This document summarizes several FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices that can be installed in power systems to better control power flows. It discusses both shunt and series FACTS controllers, including the Static VAR Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulator (TCPAR), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) and others. It provides an overview of how these devices work and their benefits, such as increasing transmission capacity, improving stability, and allowing for more optimal
Modern FACTS controllers are being used to control the power through the current power transmission system.
The power transfer can be controlled by using these devices in an efficient and effective manner in transmission
lines. FACTS controllers are having some downsides i.e. their bulky size, higher cost, reliability and break-in
the transmission line, which makes it obsolete to use in modern power system network. These downsides can be
fulfilled by a new compound which is scalable, light weighted and cost effective devices that are distributed-
FACTS (D-FACTS). D-FACTS controllers are distributed version of conventional lumped FACTS controllers
and their cost is low due to lower ratings of component and reliability also increases due to redundancy of
devices. Enhanced Power Flow Controller (EPFC) is all a D-FACTS device which is a distributed version of
thyristor controlled series controller. This paper discusses extensive review about the EPFC and its application.
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
This document provides a review of the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), a type of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device. It discusses the basic components and operating principles of the UPFC, which combines the functions of a STATCOM and SSSC to control active and reactive power flow. The UPFC consists of two voltage source converters connected back-to-back via a DC link. One converter injects a voltage in series with the transmission line to control power flow while the other exchanges reactive power with the line to regulate the DC link voltage. Control schemes for both converters are described. The document also presents Simulink models of the UPFC and concludes it is effective for improving power system stability
An Overview of FACTS Controllers for Power Quality Improvementtheijes
Large penetration of non-conventional sources of energy (such as wind and solar) into the utility grid usually leads to power quality deterioration of the net system due to the intermittency nature associated with such energy sources. Power quality parameters that may likely be disturbed by such interconnection include voltage profile, frequency waveform, power factor, as well as active and reactive power of the power system. However, grid operators and consumers at all level of usage requires a perfectly balanced three phase a.c power of constant frequency and magnitude with smooth sinusoidal wave shape. In order to compensate for such disturbances, Flexible A.C Transmission System (FACTS) controllers were developed. This paper presents a technological review of different types of FACTS controllers and their application for power quality improvement in a grid network composing of conventional and non-conventional energy sources.
A REVIEW PAPER ON A D-FACTS CONTROLLER: ENHANCED POWER FLOW CONTROLLERDHEERAJ DHAKAR
This document provides a review of distributed FACTS (D-FACTS) controllers, specifically the Enhanced Power Flow Controller (EPFC). The EPFC is a D-FACTS controller that functions similarly to a thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) but is distributed along transmission lines in small modules every 5-10 km. D-FACTS controllers offer advantages over conventional FACTS devices by being more cost effective, reliable, and not requiring breaks in transmission lines for installation. The EPFC works by injecting series impedance into lines using single turn transformers to control power flow without significantly increasing costs or complexity compared to traditional FACTS controllers.
Application of Multilevel Voltage-Source-Converter in FACTS Devices for Power...IJMER
This document discusses a study on applying a multilevel voltage-source converter (VSC) in flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices for power system voltage control and reactive power compensation. Specifically, it proposes a sixty pulse VSC STATCOM design that combines a twelve pulse converter with a five-level voltage source inverter (VSI) to improve performance. The study finds that the multilevel VSI STATCOM is able to provide satisfactory reactive power flow control and respond quickly to changes in reactive current reference. THD is also maintained within acceptable limits. FACTS devices using power electronics, such as STATCOMs, help enhance power transfer capability, flexibility and stability in transmission networks.
The document provides an overview of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) controllers. It discusses that FACTS controllers use power electronics to control parameters like impedance, voltage, and phase angle to enhance power flow controllability and transmission capacity. FACTS devices allow for better utilization of existing transmission systems and include series controllers that inject voltage in series with transmission lines and shunt controllers that inject current. The benefits of FACTS are more efficient power transfer, increased reliability and grid stability, and delayed investment in new transmission infrastructure.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Modern FACTS controllers are being used to control the power through the current power transmission system.
The power transfer can be controlled by using these devices in an efficient and effective manner in transmission
lines. FACTS controllers are having some downsides i.e. their bulky size, higher cost, reliability and break-in
the transmission line, which makes it obsolete to use in modern power system network. These downsides can be
fulfilled by a new compound which is scalable, light weighted and cost effective devices that are distributed-
FACTS (D-FACTS). D-FACTS controllers are distributed version of conventional lumped FACTS controllers
and their cost is low due to lower ratings of component and reliability also increases due to redundancy of
devices. Enhanced Power Flow Controller (EPFC) is all a D-FACTS device which is a distributed version of
thyristor controlled series controller. This paper discusses extensive review about the EPFC and its application.
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
This document provides a review of the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), a type of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device. It discusses the basic components and operating principles of the UPFC, which combines the functions of a STATCOM and SSSC to control active and reactive power flow. The UPFC consists of two voltage source converters connected back-to-back via a DC link. One converter injects a voltage in series with the transmission line to control power flow while the other exchanges reactive power with the line to regulate the DC link voltage. Control schemes for both converters are described. The document also presents Simulink models of the UPFC and concludes it is effective for improving power system stability
An Overview of FACTS Controllers for Power Quality Improvementtheijes
Large penetration of non-conventional sources of energy (such as wind and solar) into the utility grid usually leads to power quality deterioration of the net system due to the intermittency nature associated with such energy sources. Power quality parameters that may likely be disturbed by such interconnection include voltage profile, frequency waveform, power factor, as well as active and reactive power of the power system. However, grid operators and consumers at all level of usage requires a perfectly balanced three phase a.c power of constant frequency and magnitude with smooth sinusoidal wave shape. In order to compensate for such disturbances, Flexible A.C Transmission System (FACTS) controllers were developed. This paper presents a technological review of different types of FACTS controllers and their application for power quality improvement in a grid network composing of conventional and non-conventional energy sources.
A REVIEW PAPER ON A D-FACTS CONTROLLER: ENHANCED POWER FLOW CONTROLLERDHEERAJ DHAKAR
This document provides a review of distributed FACTS (D-FACTS) controllers, specifically the Enhanced Power Flow Controller (EPFC). The EPFC is a D-FACTS controller that functions similarly to a thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) but is distributed along transmission lines in small modules every 5-10 km. D-FACTS controllers offer advantages over conventional FACTS devices by being more cost effective, reliable, and not requiring breaks in transmission lines for installation. The EPFC works by injecting series impedance into lines using single turn transformers to control power flow without significantly increasing costs or complexity compared to traditional FACTS controllers.
Application of Multilevel Voltage-Source-Converter in FACTS Devices for Power...IJMER
This document discusses a study on applying a multilevel voltage-source converter (VSC) in flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices for power system voltage control and reactive power compensation. Specifically, it proposes a sixty pulse VSC STATCOM design that combines a twelve pulse converter with a five-level voltage source inverter (VSI) to improve performance. The study finds that the multilevel VSI STATCOM is able to provide satisfactory reactive power flow control and respond quickly to changes in reactive current reference. THD is also maintained within acceptable limits. FACTS devices using power electronics, such as STATCOMs, help enhance power transfer capability, flexibility and stability in transmission networks.
The document provides an overview of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) controllers. It discusses that FACTS controllers use power electronics to control parameters like impedance, voltage, and phase angle to enhance power flow controllability and transmission capacity. FACTS devices allow for better utilization of existing transmission systems and include series controllers that inject voltage in series with transmission lines and shunt controllers that inject current. The benefits of FACTS are more efficient power transfer, increased reliability and grid stability, and delayed investment in new transmission infrastructure.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This document summarizes the key points of a presentation on applying Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers to AC power systems. It discusses the benefits of FACTS controllers, including improved transmission system operation with minimal investment and implementation time compared to new transmission lines. It also outlines the various phases of power system studies involved in FACTS installation projects, from initial feasibility studies to determine system constraints, to pre-manufacturing equipment design studies. Finally, it introduces some basic FACTS controller circuits and their system performance characteristics.
Transformer-Less UPFC for Wind Turbine ApplicationsIJMTST Journal
In this paper, an innovative technique with a new concept of transformer-less unified power flow controller
(UPFC) is implemented. The construction of the conventional UPFC that consists of two back-to-back inverters
which results in complexity and bulkiness which involves the transformers which are complication for
isolation & attaining high power rating with required output waveforms. To reduce a above problem to a
certain extent, a innovative transformer-less UPFC based on less complex configuration with two cascade
multilevel inverters (CMIs) has been proposed. Unified power flow controller (UPFC) has been the most
versatile Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device due to its ability to control real and reactive power
80w on transmission lines while controlling the voltage of the bus to which it is connected. UPFC being a
multi-variable power system controller it is necessary to analyze its effect on power system operation. The
new UPFC offers several merits over the traditional technology, such as Transformer-less, Light weight, High
efficiency, Low cost & Fast dynamic response. This paper mainly highlights the modulation and control for
this innovative transformer-less UPFC, involving desired fundamental frequency modulation (FFM) for low
total harmonic distortion (THD), independent active and reactive power control over the transmission line,
dc-link voltage balance control, etc. The unique capabilities of the UPFC in multiple line compensation are
integrated into a generalized power flow controller that is able to maintain prescribed, and independently
controllable, real power & reactive power flow in the line. UPFC simply controls the magnitude and angular
position of the injected voltage in real time so as to maintain or vary the real and reactive power flow in the
line to satisfy load demand & system operating conditions. UPFC can control various power system
parameters, such as bus voltages and line flows. The impact of UPFC control modes and settings on the
power system reliability has not been addressed sufficiently yet. Cascade multilevel inverters has been
proposed to have an overview of producing the light weight STATCOM’s which enhances the power quality at
the output levels.When the multilevel converter is applied to STATCOM, each of the cascaded H-bridge
converters should be equipped with a galvanically isolated and floating dc capacitor without any power
source or circuit. This enables to eliminate a bulky, heavy, and costly line-frequency transformer from the
cascade STATCOM. When no UPFC is installed, interruption of either three-phase line due to a fault reduces
an active power flow to half, because the line impedance becomes double before the interruption. Installing
the UPFC makes it possible to control an amount of active power flowing through the transmission system.
Results has been shown through MATLAB Simulink
This document reviews research on using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices to enhance power system transient stability. It discusses different FACTS devices such as SVC, TCSC, UPFC, and their control capabilities. The document also reviews developments in semiconductor technologies that have improved FACTS devices, such as GTO, IGBT, and IGCT. It analyzes locations and feedback signals important for FACTS controllers to maximize stability enhancement. In conclusion, UPFC is identified as the most effective FACTS device for improving transient stability by providing independent control of voltage, impedance, and power flows.
Optimal Placement of TCSC and SVC Using PSOIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a particle swarm optimization technique to determine the optimal placement of TCSC and SVC devices on power systems. The objective is to minimize a cost function that considers the costs of installing the devices, load bus voltage deviations from nominal values, and line loadings. The paper formulates the objective function and describes models for TCSC and SVC devices. It then provides an overview of the particle swarm optimization technique before describing the algorithm used to apply PSO to determine the optimal location and sizing of TCSC and SVC devices on IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus and 57-bus test systems while considering different load levels. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the method.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines using a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to enhance transient stability in a power system. The paper introduces FACTS devices and describes how UPFC works. It then simulates applying a 3-phase fault to different buses in an IEEE 9-bus test system both without and with UPFC compensation. Without UPFC, the fault severely impacts voltages and power flows at several buses. With UPFC, the paper evaluates its effectiveness at improving the system's performance during fault conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IRJET- Improved IUPQC Controller to Provide Grid Voltage as a STATCOMIRJET Journal
This document discusses an improved controller for the integrated Unified Power Quality Conditioner (iUPQC) that expands its capabilities. The iUPQC can now provide reactive power support to regulate both the load bus voltage and grid side bus voltage, allowing it to function as a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) on the grid side while still providing conventional UPQC compensation on the load side. Experimental results confirm the new functionality of the device. The iUPQC with the enhanced controller provides power quality compensation like a UPQC as well as reactive power and voltage regulation like a STATCOM.
This document provides an overview of a course on Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers. The course covers various topics including:
- Introduction to FACTS controllers and their benefits in controlling power flow.
- Operation of voltage source converters and current source converters, including single-phase and three-phase bridge converters.
- Methods of shunt compensation using static VAR compensators and thyristor controlled reactors to improve stability and reduce oscillations.
- Series compensation methods to control power flow using thyristor controlled series capacitors and reactors.
- Combined controllers like the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) that can control both series and shunt compensation simultaneously.
The objectives
This document discusses FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices. It defines FACTS as using static power electronics controllers to control reactive power and enhance AC transmission system controllability. The document outlines the necessity of FACTS devices to compensate for reactive power and improve power transmission efficiency. It describes different types of FACTS controllers including shunt controllers like STATCOM, TCR, TSR, and TSC. The benefits of FACTS in providing fast, flexible control of transmission parameters and improving power flow capability are also summarized.
ELECTRICAL POWER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT OF GRID INTERFACED WITH WIND POWER SYSTE...MamtaRathod4
The document presents a presentation on power quality improvement in a grid connected wind energy system using STATCOM. The objectives of the proposed scheme are reactive power compensation, unity power factor, sinusoidal source current, reduced total harmonic distortion, maintained voltage profile, and effective response from the STATCOM controller. The system is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink and includes a wind turbine, nonlinear load, STATCOM connected to a battery energy storage system. Simulation results show the STATCOM is able to mitigate power quality issues and reduce harmonic distortion from 24.62% to 3.5%.
This document discusses flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) and focuses on shunt compensators. It covers the objectives of shunt compensation including midpoint voltage regulation to segment transmission lines, end of line voltage support to prevent instability, improving transient stability, and damping power oscillations. Midpoint compensation regulates voltage to allow lines to be treated as multiple segments. End of line support maintains receiving end voltages and prevents instability during disturbances. Shunt devices provide fast reactive power to damp out angle and power oscillations following events. The document examines these topics through mathematical analysis and diagrams.
Comparison of Shunt Facts Devices for the Improvement of Transient Stability ...IJSRD
This paper presents, the performance of STATCOM placed at midpoint of the two machine power system and compared with the performance of SVC. The comparison of various results found for the different type of faults (single line, double line & three phase fault) occur in long transmission line, and their removal by using shunt FACTS devices is analysed. Computer simulation results under a severe disturbance condition (three phase fault) for different fault clearing times, and different line lengths are analyzed. Both controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows that the STATCOM with conventional PI controller installed with two machine three bus systems provides better damping oscillation characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine power system installed with SVC. The transient stability of two machine system installed with STATCOM has been improved considerably and post settling time of the system after facing disturbance is also improved.
Efficacy of Facts in Power Oscillation Damping and Renewable IntegrationIOSRJEEE
This document summarizes research on using flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices to improve power oscillation damping and facilitate renewable energy integration. It discusses how power oscillations can lead to instability if not controlled and how FACTS devices like STATCOM and SVC can enhance stability. It presents simulations of the IEEE 14-bus system that demonstrate improved damping from these controllers. Eigenvalue analysis shows STATCOM shifts modes further into the stable region than SVC. Both STATCOM and SVC integration helps renewable sources by mitigating power quality issues to allow more distributed generation on the grid.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of a 3-level space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) controlled unified power flow controller (UPFC) placed at different locations in an IEEE 14 bus system under a line-to-ground fault. The UPFC combines a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to independently control voltage, real and reactive power flow. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that a 3-level SVPWM control strategy effectively compensates for problems related to reactive power and power quality under unbalanced fault conditions.
Optimum Location of TCSC by Sensitivity Factor Analysis for Congestion Manage...rahulmonikasharma
Due to deregulation of electric market transmission congestion occurs due insufficient transmission capacity to accommodate all constraints for transmission of a line. FACTS devices such as Gate Controlled Series Capacitor and Thyristor Control Series Compensator can help to reduce the flow in heavily loaded lines by controlling the power flow in the network. It increases the load ability of the network and reduces the cost of production. Congestion management using series connected FACTS devices can be done in two steps. First, find the optimal location of FACTS device and second, optimize the setting of the control parameter of FACTS device. Three methods to determine the optimal location of series connected FACTS device are discussed in this paper. The approach is based on sensitivity of line loss, total system loss and real power flow performance index. The proposed method has been demonstrated on 9-bus system in MATLAB programming as well as SIMULINK.
This document describes a study on implementing Vernier mode operation of a STATCOM to regulate the terminal voltage of a 3-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) supplying power to resistive and inductive loads. A thyristor switched reactor and STATCOM are used to control the voltage. Mathematical modeling of the system is presented and simulations in MATLAB/Simulink are performed. Experimental results on a laboratory model show that the STATCOM is able to mitigate terminal voltage drops of the SEIG during different load conditions and provide voltage regulation.
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systemsijtsrd
Flexible AC Transmission System FACTS refers to a family of power electronics-based devices designed to increase power transfer capability of power transmission system. The main objective of FACTS is to obtain AC systems with a high level of flexibility just as in high-voltage DC systems. FACTS uses power electronics for controlling power flow in a transmission system. This paper provides a brief introduction to FACTS devices or controllers. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa | Adebowale E. Shadare "Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19063.pdf
Power Flow Control using Quadrature Boostersbalasubu2k
This document discusses using quadrature boosters (QBs) to control real power flows on transmission lines. QBs are similar to phase shifters but allow control of both voltage magnitude and angle. The author proposes modifying power flow equations to include the voltage injected by QBs. Simulations on 5-bus, 30-bus, and 115-bus test systems showed the calculated QB voltages achieved desired real power flows. Optimal power flow control using QBs is also discussed to meet thermal limits and scheduled loads while maintaining voltages.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) under various power system faults. It proposes an "emergency PWM" control strategy to prevent overcurrents in the voltage source converter (VSC) during faults, allowing the STATCOM to continue supplying reactive power support when needed. Simulation results are presented for a 48-pulse VSC-based ±100 MVAR STATCOM connected to a 2-bus power system, validating that the emergency PWM strategy prevents overcurrents and allows reactive power support during line-to-ground faults.
Simulation of 3 Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmissio...ijtsrd
Gate Turn off GTO thyristor based power control controller for flow control of transmission system is used to regulate voltage and reactive power improment. GTO thyristor switching devices with high power handling capability and the advancement of the other type of power semiconductor devices such as IGBTs, MOSFETs, Ideal switch and so on have led to the development of fast controllable reactive power source utilizing new electronic switching and converter technology. Nowadays, the development of a large capacity Gate Turn off thyristor has made it possible to manufacture self commutated converter employing GTO thyristor for power applications. At present, most of the research on GTO thyristor has focused on their use in power electronic systems at high switching frequencies. GTO thyristor enable the design of the solid state shunt equipment based upon switching technology. The improved rating of GTOs made possible the use of voltage sourced converter VSC in power system applications. In this paper, GTO based voltage source converter VSC is used in high power Flexible AC Transmission Systems FACTS which are used to control power flow on transmission grids. It can be used to build a model of shunt or series static compensator STATCOM or SSSC or, using two such converters, a combination of shunt and series devices known as Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC . This paper has shown a basic application of MATLAB SimPowerSystems programming for 24 pulse GTO converter STATCOM. Zin Wah Aung | Aye Myo Thant | Hnin Yu Lwin "Simulation of 3-Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmission System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27887.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27887/simulation-of-3-phase-24-pulse-gto-converter-for-flow-control-of-transmission-system/zin-wah-aung
Location of Shunt FACTS Devices for First-Swing Stability Enhancement in Inte...Editor IJMTER
This paper deals with the location of shunt FACTS devices to improve transient stability
in a long transmission line with predefined direction of real power flow. Shunt Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) devices, when placed at the mid-point of a long transmission line,
play an important role in controlling the reactive power flow to the power network and hence both
the system voltage fluctuations and transient stability. The validity of the mid-point location of shunt
FACTS devices was verified using Simulink, with different shunt FACTS devices, namely static var
compensator (SVC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) in a long transmission line
using the actual line model. It has been observed that the FACTS devices, when placed slightly offcentre towards sending-end, give better performance in improving transient stability and the location
depends on the amount of local/through load. The results are experimented and simulated on
MATLAB/Simulink environment.
This document summarizes the key points of a presentation on applying Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers to AC power systems. It discusses the benefits of FACTS controllers, including improved transmission system operation with minimal investment and implementation time compared to new transmission lines. It also outlines the various phases of power system studies involved in FACTS installation projects, from initial feasibility studies to determine system constraints, to pre-manufacturing equipment design studies. Finally, it introduces some basic FACTS controller circuits and their system performance characteristics.
Transformer-Less UPFC for Wind Turbine ApplicationsIJMTST Journal
In this paper, an innovative technique with a new concept of transformer-less unified power flow controller
(UPFC) is implemented. The construction of the conventional UPFC that consists of two back-to-back inverters
which results in complexity and bulkiness which involves the transformers which are complication for
isolation & attaining high power rating with required output waveforms. To reduce a above problem to a
certain extent, a innovative transformer-less UPFC based on less complex configuration with two cascade
multilevel inverters (CMIs) has been proposed. Unified power flow controller (UPFC) has been the most
versatile Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device due to its ability to control real and reactive power
80w on transmission lines while controlling the voltage of the bus to which it is connected. UPFC being a
multi-variable power system controller it is necessary to analyze its effect on power system operation. The
new UPFC offers several merits over the traditional technology, such as Transformer-less, Light weight, High
efficiency, Low cost & Fast dynamic response. This paper mainly highlights the modulation and control for
this innovative transformer-less UPFC, involving desired fundamental frequency modulation (FFM) for low
total harmonic distortion (THD), independent active and reactive power control over the transmission line,
dc-link voltage balance control, etc. The unique capabilities of the UPFC in multiple line compensation are
integrated into a generalized power flow controller that is able to maintain prescribed, and independently
controllable, real power & reactive power flow in the line. UPFC simply controls the magnitude and angular
position of the injected voltage in real time so as to maintain or vary the real and reactive power flow in the
line to satisfy load demand & system operating conditions. UPFC can control various power system
parameters, such as bus voltages and line flows. The impact of UPFC control modes and settings on the
power system reliability has not been addressed sufficiently yet. Cascade multilevel inverters has been
proposed to have an overview of producing the light weight STATCOM’s which enhances the power quality at
the output levels.When the multilevel converter is applied to STATCOM, each of the cascaded H-bridge
converters should be equipped with a galvanically isolated and floating dc capacitor without any power
source or circuit. This enables to eliminate a bulky, heavy, and costly line-frequency transformer from the
cascade STATCOM. When no UPFC is installed, interruption of either three-phase line due to a fault reduces
an active power flow to half, because the line impedance becomes double before the interruption. Installing
the UPFC makes it possible to control an amount of active power flowing through the transmission system.
Results has been shown through MATLAB Simulink
This document reviews research on using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices to enhance power system transient stability. It discusses different FACTS devices such as SVC, TCSC, UPFC, and their control capabilities. The document also reviews developments in semiconductor technologies that have improved FACTS devices, such as GTO, IGBT, and IGCT. It analyzes locations and feedback signals important for FACTS controllers to maximize stability enhancement. In conclusion, UPFC is identified as the most effective FACTS device for improving transient stability by providing independent control of voltage, impedance, and power flows.
Optimal Placement of TCSC and SVC Using PSOIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a particle swarm optimization technique to determine the optimal placement of TCSC and SVC devices on power systems. The objective is to minimize a cost function that considers the costs of installing the devices, load bus voltage deviations from nominal values, and line loadings. The paper formulates the objective function and describes models for TCSC and SVC devices. It then provides an overview of the particle swarm optimization technique before describing the algorithm used to apply PSO to determine the optimal location and sizing of TCSC and SVC devices on IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus and 57-bus test systems while considering different load levels. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the method.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines using a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to enhance transient stability in a power system. The paper introduces FACTS devices and describes how UPFC works. It then simulates applying a 3-phase fault to different buses in an IEEE 9-bus test system both without and with UPFC compensation. Without UPFC, the fault severely impacts voltages and power flows at several buses. With UPFC, the paper evaluates its effectiveness at improving the system's performance during fault conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IRJET- Improved IUPQC Controller to Provide Grid Voltage as a STATCOMIRJET Journal
This document discusses an improved controller for the integrated Unified Power Quality Conditioner (iUPQC) that expands its capabilities. The iUPQC can now provide reactive power support to regulate both the load bus voltage and grid side bus voltage, allowing it to function as a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) on the grid side while still providing conventional UPQC compensation on the load side. Experimental results confirm the new functionality of the device. The iUPQC with the enhanced controller provides power quality compensation like a UPQC as well as reactive power and voltage regulation like a STATCOM.
This document provides an overview of a course on Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers. The course covers various topics including:
- Introduction to FACTS controllers and their benefits in controlling power flow.
- Operation of voltage source converters and current source converters, including single-phase and three-phase bridge converters.
- Methods of shunt compensation using static VAR compensators and thyristor controlled reactors to improve stability and reduce oscillations.
- Series compensation methods to control power flow using thyristor controlled series capacitors and reactors.
- Combined controllers like the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) that can control both series and shunt compensation simultaneously.
The objectives
This document discusses FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices. It defines FACTS as using static power electronics controllers to control reactive power and enhance AC transmission system controllability. The document outlines the necessity of FACTS devices to compensate for reactive power and improve power transmission efficiency. It describes different types of FACTS controllers including shunt controllers like STATCOM, TCR, TSR, and TSC. The benefits of FACTS in providing fast, flexible control of transmission parameters and improving power flow capability are also summarized.
ELECTRICAL POWER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT OF GRID INTERFACED WITH WIND POWER SYSTE...MamtaRathod4
The document presents a presentation on power quality improvement in a grid connected wind energy system using STATCOM. The objectives of the proposed scheme are reactive power compensation, unity power factor, sinusoidal source current, reduced total harmonic distortion, maintained voltage profile, and effective response from the STATCOM controller. The system is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink and includes a wind turbine, nonlinear load, STATCOM connected to a battery energy storage system. Simulation results show the STATCOM is able to mitigate power quality issues and reduce harmonic distortion from 24.62% to 3.5%.
This document discusses flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) and focuses on shunt compensators. It covers the objectives of shunt compensation including midpoint voltage regulation to segment transmission lines, end of line voltage support to prevent instability, improving transient stability, and damping power oscillations. Midpoint compensation regulates voltage to allow lines to be treated as multiple segments. End of line support maintains receiving end voltages and prevents instability during disturbances. Shunt devices provide fast reactive power to damp out angle and power oscillations following events. The document examines these topics through mathematical analysis and diagrams.
Comparison of Shunt Facts Devices for the Improvement of Transient Stability ...IJSRD
This paper presents, the performance of STATCOM placed at midpoint of the two machine power system and compared with the performance of SVC. The comparison of various results found for the different type of faults (single line, double line & three phase fault) occur in long transmission line, and their removal by using shunt FACTS devices is analysed. Computer simulation results under a severe disturbance condition (three phase fault) for different fault clearing times, and different line lengths are analyzed. Both controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows that the STATCOM with conventional PI controller installed with two machine three bus systems provides better damping oscillation characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine power system installed with SVC. The transient stability of two machine system installed with STATCOM has been improved considerably and post settling time of the system after facing disturbance is also improved.
Efficacy of Facts in Power Oscillation Damping and Renewable IntegrationIOSRJEEE
This document summarizes research on using flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices to improve power oscillation damping and facilitate renewable energy integration. It discusses how power oscillations can lead to instability if not controlled and how FACTS devices like STATCOM and SVC can enhance stability. It presents simulations of the IEEE 14-bus system that demonstrate improved damping from these controllers. Eigenvalue analysis shows STATCOM shifts modes further into the stable region than SVC. Both STATCOM and SVC integration helps renewable sources by mitigating power quality issues to allow more distributed generation on the grid.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of a 3-level space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) controlled unified power flow controller (UPFC) placed at different locations in an IEEE 14 bus system under a line-to-ground fault. The UPFC combines a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to independently control voltage, real and reactive power flow. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that a 3-level SVPWM control strategy effectively compensates for problems related to reactive power and power quality under unbalanced fault conditions.
Optimum Location of TCSC by Sensitivity Factor Analysis for Congestion Manage...rahulmonikasharma
Due to deregulation of electric market transmission congestion occurs due insufficient transmission capacity to accommodate all constraints for transmission of a line. FACTS devices such as Gate Controlled Series Capacitor and Thyristor Control Series Compensator can help to reduce the flow in heavily loaded lines by controlling the power flow in the network. It increases the load ability of the network and reduces the cost of production. Congestion management using series connected FACTS devices can be done in two steps. First, find the optimal location of FACTS device and second, optimize the setting of the control parameter of FACTS device. Three methods to determine the optimal location of series connected FACTS device are discussed in this paper. The approach is based on sensitivity of line loss, total system loss and real power flow performance index. The proposed method has been demonstrated on 9-bus system in MATLAB programming as well as SIMULINK.
This document describes a study on implementing Vernier mode operation of a STATCOM to regulate the terminal voltage of a 3-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) supplying power to resistive and inductive loads. A thyristor switched reactor and STATCOM are used to control the voltage. Mathematical modeling of the system is presented and simulations in MATLAB/Simulink are performed. Experimental results on a laboratory model show that the STATCOM is able to mitigate terminal voltage drops of the SEIG during different load conditions and provide voltage regulation.
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systemsijtsrd
Flexible AC Transmission System FACTS refers to a family of power electronics-based devices designed to increase power transfer capability of power transmission system. The main objective of FACTS is to obtain AC systems with a high level of flexibility just as in high-voltage DC systems. FACTS uses power electronics for controlling power flow in a transmission system. This paper provides a brief introduction to FACTS devices or controllers. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa | Adebowale E. Shadare "Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19063.pdf
Power Flow Control using Quadrature Boostersbalasubu2k
This document discusses using quadrature boosters (QBs) to control real power flows on transmission lines. QBs are similar to phase shifters but allow control of both voltage magnitude and angle. The author proposes modifying power flow equations to include the voltage injected by QBs. Simulations on 5-bus, 30-bus, and 115-bus test systems showed the calculated QB voltages achieved desired real power flows. Optimal power flow control using QBs is also discussed to meet thermal limits and scheduled loads while maintaining voltages.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) under various power system faults. It proposes an "emergency PWM" control strategy to prevent overcurrents in the voltage source converter (VSC) during faults, allowing the STATCOM to continue supplying reactive power support when needed. Simulation results are presented for a 48-pulse VSC-based ±100 MVAR STATCOM connected to a 2-bus power system, validating that the emergency PWM strategy prevents overcurrents and allows reactive power support during line-to-ground faults.
Simulation of 3 Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmissio...ijtsrd
Gate Turn off GTO thyristor based power control controller for flow control of transmission system is used to regulate voltage and reactive power improment. GTO thyristor switching devices with high power handling capability and the advancement of the other type of power semiconductor devices such as IGBTs, MOSFETs, Ideal switch and so on have led to the development of fast controllable reactive power source utilizing new electronic switching and converter technology. Nowadays, the development of a large capacity Gate Turn off thyristor has made it possible to manufacture self commutated converter employing GTO thyristor for power applications. At present, most of the research on GTO thyristor has focused on their use in power electronic systems at high switching frequencies. GTO thyristor enable the design of the solid state shunt equipment based upon switching technology. The improved rating of GTOs made possible the use of voltage sourced converter VSC in power system applications. In this paper, GTO based voltage source converter VSC is used in high power Flexible AC Transmission Systems FACTS which are used to control power flow on transmission grids. It can be used to build a model of shunt or series static compensator STATCOM or SSSC or, using two such converters, a combination of shunt and series devices known as Unified Power Flow Controller UPFC . This paper has shown a basic application of MATLAB SimPowerSystems programming for 24 pulse GTO converter STATCOM. Zin Wah Aung | Aye Myo Thant | Hnin Yu Lwin "Simulation of 3-Phase, 24 Pulse GTO Converter for Flow Control of Transmission System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27887.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27887/simulation-of-3-phase-24-pulse-gto-converter-for-flow-control-of-transmission-system/zin-wah-aung
Location of Shunt FACTS Devices for First-Swing Stability Enhancement in Inte...Editor IJMTER
This paper deals with the location of shunt FACTS devices to improve transient stability
in a long transmission line with predefined direction of real power flow. Shunt Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) devices, when placed at the mid-point of a long transmission line,
play an important role in controlling the reactive power flow to the power network and hence both
the system voltage fluctuations and transient stability. The validity of the mid-point location of shunt
FACTS devices was verified using Simulink, with different shunt FACTS devices, namely static var
compensator (SVC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) in a long transmission line
using the actual line model. It has been observed that the FACTS devices, when placed slightly offcentre towards sending-end, give better performance in improving transient stability and the location
depends on the amount of local/through load. The results are experimented and simulated on
MATLAB/Simulink environment.
This document reviews research on using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices to enhance power system transient stability. It discusses different FACTS devices such as SVC, TCSC, UPFC, and their control capabilities. The document also reviews developments in semiconductor technologies that have improved FACTS devices, such as GTO, IGBT, and IGCT. It analyzes locations and feedback signals that maximize FACTS device effectiveness for stability. In conclusion, FACTS devices like UPFC and SVC can improve transient stability by increasing critical clearing times and reducing post-fault swings.
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This paper presents a method to improve transient stability and damping of low frequency oscillations in a multi-machine power system using adaptive neuro-fuzzy control of FACTS devices. A Simulink model of a three generator power system equipped with a UPFC is developed. Simulation results show that a UPFC controlled using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system controller more effectively improves transient stability and damps power oscillations compared to using SSSC. The neuro-fuzzy controller is trained using a hybrid learning algorithm to tune its parameters online based on generator speed deviation and acceleration as inputs.
Enhancement of Power Quality by an Application FACTS DevicesIAES-IJPEDS
1) The document discusses the use of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices like Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)-based Static VAR Compensator (SVC) to enhance power quality and transmission capability.
2) It presents simulation models of TCSC and TCR-SVC developed using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulations show that these FACTS devices can effectively reduce voltage drops, electrical losses in long transmission lines, and improve stability.
3) Student feedback indicates the models are easy to use and effective for learning about controlled reactor compensators, series capacitor compensators, and reactive power/voltage
Steady State Operation And Enhancement Of Transient Stability In Hydel Power...IJMER
In this paper, the effect of STATCOM for improving the stability and steady state operation of
the hydel power system is investigated. The STATCOM is used to control power flow of power system by
injecting appropriate reactive power during dynamic state. Simulation results show that STATCOM not
only considerably improves transient stability but also compensates the reactive power in steady state.
Therefore STATCOM can increase reliability and capability of AC transmission system. To illustrate the
performance of the FACTS controller (STATCOM), a three machine nine bus, Multi-Machine Power
System has been considered.
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USING SSSC & STATCOM --IMPROVE TRANSIENT STABILITY--P & Q OSICALLATIONSIJSRD
In a deregulated power system, the electric power demand is extending ordinary which may lead to overloads and loss of generation. Transient stability studies put a fundamental part in power systems, which give information related to the capacity of a power structure to stay in synchronism during major disturbances resulting from either the loss of generation or transmission facilities, sudden or sustained changes. The examination of transient quality is discriminating to work the power structure more secure and this paper focuses on growing the transient relentlessness using FACTS devices like Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). These FACTS contraptions are in a perfect world set on transmission structure using Sensitivity approach framework.
A New approach for controlling the power flow in a transmission system using ...IJMER
Electrical power systems is a large interconnected network that requires a careful design to maintain the system with continuous power flow operation without any limitation. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) is an application of a power electronics device to control the power flow and to improve the system stability of a power system. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a new concept for the compensation and effective power flow control in a transmission system.Through common DC link, any inverters within the UPFC is able to transfer real power to any other and there by facilitate real power transfer among the line. In this paper a test system is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results of the network with and without UPFC are compared and when the voltage sag is compensated, reactive power is controlled and transmission line efficiency is improved.
This document discusses power quality enhancement using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It provides an overview of various FACTS devices including Static Var Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). MATLAB simulations of systems using SVC, STATCOM and SSSC are presented to demonstrate how each FACTS device can improve power quality by mitigating issues like voltage fluctuations and power oscillations. The document concludes that FACTS devices provide better power quality under varying source voltages and sudden loading conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document discusses power quality enhancement using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It provides an overview of various FACTS devices including Static Var Compensator (SVC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). MATLAB simulations of systems using SVC, STATCOM and SSSC are presented to demonstrate how each FACTS device can improve power quality by mitigating issues like voltage fluctuations and power oscillations. The document concludes that FACTS devices provide better power quality under varying source voltages and sudden loading conditions.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
Facts controllers for power flow control a brief reviewDHEERAJ DHAKAR
This paper provides a review of FACTS devices. The value of these FACTS is the improvement of security and efficiency of power transmission networks. Fast controllability in emergency situation provides increased flexibility and therefore stability and security advantages. The flexibility in control allows operating closer to stability limits and improve the efficiency of existing networks
A Review on Different Topologies and Control Method of Static Synchronous Com...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a review paper on different topologies and control methods for static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs). It discusses how STATCOMs have advantages over other FACTS devices for reactive power control. It reviews two previous papers on STATCOM technologies from 2002 and 2009. The first paper categorized multilevel converter topologies and discussed their advantages and limitations. The second paper compared multilevel and multipulse converter approaches for STATCOMs. The document aims to analyze and compare proposed STATCOM power and control structures to identify advantages and disadvantages for further research.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a FACTS-based Static Switched Filter Compensator (SSFC) scheme for improving power quality when integrating wind energy into smart grids. The SSFC scheme uses controlled switching between two capacitor banks to provide series and shunt compensation. It is controlled using a tri-loop dynamic error controller and VSC controller to mitigate harmonics, stabilize voltages, improve power factor, and reduce losses. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show the SSFC scheme improves voltage regulation, reduces current and voltage harmonics to within IEEE limits, and enhances the power factor at generator, load and grid buses compared to without SSFC.
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Advanced Power Electronics based FACTS Controllers: An Overview
1. Asian Power Electronics Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3, Dec 2010
Abstract-- With the ever-increasing complexities in power
systems across the worldwide, especially opening of electric
power markets, it becomes more and more important to provide
stable, secure, controlled and high quality electric power on
today’s environment. The deregulation and competitive
environment in the contemporary power networks will imply a
new scenario in terms of load and power flow condition and so
causing problems of line transmission capacity. Hence, there is
an interest in better utilization of available power system
capacities by installing new devices such as Flexible AC
Transmission systems. The idea behind the FACTS concept is to
enable the transmission system to be an active element in
increasing the flexibility of power transfer requirements and in
securing stability of integrated power system. In this paper
some developed FACTS devices and their control features have
been critically reviewed, also highlights some underdeveloped
FACTS devices and their controllers, which are under testing
and R & D stage.
Index Terms: Flexible AC transmission systems, FACTS
controllers, deregulated power system, electricity market.
I. INTRODUCTION
ince last decade, with the deregulation of the electricity
market, the traditional concepts and practices of power
systems have changed. These changes have been prompted
due to following reasons: lack of adequate funds to set up the
required generation, transmission and distribution facilities,
and to bring in improvement in overall efficiency of system.
The deregulated structure is aimed at abolishing the
monopoly in the generation and trading sectors, thereby,
introducing competition at various levels wherever it is
possible.
For better utilization of the existing power system, to
increase power transfer capability, installing FACTS
(Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices becomes
imperative [1,5,6]. FACTS devices can control the parameter
and variables of the transmission line, i.e. line impedance,
terminal voltages, and voltage angles in a fast and effective
way. The benefit brought about by FACTS includes
improvement of system dynamic behavior and thus
enhancement of system reliability and loadability. However,
their main function is to control power flows [6-9], provided
that they are placed at optimal locations.
Department of Electrical Engineering
M.M.M Engineering College Gorakhpur –273 010, India
Email: sudhirksri05@gmail.com
These aspects are playing an increasingly significant role in
the operation and control of the deregulated electricity
market. The flexible AC transmission system is akin to high
voltage DC and related thyristor developments, designed to
overcome the limitations of the present mechanically
controlled AC power transmission systems. By using reliable
and high-speed power electronic controllers, the technology
offers five opportunities for increased efficiency of utilities.
Greater control of power so that it flows on the
prescribed transmission routes.
Secure loading of transmission lines to levels nearer
their thermal limits.
Greater ability to transfer between controlled areas.
Prevention of cascading outages.
Damping of power systemoscillation.
The increased interest in these devices is essentially due to
two reasons. Firstly, the recent development in high power
electronics has made these devices cost effective and
secondly, increased loading of power systems, combined
with deregulation of power industry, motivates the use of
power flow control as a very cost-effective means of
dispatching specified power transactions. Several emerging
issues in competitive power market, namely, as congestion
management, enhancement of security and available transfer
capability of the system, transmission pricing, etc. have been
restricting the free and fair trade of electricity in the open
power market. FACTS devices can play a major role in these
issues. Moreover, it is important to ascertain the location for
placement of these devices because of their considerable
costs. The insertion of such devices in electrical systems
seems to be a promising strategy to reduce the power flows
in heavily loaded lines resulting in increased system
loadability, low system loss, improved stability of the
network and reduced cost of production. Also, reduces
mitigation of power quality problems such as voltage sag,
swell &interruption [29].
Newer generations of FACTS controllers such as HVDC
Light from ABB are based on high frequency Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) voltage source converters. To meet the
demands for higher power PWM voltage source converters,
renewed efforts have been made to improve the GTO. The
integrated gate commutating thyristor (IGCT) developed by
ABB is an example of this effort. In the IGCT a specially
developed GTO that has very low gate stray inductance is
connected to a negative power supply through low on-
resistance MOSFET. This arrangement allows IGCT be
turned off without a snubber and can be used at higher
frequencies [27]. Another latest device, emitter turn-off
thyristor (ETO) have disused by authors [26], to reduce cost
S
Advanced Power Electronics based FACTS Controllers:
An Overview
S. K. Srivastava
2. Asian Power Electronics Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3, Dec 2010
further and to reduce the auxiliary power consumed by the
IGCT. The ETO is based on the mature technology of the
GTO and power MOSFET; the ETO provides a low cost
solution for megawatts PWM VSC applications.
The FACTS devices can be categories as shunt, series,
series-series and combine shunt-series controllers [5,7]
namely, static VAR compensator (SVC), thyristor controlled
series capacitor (TCSC), thyristor controlled phase angle
regulator (TCPAR), static compensator (STATCOM), static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC), unified power flow
controller (UPFC), generalized unified power flow controller
(GUPFC) and interline power flow controller (IPFC) etc.
By use of such controllable devices, line power flows can
be changed in such a way that thermal limits are not violated,
losses minimized, stability margin increased and contractual
requirement fulfilled without violating specified power
dispatch.
Static Var compensator (SVC) improves the system
performances by controlling the magnitude of voltage.
Thyristor controlled phase angle regulator (TCPAR) controls
the phase angle of voltage, while thyristor controlled series
compensator (TCSC) changes the effective impedance of
transmission line to the system performance. The unified
power flow controller (UPFC) offers to combine all three
functions in one device [2,3]. The control of system
parameters can be carried out concurrently or sequentially
with transfer from one type control (phase shift) to another
one (series compensation) in real time. The other devices of
FACTS controller family are static compensator
(STATCOM), static synchronous series compensator
(SSSC), generalized unified power flow controller (GUPFC)
and interline power flow controller (IPFC) etc. [23, 25,28].
This paper has focused some developed FACTS
controllers and their control features under deregulated
environment of power market. A simple UPFC and
generalized UPFC (GUPFC) controller has been suggested to
enhance its capabilities such as to increase the transmission
capability by capacitive reactance compensation, or to span
large voltage phase angles between the sending and receiving
ends while operating as a phase shifter or to reverse the
direction of power flow. This paper also highlights some
advanced FACTS controllers at R & D stage.
II. OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPED FACTS DEVICES
The SVC for voltage control was first demonstrated in
Nebraska and commercialized by GE in1974 and by
Westinghouse in Minnesota in 1975. Static Var Compensator,
composed of thyristor switched capacitor (TSC) and thyristor
controlled reactor (TCR) shown in figure1.0. With proper
co-ordination of the capacitor switching and reactor control,
the VAR output can be varied continuously between the
capacitive and inductive ratings of the equipment [1,5].
In TCSC the degree of series increasing or decreasing the
number of capacitor banks in series controls compensation.
The TCSC can be effective in transient stability
improvement; power oscillation damping and balancing
power flow in parallel lines. The basic TCSC scheme is
shown in figure1.1
Working principle of TCPAR is identical with a phase
shifting transformer with a thyristor type tap changer and
could be applied to regulate transmission angle to maintain
balance power flow in multiple transmission paths, or to
control it so as to increase the transient and dynamic
stabilities of the system[23,24]. The basic scheme of TCPAR
is shown in figure1.2
Figure 1.0: SVC using TSC and TCR
Figure 1.1: TCSC using (a) TSC (b) TCR
Figure 1.2: Thyristor controlled Phase angle regulator
3. Asian Power Electronics Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3, Dec 2010
III. CONVERTER BASED FACTS CONTROLLERS
A. STATic CONdensor (STATCON)
The working of STATCON is based on the use of Gate Turn
Off thyristors (GTO) [7] in building a voltage source inverter
driven from a voltage source across DC storage capacitors.
EPRI and Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) had developed
and installed 100 MVAR STATCON at the Sullivan
substation on TVA power systemin NewYork.
B. Static SynchronousCompensator(STATCOM)
The STATCOM [7-9] is a state-of-the-art Flexible AC
Transmission System (FACTS) technology that uses
advanced power semiconductor switching techniques to
provide dynamic voltage support, power systemstabilization,
and enhanced power quality for transmission and distribution
system applications. Basically it is a controlled reactive-
power source, which provides voltage support by generating
or absorbing reactive power at the point of common coupling
without the need of large external reactors or capacitor
banks. The basic voltage-source converter scheme is shown
in fig. 2.0.
Figure 2.0 (a): Static Compensator (STATCOM)
As shown in fig.2.0, the charged capacitor Cdc provides a dc
voltage to the converter, which produces a set of controllable
three-phase output voltages with the frequency of the ac
power system. By varying the amplitude of the output
voltage, the reactive power exchange between the converter
and the ac systemcan be controlled.
The d-q frame model and steady state characteristics of the
CSI based STATCOM has reported [21], which results rapid
non oscillatory dynamics of ac current without overshoot or
steady state error.
C. Static SynchronousSeriesCompensator(SSSC)
The SSSC [4,5,7] can be considered as a impedance
compensation controller acting like a controlled series
capacitor. It consists a solid-state voltage source inverter,
injecting an almost sinusoidal voltage, of variable magnitude,
in series with a transmission line. It compensates the
inductive voltage drop in the line by inserting capacitive
voltage in order to reduce the effective inductive reactance of
the transmission line. In contrast to series capacitor, the
SSSC is able to maintain a constant compensating voltage in
case of variable line current or controls the amplitude of the
injected compensating voltage independent of amplitude of
line current. A simply connected SSSC with transmission
line is shown in fig. 3.0
Figure 3: Static Synchronous Series Compensator
The SSSC has wider control range than the controlled series
capacitor of same MVA rating for practical application point
of view in steady state power flow control or stability
improvement. Also in [16], the on-line fuzzy control of
SSSC has been reported in order to improve the transient
stability limit, damping out the systemoscillation, control the
voltage regulation and overall enhancement of power transfer
capacity.
D. Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
The IPFC [9] is a generalized and multi-functional FACTS
controller. The IPFC addresses the problem of compensating
a number of transmission lines at a given substation. Series
capacitive compensators are used to increase the
transmittable active power over a given line but they are
unable to control the reactive power flow in, and thus the
proper load balancing of the line. With IPFC active power
can be transferred between different lines. Therefore, it is
possible to:
• Equalize both active and reactive power flow between the
lines,
• Reduce the burden of overloaded lines by active power
transfer,
• Compensate against resistive line voltage drops and the
corresponding reactive power demand,
• Increase the effectiveness of the overall compensating
systemfor dynamic disturbances.
The capability of the IPFC is facilitated by a number of
voltage-sourced converters (VSCs) as shown in fig. 4,, which
are connected back-to-back at their dc terminals. Each VSC
is coupled to a different transmission line via series coupling
transformer and is able to provide independent series reactive
compensation, as an SSSC, to its own line. However, the
converters can transfer active power among them via their
common dc terminal [9,10]. A multi-converter IPFC
4. Asian Power Electronics Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3, Dec 2010
configuration allows the IPFC to provide reactive power
series compensation in one series branch, and to provide both
active and reactive compensation for the remaining series
branch.
Figure 4.0 : Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
E. Unified Power Flow Controller(UPFC)
The basic components of the UPFC are two voltage source
inverters (VSI's) sharing a common dc storage capacitor, and
connected to the system through coupling transformers. One
VSI is connected in shunt to the transmission system via a
shunt transformer, while the other one is connected in series
through a series transformer. A basic UPFC functional
scheme is shown in fig.5.0.
C
VDC
Transmission Line
Series
Transformer
VSI-1 VSI-2
CONTROL
Shunt
Transformer
Figure 5.0: Basic structure of UPFC
The UPFC has many possible operating modes [2,15]. In
particular, the shunt inverter is operating in such a way to
inject a controllable current ish into the transmission line. This
current consists of two components with respect to the line
voltage: the real or direct component ishd, which is in phase or
in opposite phase with the line voltage, and the reactive or
quadrature component, ishq, which is in quadrature. The direct
component is automatically determined by the requirement to
balance the real power of the series inverter. The quadrature
component, instead, can be independently set to any desired
reference level (inductive or capacitive) within the capability
of the inverter, to absorb or generate respectively reactive
power from the line. So, two control modes are possible:
VAR control mode:
In this, the reference input is an inductive or capacitive var
as request. The shunt converter control translates the var
reference in to a corresponding shunt current request and
adjusting the gating of the converter to established the
desired current.
Automatic Voltage Control mode:
In this the goal is to maintain the transmission line voltage
at the connection point to a reference value. Instead, the
series inverter injecting the voltage Vse controllable in
amplitude and phase angle in series with the transmission
line influences the power flow on the transmission line. The
injected series voltage can be determined in different ways:
Direct Voltage Injection mode:
The reference inputs are directly the magnitude and phase
angle of the series injected voltage. When the injected
voltage is kept in phase with the system voltage or in
quadrature with the line current, provides series reactive
compensation.
Phase Angle Shifter Emulation mode:
The reference input signal is phase displacement between the
two ends of bus voltages. The injected voltage is controlled
with respect to input bus voltage so that the output bus
voltage is phase shifted by an angle specified by the
reference input.
Line impedance emulation mode:
In line impedance mode, the magnitude of the injected
voltage vector Vpq is controlled in proportion to the
magnitude of line current, so it emulates reactive impedance.
The reference input is an impedance value to insert in
series with the line impedance.
Automatic Power flow Control mode:
In automatic power flow control mode, the series injected
voltage is determined automatically and continuously by a
closed loop control systemto ensure that the desired P and Q
are maintained despite system changes. The reference inputs
are values of P and Q to maintain on the transmission line
despite systemchanges.
For simplification of control analysis and to improve the
dynamic performance of UPFC, various control strategies
including d-q axis control have been reported by authors.
Some have described the dynamic modeling of UPFC with
conventional PI & PID based control techniques [4,5].
Whereas in papers [12-14], fuzzy-rules based controllers of
UPFC have been suggested to regulate the power system
parameters and improving the dynamic performances. In
fuzzy logic, the controller is represented as a set of rules.
These rules are obtained from human experts based
knowledge and observations. Fuzzy rules based logic
controller has a number of distinguished advantages over the
conventional PI [16-20], as it is not so sensitive to the
5. Asian Power Electronics Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3, Dec 2010
variation of system structure, parameters, and operation
points. The control law developed by fuzzy can be easily
implemented in a large-scale nonlinear system.
It has been suggested [17], neural network based control
approach of UPFC by single neuron and multi-neuron radial
basic function controller (RBFNN). The single neuron
controller uses either the real and reactive power deviations
or real power and voltage deviations at the UPFC junction
bus to provide better damping performance and transient
stability limit as that of existing PI controllers.
IV. UNDER DEVELOPED FACTS DEVICES
A. Generalized Unified Power Flow Controller(GUPFC)
The Generalized Unified Power Flow Controller (GUPFC)
is one of the latest generation FACTS device that can control
bus voltage and power flows of more than one line or even
sub-network [6,10,22]. The simple GUPFC consisting of
three converters, as shown in fig. 6.0, one shunt connected
and two in series with transmission lines, is capable of
simultaneously controlling five power system quantities, i.e.
the bus voltage at substation, real and reactive power flows
on two lines of existing the substation.
The GUPFC has the similar structure with the IPFC except
that VSC1 is shunt-connected at bus-1 , shown in fig. 6.0.
The VSC1 is responsible for balancing the active power
required by the series converters and also provides shunt
reactive compensations to regulate the voltage magnitude at
bus-1. The series converters, VSC2 – VSCn, can provide
active and reactive power compensation simultaneously to
control the active and reactive power of their series
connected transmission.
Figure 6.0: Basic structure of Generalized unified
power flow controller (GUPFC)
For control of GUPFC, proportional-integral (PI) loops are
utilized. In this scheme the gains of controller parameters are
being selected to provide stable operation of GUPFC under
steady state and faulty conditions.
The GUPFC, as proposed in [10], can also be used in
modeling other members of the CSC family in power flow
and OPF analysis. The strong control capability of the
GUPFC with controlling bus voltage and multi-line power
flows offers a great potential in solving many of problems
facing the electric utilities in a competitive environment.
B. Convertible Static Compensator (CSC)
The Convertible Static Compensator (CSC) is the latest
generation of FACTS controller family [13], providing the
flexibility for adaptation to power system control needs and
enable unique control capabilities of power systems. The
CSC is being installed at NYPA’s Marcy 345-KV substation
near Utica, New York. It is a combination of FACTS and
conventional technologies. On fully implementation, this will
provide a long term solution for the power transfer,
improving voltage, power flow control, enhance the
reliability and resiliency of the network.
a. CSC Configuration and Operational Modes
The CSC will be able to utilize two inverters in different
configurations such as STATCOM, SSSC, UPFC and IPFC.
The conceptual structure of CSC is shown in fig. 7.0. The
CSC can be deployed on the transmission system in 11
configurations. The control mode determines the
functionality of CSC in a particular configuration. Sequence
and interlock control logic is to be implemented for automatic
changes from one configuration to another.
b. CSC Operation and Control
The CSC control structure consists of inner and outer loops.
The inner loop controller is designed to provide the
magnitude and angle controlled synchronous voltage source,
which is utilized for voltage and power regulation. The outer
loop is required for damping of power system oscillations.
The purpose of damping controller is to increase the
resiliency of high voltage transmission system by adding
positive damping during severe system contingencies. The
control structure of CSC is shown in fig. 8.0.
HV Lines
Inverter Inverter
Control
Optical Link Optical Link
Figure 7.0: CSC conceptual structure
6. Asian Power Electronics Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3, Dec 2010
CSC Master
Control
CSC
Damping
Controller
Power
System
System Telemetry
via SCADA plus
other measurements
CSC status and
operating point
information
Capacitor & reactor
bank On/Off
commands
Set point to
CSC
Control mode and gain
change commands
Outer loop
Inner loop
Reference
Figure 8.0: CSC control structure
V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a review of developed and under-
developing power electronics-based FACTS devices and
their control features. Various FACTS controller can
enhance the power system performance, both static and
dynamic, considerably. Series FACTS controllers such as
SSSC, IPFC, UPFC, GUPFC and more recently CSC are
being utilized in different applications. The acceptability of
new concept of multi-line power compensation in the
GUPFC or multi-line UPFC, which can control bus voltage
and power flows of more than one line or sub-network, is
growing rapidly. The CSCs are still to be practically
examined for relieving in transmission line congestion,
damping out systemoscillations at lower frequencies
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Author is grateful to the Principle, M.M.M Engineering
College Gorakhpur, India for sponsoring him to carry out his
Ph. D. work under U.P Technical University, Lucknow.
BIOGRAPHY
S.K Srivastava obtained his B.Tech , M.Tech and
Ph.D Degrees from M.M.M Engineering College
Gorakhpur (India) ,I.I.T Delhi (India) & UP Technical
University Lucknow (India) in the year 1986, 1993 &
2008 respectively. He is a faculty member in the
Department of Electrical Engineering of M.M.M
Engineering College Gorakhpur (U.P), India. His
research interest includes power system operation and
control, FACTS, deregulations, Fuzzy & Neural
applications in power systemproblems.