaluació PISA i OCDE, Competència Global, associades als projectes GEP i al Termòmetre Lingüistic.
AUTOCONEIXEMENT Dimensió Emocional del lideratge educatiuNeus Lorenzo
La dimensió emocional de les direccions. Sessió de formació a les Jornades d'Estiu AXIA 2016 ( III Escola d’estiu de les direccions de centres educatius). Més informació: http://axia.cat/noticies/iii-escola-destiu-de-directors-de-centres-educatius/
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are classified as a special application of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs)
which promise the new possibilities to improve traffic efficiency, road safety driving convenience. By providing the safety and
non-safety applications and sharing the useful information through vehicle to vehicle (V2V) or vehicle to roadside (V2R)
communications to avoid accidents and provide reliable information to travellers, such hot issues seeks much attention of
researchers in this field. VANET and MANET having several common characteristics but VANET differ with applications,
architecture, challenges and data dissemination. The survey of routing protocols in VANETs is important and necessary issue for
smart ITS. The objective of this paper is to design an algorithm for the detection and correction of routing attacks made by
obstructive nodes in VANETS and also drawn the comparison between various metrics like Cost, Average Packet loss,
Throughput and Energy Consumed.
Master-Slave Clustering Technique for High Density Traffic in Urban VANET Sce...rifat1tasnim
Moving vehicle is never free of traffic congestion especially in the cities. Every day commuters wastes hours in travelling just because of traffic congestion. This has led to the emergence of vehicular management which will be beneficial for Road Transport department to control and manage the traffic flow on congested roads. Thus to support above idea we have Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network, or VANET technology that turns every participating car into a node, allowing cars to connect with each other and in turn create a network. There are wealthy numbers of approaches were highlighted to solve several thriving challenges of VANET. Clustering technique in vehicle is one of them which made a great impact on VANET. But it fails to fulfill a crucial requirement. Several protocols wanted to build a cluster in low density traffic where the numbers of vehicles are less with respect to transmission range & there is a less chance of broadcast storming which is not a practical scenario. So that cluster formation in high density traffic has arisen as an issue where there is a great possibility to broadcast storm. This paper suggests a “Priority Based Master-Slave Cluster Formation Process” in high density traffic for an urban scenario using “fidelity” metric. With the help of this metric it will be easier to find high density traffic & form priority based Master-Slave dynamically by reducing broadcast storm problem.
In this paper CHP function runs on the vehicular environment which carried out to select a vehicle as Master. In this Ad-hoc wireless environment a dataset is assumed which create a proper environment & generate a graph. Graph results can be analyzed to have the highest one selects as a Master. Thus for the final result, real aspects of vehicular traffic is very essential and scenarios play a very crucial role.
Performance Evaluation of VANETs for Evaluating Node Stability in Dynamic Sce...Editor IJCATR
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a favorable area of exploration which empowers the interconnection amid the movable vehicles and between transportable units (vehicles) and road side units (RSU). In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), mobile vehicles can be organized into assemblage to promote interconnection links. The assemblage arrangement according to dimensions and geographical extend has serious influence on attribute of interaction .Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are subclass of mobile Ad-hoc network involving more complex mobility patterns. Because of mobility the topology changes very frequently. This raises a number of technical challenges including the stability of the network .There is a need for assemblage configuration leading to more stable realistic network. The paper provides investigation of various simulation scenarios in which cluster using k-means algorithm are generated and their numbers are varied to find the more stable configuration in real scenario of road.
Security schemes based on conditional privacy-preserving vehicular ad hoc net...nooriasukmaningtyas
Recently, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have been garnering
significant inter-est from the people involved in transportation field.
Nowadays automotive manufactur-ers have already supplying vehicles with
multitude of road sensors that provides many useful characteristics. VANET
communication not only offers the drivers and passen-gers with the various
safety related services but also provides a wide range of valuable
applications. However, the inherent openness of the wireless communication
medium used by VANETs exposes vehicles to various security and privacy
issues. Researchers have proposed many security schemes to solve the issues
mentioned above for the widespread deployment of VANETs. However,
these schemes failed to fulfill all as-pects of security and privacy
requirements. Besides, these schemes have not provided the performance
parameters such as computation and communication costs. The pri-mary
emphasis of this paper is on the taxonomy of security schemes based
conditional privacy-preserving with respect to strengths and limitations.
Besides, a comparison be-tween these schemes related to the model of
security and privacy requirements, attacks, and performance parameters is
provided. Finally, this paper critically reviews the re-lated works by taking
into consideration the design and development of all VANETs security and
privacy schemes, this paper could serve as a guide and reference.
Internet for vanet network communications fleetnetIJCNCJournal
Now in the world, the exchange of information between vehicles in the roads without any fixed infrastructure is enabled thanks to the novel technology of the Vehicular adhoc networks called (VANETs).The accidents and congestions warning, Internet access e.g. via gateways along the road are the main applications of these networks related to the safety and comfort applications. A high requirement on the routing protocols is introduced in these complexed VANETs networks In order to implement a reference intelligent transportation system and contribute to the standardization of vehicle to vehicle communication or vehicle to infrastructure, in Europe, several projects are held and different partners are joined from the industry, governmental agencies and academia.This paper explains the main progress and purposes of the standardization process and research initiatives of FleetNet project. These solutions will present in the future a common worldwide VANET platform integrating several services of inter-vehicles communications.
Implementing Secured and Comport Transportation using Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networ...ijtsrd
VANET is the largest wireless communications research area. VANETs of rapidly moving vehicles can be inefficient or unreliable. With the passing of time, VANET technology advances via inter vehicle interaction, but many problems need to be resolved in order to strengthen the network. This paper simulates road traffic simulators in a way that ensures safe communication between different types vehicles and prevents traffic based congestion in the cities of India. Ms. Pooja Deshpande | Mrs. Vrushali Uttarwar | Ms. Ekta Choudhari "Implementing Secured and Comport Transportation using Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network for Realistic City Scenario" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29771.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/29771/implementing-secured-and-comport-transportation-using-vehicular-ad-hoc-network-for-realistic-city-scenario/ms-pooja-deshpande
VCN: Vehicular Cloud Network Using RBMR Protocol for Efficient Link Stability...IJLT EMAS
VCN is Vehicular Cloud Network which is the combination of VANET and cloud. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) technology has been used in many of the applications such as avoiding traffic jam on roadways and airways, preventing the vehicles from accidents and so on. It serve as one of the best platform to meet with group-oriented services which comes under one of the primary application classes. Multicast routing is used to support such services. In such cases one must have to ensure better packet delivery ratio, lower delays and reduced control overheads. Thus, there is a need to design stable and reliable multicast routing protocols for VANETs. In this paper, we proposed a Receiver Based Multicast Routing Protocol that finds a best way to perform the multicast traffic. RBMulticast stores destination list inside the packet header, this destination list provides information on all multicast members to which this packet is targeted .And it stores the traced information or data in the cloud for given period of time. Thus, the multicast tree is not required for this process and therefore no tree state stored at the intermediate nodes.
APPLICABILITY OF OVERLAY NON-DELAY TOLERANT POSITION-BASED PROTOCOLS IN HIGHW...ijwmn
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) is new sort in wireless ad-hoc networks. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)
communication is one of the main communication paradigms that provide a level of safety and convenience
to drivers and passengers on the road. In such environment, routing data packet is challenging due to
frequently changed of network topology because of highly dynamic nature of vehicles. Thus, routing in
VANETs in require for efficient protocols that guarantee message transmission among vehicles. Numerous
routing protocols and algorithms have been proposed or enhanced to solve the aforementioned problems.
Many position based routing protocols have been developed for routing messages that have been identified
to be appropriate for VANETs. This work explores the performances of selected unicast non-delay tolerant
overlay position-based routing protocols. The evaluation has been conducted in highway and urban
environment in two different scenarios. The evaluation metrics that are used are Packet Delivery Ratio
(PDR), Void Problem Occurrence (VPO), and Average Hop Count (AHC).
GEOCAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORKS: A SURVEYijwmn
Geocast routing is considered to be advantageous in VANETs, as most of the safety applications are location-based and are relevant to a particular geographical area rather than individual vehicles. Hence, the geocast routing approach where data packets are delivered to a specific geographic area or zone of relevance has become an important research area among researchers and academicians. This article surveys the existing geocast routing protocols for the vehicular environment and compares them qualitatively based on various parameters. The pros and cons of each routing protocol are discussed. Certain directions for future research related to geocast routing protocols are also presented.
GEOCAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORKS: A SURVEYijwmn
Geocast routing is considered to be advantageous in VANETs, as most of the safety applications are
location-based and are relevant to a particular geographical area rather than individual vehicles. Hence,
the geocast routing approach where data packets are delivered to a specific geographic area or zone of
relevance has become an important research area among researchers and academicians. This article
surveys the existing geocast routing protocols for the vehicular environment and compares them
qualitatively based on various parameters. The pros and cons of each routing protocol are discussed.
Certain directions for future research related to geocast routing protocols are also presented.
vehicular Ad-Hoc Network:
this report contains a brief description on the VANET which can be considered as an application of MANET...
The report contains a basic overview, ITS, and routing algorithms.
Comparative study of proactive and reactive routing protocols in vehicular ad...IJECEIAES
In recent years, the vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), which is an ad-hoc network used by connected autonomous vehicles (CAV) for information processing, has attracted the interest of researchers in order to meet the needs created by the accelerating development of autonomous vehicle technology. The enormous amount of information and the high speed of the vehicles require us to have a very reliable communication protocol. The objective of this paper is to determine a topology-based routing protocol that improves network performance and guarantees information traffic over VANET. This comparative study was carried out using the simulation of urban mobility (SUMO) and network simulator (NS-3). Through the results obtained, we will show that the choice of the type of protocol to use depends on the size of the network and also on the metrics to be optimized.
Intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an application which provides intelligence to the transportation
and traffic management systems. Although the word ITS applies to all systems in the transportation but as
per the European union directive it is the application of Information and communication technology in the
field of transportation is defined as ITS. The communication technology has evolved greatly today from
2G/3G to long term evolution (LTE). In this paper we focus on the LTE and its application in the ITS. Since
LTE offers excellent QoS, wide area coverage and high availability it is a preferred choice for vehicle to
infrastructure (V2I) service. At the same time the LTE customer base is increasing day by day which results
in congestion and accessing the network to send or request resources becomes difficult. In this paper we
have proposed a group based node selection algorithm to reduce the preamble ID collision otherwise this
uncoordinated preamble ID transmission by vehicle node (VN) will eventually clog the network and there
will be a massive congestion and re-transmissions attempts by VNs to obtain the random access channel
(RACH).
Master thesis on Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET)Prof Ansari
The increasing demand for wireless devices and wireless communication tends to research on self-organizing, self-healing networks without the interference of any pre-established or centralized infrastructure/authority [2]. The networks with the absence of any pre-established or centralized authority are known as Ad hoc networks [4]. Ad hoc Networks are the kind of wireless networks that uses multi-hop radio relay.There are many comparative studies and surveys that compare various ad hoc routing in VANET environment. The simulations performed in these comparative studies are very basic do not incorporate with a large number of nodes in real Vehicular Ad hoc Network environment. The main aim of our dissertation work is to firstly investigate the reactive and proactive routeing protocols than examine the performance of selected reactive routing protocols i.e. Destination Sequence Distance Vector Routing (DSDV), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)by taking three performance metrics like network load, throughput and end-to-end delay with varying number of mobile nodes or vehicle node densityOPNET: Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) is a commercial network simulator environment used for simulations of both wired and wireless networks [20]. Several different OPNET versions have been released over the last few years; the latest version of OPNET is the OPNET 16.0. At present OPNET is licensed under Riverbed technologies. It allows the user to design and study the network communication devices, protocols, individual applications and also simulate the performance of routing protocol. It supports many wireless technologies and standards such as, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.1, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20 and satellite networks. OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition is available for free to the academic research and teaching community.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Leading Change strategies and insights for effective change management pdf 1.pdf
L011138596
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 11, Issue 1, Ver. III (Jan. - Feb .2016), PP 85-96
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2834-11128596 www.iosrjournals.org 85 | Page
Mobility Management in Vehicular Adhoc Networks: A Review
Virender Kumar1
, Pawan Kumar Dahiya2
1
(Department of ECE, HCTM Technical Campus Kaithal, Haryana, India)
2
(Department of ECE, DCRUST Murthal, Haryana, India)
Abstract: Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANET) are gaining importance in vehicular networks and attracting an
increasing attraction from both industry and research communities. Mobility Management is one of the most
important and challenging research issue in vehicular networks which support various applications of
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). A specific mobility management solution is required for Vehicular
Adhoc networks, because traditional mobility management schemes for mobile Adhoc networks (MANET)
cannot meet the requirements of vehicular Adhoc networks (VANET) due to its unique characteristic (i.e. high
mobility). In this paper, an overview of mobility management techniques in VANET is reviewed in three
vehicular communication modes, i.e., Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communication, Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V)
communication and Hybrid Vehicle (HV) communication. Finally, the related open research issues are
discussed.
Keywords: VANETs, Mobility Management, V2I, V2V, HV, ITS, RSUs, RVs.
I. Introduction
In Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), each vehicle plays an important role of sender, receiver,
and router to broadcast information to vehicular network. This information is used to ensure safe and free flow
of traffic by vehicular network. Due to the recent developments of wireless communication technologies and
computing devices, a novel infrastructure has been grown out known as Vehicular Adhoc Network or (VANET)
which also supports to various applications in intelligent transportation systems. Vehicular Adhoc Networks
represent a rapidly growing and a special class of Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) providing communications
among vehicles (V2V) and between vehicles and nearby fixed infrastructure of road side units (V2I) and hybrid
vehicles (HV). Vehicular Adhoc network (VANET) has recently received considerable attention both from
industry and academia [1-3]. VANET is a self organizing and decentralized network with moving vehicles being
network nodes similar as mobile Adhoc network (MANET) [4]. Vehicular Adhoc Networks are distinguished
from other kinds of Adhoc networks by their node movement characteristics, hybrid network architecture and
new application scenarios. Standard organization (e.g. IETF) and Different Consortia (e.g. Car-to-Car
Communications Consortium (C2C-CC) [5]) have been working on various issues in vehicular Adhoc networks.
IEEE working group provided an IEEE 802.11p or dedicated short range communications (DSRC) for inter
vehicle communication, which is an extension of 802.11 standards. For the support of network mobility in
Vehicular Adhoc Network, IETF has standardized Network mobility Support (NEMO BS) [6].
For communication to occur between vehicles and nearby fixed infrastructure of road side units
(RSUs), vehicles must be equipped with some kind of radio interface or OnBoard Unit (OBU) which enables to
form a short range wireless Adhoc network [7]. An example of system model is shown in Fig. 1. In VANET,
there are three communication modes, i.e., vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and hybrid
vehicle (HV). In V2V communication vehicles communicate with each other through Adhoc manner. V2V
communication configuration is a multi-hop unicast where a message is propagated through multi-hop fashion
until desired data is reached by vehicle. Due to short range bandwidth, V2V communication is efficient and cost
effective. In vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, road side units broadcast message to all equipped
vehicles in a single-hop manner. A high bandwidth link is required between vehicles and road side units in V2I
communication so that vehicles may access infrastructure such as BS or AP for information interactive. The
road side units may be placed every kilometer or less so that a high data rate may be achieved and maintained in
heavy traffic.
Hybrid vehicle (HV) communication refers to a configuration in which communication occurs among
vehicles as well as between vehicle and nearby fixed infrastructure of RSUs. Because there is no available
infrastructure around, vehicles may connect BS or AP through multi-hop routing with RSUs or other vehicles
serving as fixed or mobile gateways. VANET is a special class of mobile Adhoc networks (MANETs) [8] with
unique characteristics. There are certain factors which differentiates VANET fro m MANETs i.e., the density of
VANET varies dramatically, topologies of VANET are highly dynamic due to high mobility of vehicles, there is
no major concern of power consumption in VANET and using of different mobility models and routing
protocols for VANET.
2. Mobility Management in Vehicular Adhoc Networks: A Review
DOI: 10.9790/2834-11128596 www.iosrjournals.org 86 | Page
To support seamless communication, mobility management has been a challenging and important issue
in VANET. Since MNs change their points of attachment frequently leading to changing in topology abruptly in
VANET, mobility management is essential for providing seamless and high speed services for vehicular
networks.
Figure 1. Three communication modes in VANETs [10]
To achieve optimal performance in V2V, V2I and HV communications, different mobility management
schemes can be designed for respective modes since communication in all three modes are different. For V2V
communication, mobility management focuses on route discovery, maintenance and recovery which are similar
to those of MANETs [9]. For V2I communication, most mobility management solutions focuses on internet
mobility management protocols, such as MIPv6 or FMIPv6, since data is exchanged between vehicles and
nearby infrastructure of RSUs. Different types of mobility management solutions have been designed for
compatibility and interoperability for the V2I communication. Due to the unavailability of RSUs infrastructure
around, in HV communication, different mobility management schemes are adopted which are compatible to
both V2V and V2I communication because the data is exchanged between vehicle-to-vehicle as well as vehicle-
to-infrastructure of road side units. In this paper the current, state of art on mobility management for V2V, V2I
and HV-based VANET will be provided.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In section II, an overview of mobility and mobility
management in vehicular communication with its requirements and challenges in VANET is provided. Mobility
management schemes for V2V, V2I and HV communication are detailed in section III. The mobility
management solutions for heterogeneous wireless networks are discussed in section IV. In section V, open
research issues in mobility management for VANET are discussed. Finally, the conclusion is outlined in section
VI.
II. Mobility And Mobility Management in VANETs
In vehicular communications, an internet gateway or an infrastructure is required through which some
applications of ITS may access internet [11]. In VANET, bidirectional internet connectivity and global
addressability can be provided by internet gateway to the mobile nodes in VANET [12]. Since mobile nodes in
VANET are far away from the fixed infrastructure providing internet, so communication may be relayed
through intermediate mobile nodes leading to multi-hop communication. MIPv6 based mobility management
solutions can not be applied in these scenarios directly due to unavailability of direct connection between
internet gateway and mobile nodes. To apply MIPv6 based mobility management in vehicular networks certain
issues are arised such as: handoff decision and movement detection. To provide handoff support for VANET,
many traditional mobility management protocols, such as mobile internet protocol version 4 (MIPv4) [13],
mobile internet protocol version 6 (MIPv6) [14] and NEMO basic protocol [15] have been proposed. In
VANET, vehicular area network (VAN) can be established for various applications which are supported by ITS.
To enable high speed seamless connection in vehicular network another network are provided in which different
technologies can be integrated in to one known as heterogeneous network [16]. In this section, we discuss the
types of mobility in vehicular Adhoc network in V2I and HV communication modes. Mobility management
issues and its technical challenges in vehicular networks are also discussed.
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2.1 Mobility in VANETs
Vehicle communicates with RSUs directly or through other relay vehicles (RVs) in V2I and HV
communication modes. When a vehicle leaves its current coverage area of associated RSU/RV and enters in
new area of RSU/RV, it is required to establish a new connection to maintain its connectivity or point of
attachment. To achieve the goal of seamless handoff and to conduct these operations between new RSU/RV and
previous one, the mobility management of the moving vehicle is required. In VANET, individual vehicle or
group of vehicles may need to perform handoff when they move as a unit and accordingly mobility is
categorized as group mobility and individual mobility [10]. Fig. 2 shows taxonomy of mobility scenario in
VANET [10].
C lu ster b ased M o b ility
G ro u p m o b ility
M o b ility in V A N
T yp ical M o b ility scen ario s in V A N E T
M o b ility in V 2 I
In d ivid u al m o b ility
M o b ility in H V
Fig. 2 Mobility scenarios in VANETs [10]
2.1.1 Group Mobility
There are certain applications in VANET in which a group of vehicles or mobile terminals (MTs) move
together as a unit e.g. moving vehicles in a cluster or in vehicular area network (VAN). Mobility in VAN and
cluster based mobility is discussed in following [10].
2.1.1.1 Mobility in VAN
In VAN, vehicles equipped with electronic units such as: entertainment systems, vehicle sensors,
navigation system or mobile devices, move as a network and communicate other vehicles via IEEE 802.15.4
WPN or IEEE 802.11 WLAN technology. The improvement in communication performance and the saving of
handoff signaling cost can be achieved in VAN due to fix relative location of vehicles, movement at same
velocity of mobile gateways and equipments of vehicles and no additional handoff process is required for
internal equipments. For equipments inside the vehicles, the handoff process of mobile relay is also transparent.
In fig. 1, vehicle D shows as an example of VAN.
2.1.1.2 Cluster based mobility
To achieve efficient and fast message transmission basis on the certain metrics of network or vehicles
such as moving directions of vehicles, geographical locations and the link characteristics between vehicles and
RSUs or between vehicles, a cluster-based mobility management scheme is proposed and may be applied for
VANET in which a vehicle is chosen among vehicles as a cluster head based on certain criterions. This cluster
head is responsible for various cluster topological management in VANET. In VANET, if there are multiple
clusters then management in entire vehicular Adhoc network is done through co-operation or coordination
among cluster heads. In VANET, two types of mobility scenarios may occur, i.e., ordinary vehicle handoffs and
cluster head handoffs. In ordinary vehicle handoffs, handoff is performed by vehicles inside a one cluster with
vehicles of another cluster resulting through either from relative movement of vehicles or reselection of cluster
head in the same cluster. On the other hand in cluster head handoff, the whole cluster needs to perform handoff
with target RSU after moving out of previous cluster due to the mobility of vehicles .
2.1.2 Individual Mobility
In this subsection, the individual mobility employed for both V2I and HV communication has been
subscribed [10].
2.1.2.1 Individual mobility in V2I
In V2I communication, vehicles connect with IP-based backbone through accessing the relating RSUs.
When the received signal strength (RSS) from current related RSU drops below predefined threshold, then the
vehicle searches new RSU with which the link quality is good enough to support communication services and
performs handoff to the target RSU. In fig. 1, when vehicle A moves out from the coverage area of AP1and
enters in coverage area of AP2, its RSS decreases from AP1 and increases with AP2. Thus, handoff from AP1 to
AP2 is required and it is an example of individual mobility in V2I.
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2.1.2.2 Individual mobility in HV
In HV communication, RSUs are accessed by vehicles through RVs. Due to movement of source
vehicles or RVs, the handoff of source vehicles or RVs is required. The hand off of source vehicles and RVs or
wireless channel characteristics is given below.
(i) RV handoff
When a RV moves out of its current coverage area of current RSU, it has to connect to new RSU for
accessing and if new RSU is not available around then it may connect to RV for continuing external network
communication. In fig. 1, a RV hand off is required for vehicle E when it moves out of coverage area of BS to
that of AP2.
(ii) Source vehicle hand off
Similar to RV handing off, a source vehicle may also needs to perform hand off with adjacent RV
when the target RSU or RV is not available, after moving out of coverage area of its current RV. In fig. 1,
vehicle B is connecting to BS via RV E originally, if the link between vehicle B and vehicle E is not available
due to mobility of vehicles, then vehicle B may perform hand off from vehicle E to its adjacent vehicle i.e.
vehicle C, which is able to give relay function for accessing network via AP2, to continue communication with
BS.
2.2 Mobility Management & its Requirements
There are various criterions on the basis of which mobility management can be categariosed in
traditional infrastructure based mobile networks discussed in following.
2.2.1 Micro mobility and Macro mobility management
Micro mobility and macro mobility management solutions can be classified according to the user’s
roaming area. Micro mobility and macro mobility management provide local and global mobility management
respectively. Performance of mobile users can be improved by a hierarchal designing of local and global
management. For both micro and macro mobility management various mobility management schemes have
been proposed. Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) [17], Fast handover mobile IPv6 [18], Proxy MIPv6 [19],
HAWAII [20] and Cellular IP [21] were proposed for micro mobility management. For macro mobility
management, MIPv4 [22] and MIPv6 [14] were proposed.
2.2.2 Host mobility and Network mobility management
Host mobility and network mobility management are mobility management depending upon the mobile
host signaling. There is a direct involvement of mobile host in signaling in host mobility management whereas
in network mobility management there is no direct involvement of mobile host in signaling.
2.2.3 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous mobility management
These are the mobility management depending upon their network structure. Homogeneous mobility
management can be classified for homogeneous networks [23] and heterogeneous mobility management for
heterogeneous networks [24].
2.2.4 OSIlayers dependent mobility management
There are certain mobility management schemes which can be identified by OSI layers. Various
mobility management schemes are proposed which can be implemented in network layer, data link layer,
transport layer, application layer and cross layer fashion.
In VANET, mobility management should give best connectivity of mobile nodes with correspondent
nodes (CN) or in the internet or global connectivity for mobile nodes in vehicular Adhoc networks. In [10], [25]
and [26], the requirements are given for mobility management in VANET.
2.2.5 Multi-hop communication support
Multihop communication is a considerable requirement for mobility management schemes in VANET
since it increases the reachability of mobile nodes to destination by extending transmission range. So, this
requirement may be considered by mobility management schemes an optimized accordingly.
2.2.6 VANET characteristics
High mobility is a dynamic characteristic of VANET and using IPv6-based multihop support, a large
address space can be availed for each sensor or mobile vehicles or mobile nodes in vehicular Adhoc network.
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Besides, the advantage of large address space, IPv6 also supports the essential requirements of ITS applications
such as: quality of service (QoS) and security.
2.2.7 Seamless mobility
A frequent handover occurs in VANET due to high mobility of vehicles resulting discontinue of
services and accessibility which should be guaranteed regardless of wireless technology and vehicles’ location.
So, seamless mobility is important challenge that has to meet by mobility management in vehicular network.
2.2.8 Scalability and efficiency
In VANET, the number of vehicles or mobile nodes may be large and so the connected sensors or
devices to each vehicles also very large. Mobility management schemes must be efficient and scalable due to
frequent changing of point of attachment to support different types of traffic in vehicular network.
2.2.9 Vertical and Fast handover
There are safety related delay-sensitive ITS applications in which fast handover is required. Since,
vehicle spends a very short period of time at point of attachments due to high mobility, so fast handover is a
crucial requirement for wireless network having small coverage area. In heterogeneous wireless networks
different wireless technologies are integrated into one. To achieve seamless service, vertical handover of mobile
nodes connections is essential to support different wireless technologies in heterogeneous wireless network.
III. Mobility Management Scenarios in VANETs
3.1 Mobility Management in V2V Communications in VANETs
For vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), mobility is managed through recovery, maintenance and
route discovery [9]. Mobility management in vehicle to vehicle communications contains several contents which
have been described below. A vehicle to vehicle communication has been shown in fig. 2.
Figure 3. Vehicle to Vehicle communication
3.1.1 Location Based Management in VANETs
Due to large latency and overhead, basic Adhoc routing protocols can not be directly applied to
VANETs having unique mobility characteristics [27]. However, geographic routing was shown to be effective
and efficient for VANETs. Communicating nodes are required to have the location information of each other
using geographic routing such as: Geographical Routing Algorithm (GRA) [29] and Greedy Perimeter Stateless
Routing (GPSR) [28]). In VANETs, a location management scheme is needed, which deals with the storage,
maintenance, and retrieval of mobile node location information [30].
In VANET, Location management can be categorized in to rendezvous -based and flooding based
approaches [31]. Location servers are responsible in rendezvous-based approach. Nodes query the location of
destination and update their location from location servers. On the other hand, the source floods the location
query to the entire network which incurs huge overhead in a flooding-based approach. In VANETs, various
schemes were proposed for location management. In [32], a quorum-based approach is capitalized to achieve
efficient location service management by means of message aggregation and node clustering. Thus in one
control message, the updates and the queries of nearby nodes are aggregated. In [33], region based location
service management protocol was proposed which supports both locality awareness and scalability. In RLSMP,
for both locations updating and querying to improve scalability, message aggregation with the enhancement
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from geographical clustering was used. To locate the destination node, local search was used for locality
awareness.
3.1.2 Topology Based Management in VANETs
In Topology Management, there are certain schemes which can be proactive and reactive. In proactive
schemes, signaling messages are sent periodically to explore the topology information. On the other hand, in
reactive schemes, signaling messages are sent when it is needed. VANETs may be very large so, purely host -
based topology control does not suit in vehicular Adhoc networks. This limitation of VANETs is solved by
cluster-based topology control. Vehicles are grouped into multiple clusters and head of each cluster is
responsible for communication by coordinating among each other in this cluster-based topology control
management. However, due to constrained mobility and high speed of vehicles in VANET scenario the optimal
performance cannot be achieved. In [34], clustering for open inter vehicle communication (IVC) networks
(COIN) was proposed in which the cluster head selection is done on the basis of driver intentions and mobility
information in addition with accommodating the oscillatory nature of inter-vehicle distances. To reduce the
periodic beaconing process and to increase the topology maintenance interval by mobility prediction, a
prediction-based reactive topology control was proposed [35]. In this topology, to support the use of standard
Adhoc protocols a location-aware framework, i.e. kinetic graph was introduced and described that the standard
Adhoc protocols can performefficiently with kinetic graph in VANETs.
3.1.3 MAC Based Protocol Management in VANETs
A co-operative scheme for medium access control is proposed in [36], which is referred to as Co-
operative Adhoc MAC (CAH-MAC). In CAH-MAC, the packets are retransmitted which were failed to reach at
destination node due to poor channel condition, by utilizing the unreserved time slots of neighboring nodes.
Thus, transmission reliability is increased by cooperation of neighboring nodes leading to increases network
throughput in various network scenarios. But a cooperation collision occurs by introducing a time slot
reservation which degrades the system performance. This problem is studied in [37] and an enhanced CAH-
MAC (eCAH-MAC) is proposed. In eCAH-MAC cooperation collision is avoided by efficiently utilizing time
slot. To avoid cooperation collision and to reserve time slots efficiently, the cooperative relay transmission
phase is delayed. In [38], the reliability of CAH-MAC is studied in terms of packet dropping rate (PDR) and
packet transmission delay (PTD). Through simulation it is shown that the PDR and PTD of CAH-MAC is
decreased. Further on comparing with existing approaches, CAH-MAC provides reliable communication.
Medium access control (MAC) protocol plays an important role for an efficient broadcast service to support
high priority safety applications in vehicular Adhoc networks (VANET). In [39], a novel multichannel TDMA
MAC protocol proposed specifically for a VANET scenario which supports efficient one-hop and multi-hop
broadcast services by using implicit acknowledgments on control channel and eliminating the hidden terminal
problem. By assigning disjoint sets of time slots to vehicles moving in opposite directions and to the roadside
units, this protocol reduces transmission collision due to node mobility on the control channel.
3.1.4 Handoff Management in VANETs
Handoff management in vehicular Adhoc networks is very important aspect which is performed by
rerouting to construct a new path to the destination. Due to high speed and constrained mobility of vehicles in
VANETs, the routing protocols developed for the MANETs are not applicable for VANETs. So, various routing
protocols have been proposed for VANET scenarios to construct a new path to the destination. In VANETs, a
group of neighbor’s changes when a mobile node moves, hence a new connection must be established quickly to
transfer data to the destination node for better handover performance. Handoff management can also be
categorized as proactive and reactive. In [40], a review of various routing schemes in VANETs can be found.
3.1.5 Data Access Management in VANETs
In VANETs, unreliable wireless communication and high mobility of vehicles significantly degrade the
data access performance among vehicles. A novel vehicle- platoon aware data access (V-PADA) solution is
proposed to address this problem [41]. In V-PADA, data is shared after replicating by buffers of vehicles in
same platoon. After leaving the platoon, vehicle prefetches interested data and transfers its buffered data to other
vehicles in advance so that they can still access the data after it leaves. To achieve this goal, a vehicle-
platooning protocol and data management component are designed to identify platoon formation, predict
platoon splits and to guide platoon members to replicate and prefetch the most suitable data. In [42], an efficient
destination-based data management policy is proposed which considers road-side criterion, mobility of vehicles
and context of the messages criteria through a context-aware service based on the geographic location of the
vehicles and the data. A destination-based cluster algorithm to disseminate the data is implemented in this
policy.
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3.1.6 Message Dissemination Management in VANETs
Message dissemination in VANETs leads to give the solutions of various issues like security, safety
and traffic management. In [43], the performance of message dissemination in VANETs with two priority
classes of traffic is studied. Firstly, the probability distribution of low-priority transmissions in the system is
derived through birth-death process. Secondly, to study performance measures of high–priority messages, the
percentage of destination node population are determined which are not getting error free messages due to
interference. The cooperative active safety system (CASS) is proposed as an inter-vehicle communication
framework, whose operation is based on the message disseminations having information of surrounding vehicles
state, such as: position and motion of vehicles, through a wireless network [44]. A time/location-critical (TLC)
framework for EM dissemination and scalable modulation and coding (SMC) scheme is used to achieve the
goal. In specific, vehicles near the accident site (or the point-of-interest location) receive guaranteed, detailed
messages to take proper reaction immediately (e.g., slow down or change lanes), and vehicles further away have
a high probability to be informed and make location-aware decisions accordingly (e.g., detour or reroute), with
the assistance of reverse traffic when possible and necessary. The TLC framework and the use of the SMC
scheme are shown to be able to disseminate EMs effectively and efficiently by taking both the time and location
criticality into account, while simplifying the design of radio transceivers and access control protocols for
VANET [45].
3.1.7 Data Aggregation in VANETs
Data aggregation is important area in which researches have keen interest of doing work. In [46], it has
been focused that how to exploit data exchanged among vehicles to get information to be used for the drivers
later on. In existing systems information is exchanged only when it is needed and then data is assumed obsolete
and deleted. In this paper a technique is proposed in which data is aggregated when it is obsolete and produce
additional knowledge for drivers when no relevant data is has been communicated among vehicles. A cluster
based data aggregation in VANET technique is proposed which is based on autonomous clustering and a
combination of functional equation based information fusion. In this work, vehicles are divided into autonomous
clusters and one vehicle considered as cluster head [47]. All information is aggregated by cluster head and
dissimulates it in to network among vehicles. The size of data is reduced before disseminate in vehicular
networks.
3.2 Mobility Management in V2I Communications in VANETs
V2I communications may be used for the internet access and various important information which
facilitates driver of vehicle for various applications in traffic management system as shown in figure 4. In V2I
communication mode all the information is gathered in roadside infrastructure i.e. Traffic Management Centre
(TMC) and forwarded to vehicles.
Figure 4. Traffic management in V2I communication
3.2.1 Mobility management in Traffic management system in VANETs
In traffic management system, vehicles and road side units are equipped with intelligent systems. In
[48], an intelligent V2I based traffic management system is described which proposed a solution to the problem
of regulating traffic flow and to avoid accidents by alerting the driver of traffic conditions. To determine the
driving state on the basis of vehicle’s direction, location, the road lay out and the speed, a control station is
responsible. In this paper a fuzzy-based control algorithm is designed in which a traffic management solution,
the reference speed and distance and the driving state is designed to evaluate the traffic situation. In vehicle
infrastructure integration (VII) systems, two artificial intelligence (AI) paradigms, i.e., artificial neural networks
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(ANNs) and support vector regression (SVR), are used to determine future travel time based on such
information as the current travel time and VII-enabled vehicles’ flow and density [49].
3.2.2 Dynamic data regulation for fixed vehicle detector in VANETs
In [50], a novel methodology regarding dynamic data regulation for vehicle passage detectors is
proposed. A vehicle detector is generally fixed at a specific location, but this location may not, at all times, be
the optimal place for efficient data collection. If the detector is occupied by queues during a specific period, it
will produce irregular data for traffic control and management. Therefore, the optimal location should be
dynamic. This paper develops a regulator to track the optimal vehicle-detector location in a variety of traffic
conditions and an algorithm to adjust the detected data from the original fixed detector as if they were detected
by the detector at its time-dependent optimal location. Without moving the fixed detectors from time to time,
this method allows vehicle detectors to issue more reliable data that reflect the actual traffic demand and are not
corrupted by traffic signals or queues.
3.2.3 Efficient Vehicular Content Distribution in VANETs
For better road safety and driving experience, content distribution for vehicle users through roadside
Access Points (APs) becomes an important and promising complement to 3G and other cellular networks. In
[51], a Cooperative Content Distribution System for Vehicles (CCDSV) is proposed which operates upon a
network of infrastructure APs to collaboratively distribute contents to moving vehicles. CCDSV solves several
important issues in a practical system, like the robustness to mobility prediction errors, limited resources of APs
and the shared content distribution. This system organizes the cooperative APs into a novel structure, namely,
the contact map which is based on the vehicular contact patterns observed by APs. To fully utilize the wireless
bandwidth provided by APs, they proposed a representative-based prefetching mechanism, in which a set of
representative APs are carefully selected and then share their prefetched data with others [51].
3.3 Mobility management in Hybrid Vehicle communication (HVC) in VANETs
HVC systems are proposed for extending the range of V2I communication systems. In HVC systems
vehicles communicate with roadside infrastructure even when they are not in direct wireless range by using
other vehicles as mobile routers. An HVC systemenables the same applications as a V2I communication system
with a larger transmission range. Here are some algorithms or schemes which have been proposed for mobility
management in HV communication.
Figure 5. Hybrid vehicle communication
3.3.1 Utility Optimization Based Management in HV communication in VANETs
A utility-based RV selection algorithm is proposed in which multiple metrics from various protocol
layers are jointly considered, including the characteristics of, the link status, the delay, physical channel and the
bandwidth characteristics of RVs and user service requirement [52, 53]. By choosing the metrics, i.e., collision
probability, available RV bandwidth, stability and link capacity as utility factors the utility functions of both
RVs and SVs are modeled.
3.3.2 Game Theory Based Management in HV communication in VANETs
In [54], a Game theory-based RV selection algorithm, which jointly considers multiple metrics from
various protocol layers, including the characteristics of physical channel, the link status, the bandwidth and
Sensor
Access Point
Car to Car
Car to Road
Home Network
Roadside
Assistance
Service Provider
Sensor
IMS
Internet
Radio
Access
Network
WLAN,
WiMAX,
GSM, GPRS,
3G & B3G
Sensor
Sensor
PoC
Presence
eCall
IPTV
Context–Aware
Service
Provisioning
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delay characteristics of RVs and user service requirement. The payoff functions of both SVs and RVs are
modeled. In order to optimize the overall system performance, a joint SV and RV cooperative Game model is
established. The optimization problem is formulated and solved based on bipartite matching algorithm.
Numerical results demonstrate that compared to previous algorithm, the proposed algorithm offers better
performance in terms of throughput, transmission delay and successful transmission rate [54].
3.3.3 Access Gateway Discovery andSelection Management in HV communication in VANETs
Vehicular Adhoc network protocol with hybrid relay architecture is proposed for improving the success
ratio. Access gateway estimation and a probability table based on the routing information are developed and
applied in the backhaul-connected infrastructure network in order to estimate the access gateway region where
the destination node locates and reduce the transmission flooding in wireless and wired network [55]. In [55],
the Access Gateway Discovery mechanisms and Access Gateway Selection scheme have been shown effective
by the significant improvement of success ratio in NS-2 simulation based on realistic vehicular mobility models.
3.3.4 Relay Vehicle Based Access Network Selection Scheme for VANETs
The selection for specific access technology is of particular importance in VANET for it may affect
both system performance and user Quality of Service (QoS) significantly. In this paper, authors propose an
accessing selection scheme for VANET application scenario with RV-based communication be accessible. A
three-dimensional Markov chain is modeled to characterize the proposed network access scheme. Detail
performance analysis for the network selection scheme is conducted and the numerical results shows that the
proposed scheme offers better blocking probability and dropping rate of vertical handoff calls comparing to the
traditional access method [56].
IV. Mobility Management For Hetrogeneous Wireless Access
In vehicles, mobile routers or current mobile nodes can be equipped with multiple radio access
interfaces for different wireless networks (e.g. 3G, WiFi, and WiMAX). This is known as heterogeneous access.
Seamless vertical handoff (i.e. handoff among different wireless technologies) should be performed for better
wireless access performance and session continuity. In addition with, mobile vehicular nodes should be able to
access multiple networks simultaneously for load balancing purpose. In heterogeneous wireless access
environment, efficient mobility management schemes are required for vehicular networks to achieve the optimal
performance. For the last few years researchers have paid attention on multihoming in which, to perform
vertical handoff, a mobile node is able to use multiple access networks simultaneously. [57] proposed an
analysis of multihoming in network mobility support in which mobile networks were classified in to a taxonomy
which comprises of eight possible multihomed configurations.
In heterogeneous wireless network many works were done for host mobility while a little attention has
been paid on network mobility due to heterogeneity of access scenario in mobile networks. In a mobile network,
heterogeneity may arise due to several mobile routers each with a different access interface. In [58], the solution
of multiple mobile routers was proposed in which the mobile network architecture provides IPv6 addressing,
heterogeneous network accessibility and mobility management by using DHCPv6 and handoff management
center (HMC). Forward loss recovery and location management are implemented by HMC based on mobility
anticipation. Cooperative mobile router based handover (CoMoRoHo) was proposed in [59]. In this scheme
different mobile routers are enabling during handover to access different subnets and cooperatively receive
packets destined for each other. The packet loss and handoff latency are reduced by using multihoming
techniques in CoMoRoHo. Further it is shown that CoMoRoHo outperforms FMIPv6 by reducing the packet
loss as well as signaling overhead by 50%. A mobility management architecture based on mobile IP was
proposed in [60] aiming at efficient network selection and timely handling of horizontal and vertical handovers.
In this proposed paper, calculations of a metrics combining delay and delay jitters are used for hand -over
decisions taken and depending on speed and variations in the metrics the frequency of binding updates is
dynamically controlled.
There may be a frequent occurrence of simultaneous handover in vehicles due to its high mobility rate.
A proxy-aided simultaneous handover (PASH) mechanism for the mobile networks in vehicles was proposed in
[61] which aim of capable of reestablishing the session and reconstructing the optimized routing path as fast as
possible. A FREE algorithm is designed for this purpose. In addition with this PASH mechanism also solve the
addressing problem resulting from simultaneous handover in SIP-NEMO. On comparing the PASH mechanism
with HASH mechanism, it has been shown that handover delay is reduced in PASH mechanism leading to
probability of communication is high in vehicles. The problem of simultaneous mobility and its solutions are
discussed in [62]. This paper presents a new ways for MIPv6, MIP-LR and SIPMM to handle simultaneous
mobility problems and its solutions.
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V. Open Research Issues
Despite the existing research efforts in recent years many research work have been conducted in
mobility management in VANET, but there are still many open issues in vehicular networking.
5.1 Quality of Service (QoS) Issues:
Guaranteed QoS is challenging issue to design mobility management in VANET having mobile
vehicles carrying diverse applications. Although some works have been proposed on QoS related with schemes
and architecture for VANET but still, during the process of user handoff, there is need to give guarantee user
QoS. Safety application should be given higher priority even if handoff is performed in vehicular network.
Handoff latency should be minimized for multimedia communication. For achieving optimum resource
utilization and seamless handoff, user mobility management may be combined with network resource
management. Resource utilization, scalability, QoS negotiation during handoff, safety related application and
user location management for efficient access and timely delivery are important factors while designing
resource allocation mechanism.
5.2 Adoc routing issues
In Adhoc routing protocols mobility was not considered. With the increasing number of hops and
mobility scenarios in V2V and V2I communication, the handoff performance degrades severely. To facilitate
fast handoff there is a requirement of mobility aware vehicular Adhoc routing protocol.
5.3 Mobility model related issues
Traditional mobility model used for MANET cannot meet the requirements of vehicular networks due
its unique characteristics (e.g. high mobility). Random way point (RWP) is the most commonly employed
mobility model in MANET, however, existing literature of VANET suggested that RWP mobility model would
be very poor approximation of real vehicular mobility in VANET. So, there is requirement of extension of
existing protocols and accurate mobility model for performance evaluation of vehicular networks.
5.4 Access selection issues
In heterogeneous environment, mobile vehicles facing multiple access interfaces are required to
performaccess selection. An efficient load balancing scheme is highly desired, if mobile vehicles select multiple
access networks simultaneously. The factors accounted for selection for multiple access networks are
bandwidth, cost and delay which are to be defined. In addition with multiple internet gateways are also required
when VANETs are integrated with internet i.e., an indirect internet gateway and a direct internet gateway.
Further, to select optimum internet gateway is also a critical issue.
5.5 Relay vehicle selection issues
To increase coverage area and network capacity and to improve user QoS in vehicular Adhoc network,
RVs may be applied as mobile gateways. Although a lot work have been done for HV communication in
choosing RV in VANET, but still there are some open issues in which work has to be carried out such as:
gateway selection schemes, how to design optimal handoff schemes depending upon characteristics accessing
network, source vehicle and application requirements. In HV communication, the factors of computation
complexity and hardware cost are worth investigation.
5.6 Issues related to transport and application layer performance
In VANET, it is expected that performance of transport and application layer protocols need to be
optimized. There is need for investigation on the effect of mobility management schemes on transport and
application layer such as: TCP, UDP. Various mobility management schemes are proposed for medium access
control (MAC) layer, so compatibility of MAC layer with vehicular communication is an important issue for
research in VANET.
5.7 Handoff management in VANET
In vehicular Adhoc network, handoff management is performed by rerouting to create a new path to the
destination vehicle. Many mobility management schemes are proposed in VANET on the basis of handoff
management. Although various researches have been carried out to enhance handoff performance for VANET,
still the performance evaluation under network topology and application scenario is highly desired.
VI. Conclusion & Future Directions
In this paper, we have presented mobility scenarios and some technical challenges in mobility
management for VANET. Existing works on mobility management techniques for V2V, V2I and HV
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[42]. Mildred Madai Caballeros Morales, Rim Haw, Jun Lee, Choong and Seon Hong, An Efficient Destination-Based Data Management
Policy for Vehicular Networks, International Conference on ITS Telecommunications, 2011.
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