Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is characterized by spontaneous serous detachment of the neurosensory retina in the macular region. It typically affects young to middle-aged males and is associated with type A personality and steroid use. The leading pathogenesis theory is choroidal vascular hyperpermeability causing a breach in the outer blood-retinal barrier and leakage of fluid. On examination, CSCR presents as mild macular elevation with or without retinal pigment epithelium detachment. It usually resolves spontaneously but can recur in 30-50% of cases. Cystoid macular edema (CME) refers to fluid collection in the macula and is a complication of ocular surgery,

1. CSCR ( CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY )
Macular oedema & Macular hole
Dr. ANITA KUMARI
SCEH, LAHAN
O.A 2nd YEAR

2. • Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is characterised by spontaneous serous
detachment of neurosensory retina in the macular region, with or without retinal
pigment epithelium detachment .

4. Etiopathogenesis & Risk factors
• Age and sex. The disease affects typically young adult (20–50 years), males
more than females
• • Personality. Type A personality individuals are more prone
• • Steroid intake is an important risk factor
• • Emotional stress ( thyroid & Cushings syndrome )
• Hypertension • Pregnancy (usually 3rd trimester)

5. Pathogenesis of CSCR
• Pathogenesis is not known exactly. Various theories have been postulated.
Presently, the most accepted theory is of ‘choroidal vascular hyperpermeability’
• sympathetic drive, sympathomimetics and corticosteroids alter the choroidal
vascular permeability either directly or indirectly by affecting its autoregulation.

6. • This, in turn, increases the tissue hydrostatic pressure in the choroid causing
pigment epithelial defect (PED) resulting in a breach in the outer blood retinal
barrier .
• Leakage of fluid across this area results in development of localized serous
detachment of neurosensory retina .

7. • Clinical features Symptoms. Patient may present with:
• • Sudden painless loss of vision (6/9–6/24) associated with
• • Relative positive scotoma, micropsia & metamorphopsia.

8. Signs. fundus examination shows
• : • Mild elevation of macular area, demarcated by a circular ring reflex.
• • Small yellow grey elevations may be seen due to RPE /PED detachment.
• • Foveal reflex is absent or distorted
• • Subretinal deposits & pigmentary changes

9. Clinical course CSR is usually self-limiting but often recurrent
• Acute classic CSCR : spontaneous resolution within 3–6 months . Recurrences are
known in 30–50% cases
• Chronic CSCR . It is characterized by a chronic course lasting more than 12
months, typically affecting individuals above 50 years of age.
• Bullous CSCR is rare presentation characterized by larger and more numerous
areas of serous retinal and RPE detachments

10. Investigations
• 1. Fundus fluorescein angiography : leakage and pooling
• Ink-blot pattern
• Smoke-stack pattern
• 2 OCT
• 3 ICG

12. Treatment
• 1. Conservative measures. Reassurance mostly in 80% cases .
• CSR undergoes spontaneous resolution in 80 to 90% cases. Visual acuity returns to
normal or near normal within 3 to 6 months .
• Discontinuation of steroids
• Life style changes to reduces stress in life
• 2. Anti-VEGF can be considered if CNV
• 3. Laser photocoagulation : Long-standing cases (more than 6 months).
• • Patients having recurrent CSR with visual loss.
• • Patients having permanent loss of vision in the other eye due to this condition
• 4. Photodynamic therapy (PDT)

13. CME

14. CYSTOID MACULAR OEDEMA (CME )
• DEFINE : It refers to collection of fluid in the outer plexiform and inner nuclear
layer of the retina, centred around the foveola.
• Etiology :
• 1. Complication of ocular treatment such as: • Ocular surgery, e.g., cataract
extraction (ICCE>ECCE) (Irvine Gass syndrome), keratoplasty, glaucoma surgery &
RD surgery.
• Topical ocular therapy with eye drops like epinephrine and prostaglandin
etc.

15. • 2. Retinal vascular disorders : such as CRVO, BRVO , Coats’ disease, Eales disease,
and hypertensive retinopathy
• 3. Intraocular inflammations & intraocular tumours e.g. posterior uveitis and
anterior uveitis
• 4. Retinal dystrophies, e.g., retinitis pigmentosa & VMR ( Vitreomacular traction
syndrome )
• 5. Systemic diseases such as leukaemia, chronic renal failure and multiple
myeloma

16. Pathogenesis CME
• It develops due to leakage of fluid following breakdown of inner blood-retinal
barrier (i.e., leakage from the retinal capillaries) & accumulating fluid in the outer
plexiform and inner nuclear layer of retina .

17. Clinical features
• 1. Visual loss.
• 2. Direct Ophthalmoscopy or slit lamp biomicroscopy with 90 D lens : : shows loss
of foveal reflex, retinal thickening, a yellow spot at the center of fovea .
• Typical ‘Honeycomb appearance’ of macula (due to multiple cystoid oval spaces )
• 3. Fundus fluorescein angiography : ‘flower petal appearance’
• 4. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) reveals loss of foveal depression, intrareti
with round optically clear (cystoid spaces) and retinal thicknening

18. flower petal appearance

19. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
Complications Long-standing CME : leads to lamellar macular hole.

20. Treatment
• 1. Treatment of the causative factor, e.g., photocoagulation for diabetic CSME, STOP
use of topical 2% adrenaline eye drops etc.
• 2. Topical antiprostaglandin (NSAID) drops like ketorolac or nepafenac when used
pre- and postoperatively, prevent the occurrence of CME associated with intraocular
surgery .
• 3. Topical and systemic steroid for inflammation
• 4. Systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) Tab. Diamox may be beneficial in some
cases of CME, e.g., in retinitis pigmentosa

21. Macular Hole

22. • Macular hole refers to a partial thickness of full thickness hole in the
neurosensory retina in the foveal region .
• Etiology : 1. Senile or idiopathic (83%), more common in females aged 60–80
years than males (F:M, 3:1).
• 2. Traumatic macular hole account for (5%) cases
• 3. Other causes of macular hole include: CME, vitreomacular traction,
postsurgery, myopia, post-laser treatment and post-inflammatory.

24. Clinical features : Symptoms
• : • Decreased vision, typically around 6/60 level for a full thickness hole and
better for a partial hole.
• • Metamorphopsia or distortion of vision may be there.
• • Central scotoma
• Pathogenesis: Senile macular holes are caused by tractional forces associated with
early PVD .

25. Clinical features & Symptoms include
• Decreased vision, typically around 6/60
• Metamorphopsia or distortion of vision
• Central scotoma
• Signs.
• Based on the fundus appearance (best examined with 78/90D slit-lamp
examination)
• the macular hole can be classified into four stages ( Gass Classification)

26. • Stage 1 or impending hole : it shows absent foveal reflex & a yellow spot or
yellow ring in the foveal region .
• Stage 2. A small full thickness hole ( either centre or marginal ) full thickness hole
less than 400 um in size
• Stage 3. A full thickness hole is seen as round reddish spot surrounded by a grey
halo [cuff of subretinal fluid (SRF)]& no PVD ,more than 400 um in size
• Stage 4. Full thickness hole with with posterior vitreous detached from the disc
and macula .

27. OCT CLASSIFICATION OF MACULAR HOLE

28. Management : Differential diagnosis
• Macular pucker (epiretinal membrane)
• • Solar retinopathy
• • Intraretinal cyst (e.g., chronic CME )
• • Vitreomacular traction syndrome
• Investigation : mostly OCT & slit lamp biomicroscopy & detail history .

29. Treatment
• ■Stage 1. Treatment is not recommended as spontaneous hole closure can occur.
But close follow-up and observation is required as 50% cases .
• Stage 2 to 4 holes of recent onset (<1 year) with reduced visual acuity (<6/24)
should be treated with pars plana vitrectomy with posterior hyaloid removal,
internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling and gas or silicon oil tamponade with strict
postoperative face down position for 7–14 days

30. • Prognosis. Of M.H = Anatomical closure is reported in 60–85% of cases. Visual
improvement is reported in 70% cases with recent onset hole .
• complications include:
• retinal breaks, retinal detachment, late reopening of the hole, RPE loss under the
hole, phototoxicity and endophthalmitis.

31. HOME WORK ?
1. What is CSCR ? What are types & etiology of CSCR?
2. What is cystoid macular odema ? Etiology & managemt of macular odema?
3. what are clinical features & signs of CSCR on slit lamp biomicroscopy ?
4. What is macular hole ? Etiology ?
5. Explain in brief OCT classification / Gass classification of macular hole ?
6. Management of macular hole explain briefly ?
7. What are the different types of macular odema ? What is pathogenesis ?
8. Explain in short management of cystoid macular odema ?