Funduscopy
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The document describes the findings of various funduscopy examinations: 1) Senile macular degeneration is described, with unusual pigmentation at the macula and drusen. 2) Central retinal vein occlusion shows an engorged, hemorrhagic appearance of the veins. 3) Hypertensive retinopathy shows narrow, tortuous arteries and advanced cases show hemorrhages and exudates with papilledema.
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3) Hypertensive retinopathy shows narrow, tortuous arteries and advanced cases show hemorrhages and exudates with papilledema.
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This document provides information on key anatomical structures of the fundus including:
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Retinal diagram dr sabin sahu
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2. Key aspects covered include how the examiner is able to view the retina by aligning their eye with the light source entering the patient's eye, and modern ophthalmoscopes using mirrors to reflect light at a 90 degree angle.
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optic nerve head swelling
The document discusses various potential causes of optic disc swelling including:
1. Papilledema due to increased intracranial pressure from space occupying lesions, decreased CSF drainage, or idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
2. Optic neuritis which is inflammation of the optic nerve.
3. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) which is infarction of the optic nerve head.
It provides details on presentations, ocular findings, and treatments for some of these conditions.
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1) The document describes various normal structures and lesions of the retina and optic nerve head. It discusses the anatomy of the retina and defines different regions.
2) Pathological conditions are described such as papilledema, optic neuritis, retinal hemorrhages, exudates, neovascularization, and atrophy. Imaging findings for various diseases are shown.
3) Additional sections cover lesions of the vitreous and fundus, including hemorrhages, exudates, vascular abnormalities and pathological structures. Various normal variations and congenital anomalies are also detailed.
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This document discusses various types of uveitis including classification, signs, symptoms, complications, investigations, and treatments. It covers infective causes like toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, syphilis, and fungal infections. It also discusses immune-mediated uveitis associated with conditions like VKH syndrome, Behcet's disease, and sarcoidosis. Intermediate uveitis is characterized by inflammation of the pars plana, peripheral retina, and choroid. Posterior uveitis involves the retina and choroid and can be caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, or unknown etiologies.
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1) Preparing the ophthalmoscope and having the patient position themselves for examination.
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3) Knowing the basic pathologies seen in common conditions like diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, and retinal vein/artery occlusion to aid in diagnosis.
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The document describes the findings of various funduscopy examinations:
1) Senile macular degeneration is described, with unusual pigmentation at the macula and drusen.
2) Central retinal vein occlusion shows an engorged, hemorrhagic appearance of the veins.
3) Hypertensive retinopathy shows narrow, tortuous arteries and advanced cases show hemorrhages and exudates with papilledema.
Optic Atrophy
Optic atrophy refers to degeneration of the optic nerve resulting in vision loss and changes in the appearance of the optic disc. It can be primary, secondary, consecutive, or glaucomatous. Primary optic atrophy is caused by lesions along the visual pathway and results in a chalky white disc. Secondary optic atrophy follows optic nerve swelling and has a dirty grey-white appearance. Consecutive optic atrophy is caused by retinal or choroidal disease and leaves a waxy pallor. Glaucomatous optic atrophy is characterized by deep cupping of the disc. Diagnosis involves imaging and visual field testing while treatment focuses on the underlying cause.
Normal fundus
This document provides information on key anatomical structures of the fundus including:
1) It describes several structures that can be seen on examination of the fundus including the optic disc, macula, retinal blood vessels, and peripheral retina.
2) It explains features of the optic disc including that it is insensitive, round or oval in shape, and contains the lamina cribrosa through which ganglion cell axons exit the eye.
3) The macula is described as being located temporally from the optic disc, containing the highest concentration of cones, and responsible for photopic vision and color vision.
Papilloedema presentation1
Papilloedema is swelling of the optic nerve head caused by increased intracranial pressure (ICP). It is nearly always bilateral and patients should be evaluated for an intracranial mass. Papilloedema can be caused by idiopathic intracranial hypertension, obstructive lesions, space occupying lesions, impaired CSF absorption, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, cerebral edema from head trauma, or severe hypertension. Treatment involves reducing ICP through measures like mannitol infusion, CSF withdrawal, sedation, or surgery to remove masses. Complications can include visual loss or chronic headaches.
Retinitis Pigmentosa
1) A 20-year-old boy presented with gradual decrease in night vision over 6 months. Examination revealed signs consistent with retinitis pigmentosa including bone-spicule pigmentation and waxy pale optic discs.
2) Retinitis pigmentosa is a hereditary retinal dystrophy where rod photoreceptor cells are initially and predominantly affected, followed by cone degeneration. It typically causes night blindness and progressive loss of peripheral vision.
3) There is no cure for retinitis pigmentosa. Treatment aims to slow progression and improve quality of life through low vision aids, vitamin supplements, and emerging therapies like gene and retinal prosthesis. Prognosis depends on inheritance pattern, with
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Papilledema - Optic Nerve Head Swelling
Papilledema is swelling of the optic disc caused by increased intracranial pressure. It is characterized by blurred disc margins and retinal nerve fiber layer edema. Increased CSF pressure is transmitted through the subarachnoid space and causes axoplasmic stasis in the optic nerve head. Papilledema is graded based on degree of disc elevation and obscuration from Frisen scale 0-5. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause of increased ICP through medications, repeated lumbar punctures, or neurosurgery.
Retinal diagram dr sabin sahu
Most retinal surgeons are trained to create formal retinal drawings of the fundus.
Retinal drawings are useful to document pathology, although more and more people now prefer fundus photographs.
Can be used for serial follow up of patients to document changes in the pathology.
Intermediate uveitis
This document discusses intermediate uveitis (IU), which involves inflammation in the anterior vitreous, pars plana, and peripheral retina. IU accounts for 8-22% of uveitis cases. Clinically, it is characterized by "snowballs" or yellow-white exudates in the peripheral vitreous. Treatment involves topical/periocular steroids initially, with cryotherapy, vitrectomy or immunosuppressants for non-responsive cases. Complications include cystoid macular edema, cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal detachment. Proper diagnosis requires excluding other causes like syphilis, Lyme disease, multiple sclerosis and sarcoidosis.
Scleritis1
This document discusses scleritis, an inflammation of the sclera. It defines scleritis and notes it is less common than episcleritis. Scleritis can be classified as anterior or posterior, with anterior scleritis subdivided into non-necrotizing diffuse/nodular or necrotizing forms with or without inflammation. Associated systemic diseases are common in 45% of patients. Signs, symptoms, investigations, and treatment are described depending on the classification of scleritis. Surgical treatment may be needed for extreme scleral thinning or corneal complications.
CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIO RETINOPATHY
This document provides an overview of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), including its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, course and treatment. CSC is characterized by a localized serous retinal detachment in the macula due to leakage of fluid from the choroid. It typically affects men ages 30-50 and can be associated with stress, corticosteroid use, hypertension and type A personality. Diagnosis is usually clinical but can be confirmed with fluorescein angiography showing characteristic leakage patterns or optical coherence tomography identifying subretinal fluid. While most cases resolve spontaneously, laser photocoagulation or photodynamic therapy may be used in persistent or recurrent cases to seal leaking sites and accelerate resolution.
Direct Ophthalmoscopy
1. The document describes the technique of direct ophthalmoscopy, providing details on its history, modern instrumentation, use, and what can be observed through examination of the retina.
2. Key aspects covered include how the examiner is able to view the retina by aligning their eye with the light source entering the patient's eye, and modern ophthalmoscopes using mirrors to reflect light at a 90 degree angle.
3. The summary also notes what can be seen through direct ophthalmoscopy like the optic disc, macula, blood vessels, and various pathological features.
Vogt Koyanagi Harada Disease
1) VKH disease is a multisystem disorder characterized by granulomatous panuveitis with exudative retinal detachments and associated neurologic and cutaneous manifestations.
2) It was first described separately by three doctors (Vogt, Koyanagi, and Harada) in the early 20th century before being recognized as a single disease.
3) It has distinct prodromal, uveitic, chronic, and chronic recurrent stages with characteristic ocular and systemic findings at each stage. International criteria have been developed to classify its complete, incomplete, and probable forms.
Thyroid eye disease
Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, is an autoimmune disorder affecting the eyes that is commonly associated with Graves' disease and hyperthyroidism. It causes inflammation and swelling of the muscles and fatty tissues behind the eyes. The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features including proptosis, lid retraction, optic neuropathy, and restrictive myopathy, as well as treatments such as steroids, radiation, orbital decompression surgery, and eyelid surgery. Management involves treatment of both the eye symptoms and any underlying thyroid abnormalities.
Acute retinal necrosis
This document summarizes acute retinal necrosis (ARN), a rare viral infection of the retina. It begins by describing the initial 1971 case report and clinical features of ARN, which include anterior uveitis, vitritis, and characteristic retinal lesions. The document then discusses the epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, etiology as herpes virus, and treatment with antivirals like acyclovir. It also briefly mentions a more severe variant, progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN), which mostly affects immunocompromised patients and has a poor prognosis.
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Similar to Funduscopy
optic nerve head swelling
The document discusses various potential causes of optic disc swelling including:
1. Papilledema due to increased intracranial pressure from space occupying lesions, decreased CSF drainage, or idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
2. Optic neuritis which is inflammation of the optic nerve.
3. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) which is infarction of the optic nerve head.
It provides details on presentations, ocular findings, and treatments for some of these conditions.
Lesions of retina
1) The document describes various normal structures and lesions of the retina and optic nerve head. It discusses the anatomy of the retina and defines different regions.
2) Pathological conditions are described such as papilledema, optic neuritis, retinal hemorrhages, exudates, neovascularization, and atrophy. Imaging findings for various diseases are shown.
3) Additional sections cover lesions of the vitreous and fundus, including hemorrhages, exudates, vascular abnormalities and pathological structures. Various normal variations and congenital anomalies are also detailed.
Disc oedema
Pseudopapilledema refers to optic disc swelling that is not caused by increased intracranial pressure. It can be caused by conditions like optic nerve head drusen, myelinated nerve fibers, or a small hypermetropic disc. Signs include blurred disc margins and nerve fiber layer swelling. Imaging like ultrasound and FA can help distinguish pseudopapilledema from true papilledema caused by increased intracranial pressure.
Papilledema
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This document discusses optic disc edema (papilledema), which is swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure. It defines papilledema and differentiates it from pseudopapilledema. Symptoms, signs, investigations and treatment are described. Papilledema is caused by increased intracranial pressure disrupting axoplasmic flow in the optic nerve. Signs include blurred disc margins, retinal folds, and fullness of the optic cup. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause to reduce pressure and prevent vision loss.
PAPILLEDEMA
- Papilloedema is edema of the optic disc caused by increased intracranial pressure. It is a non-inflammatory condition where the optic nerve swells within the confined space of the optic nerve sheath.
- Increased intracranial pressure from brain tumors, abscesses, venous thrombosis, aneurysms or pseudotumor cerebri can cause papilloedema.
- On examination, the optic disc margins blur, the disc swells and veins become congested. Late stages show macular star/fan exudates and optic atrophy if untreated.
- Treatment is aimed at relieving intracranial pressure through tumor removal, shunting procedures or medication for pseud
Is This Disc Normal ?
An approach to recognize and diagnose papilledema and pseudopapilledema and common optic disc anomalies (anomalous discs)
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This document provides information about performing an ophthalmoscopic examination, including descriptions of different types of ophthalmoscopes, examination techniques, and common findings. It discusses examining the optic disc, blood vessels, and fundus, as well as conditions that can be identified such as papilledema, retinal artery occlusion, and diabetic retinopathy. Precautions for using mydriatic drops are also outlined.
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1. Diabetic retinopathy, which affects nearly all patients with long-standing diabetes and is a leading cause of vision loss. It involves microaneurysms, hemorrhages, hard exudates, and new blood vessel growth if proliferative. Laser treatment and anti-VEGF injections can help treat it.
2. Hypertensive retinopathy results from high blood pressure and involves arteriolar narrowing, hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and exudates. Grading systems describe the severity.
3. Retinal vein oc
Fundoscopy Pictures
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Optic Nerve
1. The document discusses various eye conditions and symptoms, including how light is transmitted through the visual pathway and how vision is tested.
2. It describes papilledema, a sign of increased intracranial pressure that results in swelling of the optic disc. Causes include brain tumors and increased cerebral spinal fluid pressure.
3. Optic neuritis and optic atrophy are discussed as inflammatory and degenerative conditions of the optic nerve that can cause vision loss.
4. Hypertensive and diabetic retinopathies are summarized, noting how they are graded based on clinical appearance and prognosis. Diabetic retinopathy symptoms include blurred vision and can progress to vision loss if untreated.
Macular star
1) A macular star is formed when lipid-rich exudate accumulates in the outer plexiform layer of the retina, precipitating in a star-shaped pattern following the layer's anatomy.
2) Macular stars are commonly seen in hypertensive retinopathy as a result of increased vascular permeability and leakage from small retinal vessels.
3) Other findings associated with hypertensive eye disease include arteriolar narrowing, hemorrhages, exudates, optic disc swelling, and vision loss. Grading of hypertensive retinopathy depends on the severity of retinal changes seen on examination.
DISEASES OF THE RETINA - COGENITAL,VASCULAR,ALL
1. The document discusses various congenital and developmental disorders of the retina including anomalies of the optic disc, nerve fibers, and vascular elements.
2. Specific conditions covered include drusen, situs inversus, hypoplasia, aplasia, and coloboma. Inflammatory disorders of the retina such as retinitis, chorioretinitis, and retinal vasculitis from various etiologies are also discussed.
3. Common vascular disorders of the retina like retinal artery occlusions, retinal vein occlusions, diabetic retinopathy, and sickle cell retinopathy are reviewed in detail.
Dm complications
Diabetes Mellitus has acute and chronic complications. see the chronic ones like retinopathy,nephropathy,neuropathy etc....
Vascular disorders of retina
This document provides information on vascular disorders of the retina. It begins with the anatomy and blood supply of the retina. It then discusses diabetic retinopathy in detail, including pathogenesis, signs, diagnosis and treatment. It also briefly covers hypertensive retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion, describing their pathophysiology, classification systems, clinical presentation and management. The document focuses primarily on providing an overview of diabetic retinopathy and its various stages and complications.
Opt kuliah 17-18 des 2007
This document provides information on various diseases of the posterior segment of the eye including the retina, vitreous, and optic nerve. It discusses conditions such as central retinal vein occlusion, branch retinal vein occlusion, central retinal artery occlusion, retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, optic neuritis, hypertensive retinopathy, and diabetic retinopathy. For each condition, it describes the causes, signs and symptoms, examination findings, treatment options, and potential complications. Evaluation of posterior segment diseases involves assessing visual acuity, color vision, the anterior segment, and performing techniques like fundoscopy, fluorescein angiography, and ultrasonography.
Papilledema
PAPILLOEDEMA
- Oedema of the optic disc caused by increased intracranial pressure. This blocks axoplasmic transport, causing swelling of the optic nerve head.
- Symptoms include blurred vision, visual field defects, and over time potential blindness if not treated.
- Diagnosis is made through examination showing blurred disc margins, venous congestion, retinal exudates, and imaging showing disc swelling. Treatment aims to relieve intracranial pressure through surgical or medical means to prevent permanent nerve damage.
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