this ppt contain all basic information related to the mass spectrometry like introduction, principle of MS, type of ions, fragmentation processes eg. mcLafferty rearrangement, alpha clevage, sigma bond clevage, retro-diels-alder reaction
this ppt contain all basic information related to the mass spectrometry like introduction, principle of MS, type of ions, fragmentation processes eg. mcLafferty rearrangement, alpha clevage, sigma bond clevage, retro-diels-alder reaction
When there are two functional groups of unequal reactivity within a molecule, the more reactive group can be made to react alone, but it may not be possible to react the less reactive functional group selectively.
A group the use of which makes possible to react a less reactive functional group selectively in presence of a more reactive group is known as protecting group.
A protecting group blocks the reactivity of a functional group by converting it into a different group which is inert to the conditions of some reaction(s) that is to be carried out as part of a synthetic route
MASS SPECTROSCOPY ( Molecular ion, Base peak, Isotopic abundance, Metastable ...Sachin Kale
CONTENT:
Molecular Ion Peak
Significance of Molecular ion & Graphically Method
Base Peak
Isotopic Abundance
Metastable Ion
Significance of Metastable ion
Nitrogen Rule & graphs
Formulation of Rule
It is an intramolecular rearrangement reaction in which the 1,2-migration of silyl group from carbon to oxygen under basic conditions.It involves the formation of a pentacoordinate siliconintermediate.Discovered by Adrian Gibbs Brook in 1958.
When there are two functional groups of unequal reactivity within a molecule, the more reactive group can be made to react alone, but it may not be possible to react the less reactive functional group selectively.
A group the use of which makes possible to react a less reactive functional group selectively in presence of a more reactive group is known as protecting group.
A protecting group blocks the reactivity of a functional group by converting it into a different group which is inert to the conditions of some reaction(s) that is to be carried out as part of a synthetic route
MASS SPECTROSCOPY ( Molecular ion, Base peak, Isotopic abundance, Metastable ...Sachin Kale
CONTENT:
Molecular Ion Peak
Significance of Molecular ion & Graphically Method
Base Peak
Isotopic Abundance
Metastable Ion
Significance of Metastable ion
Nitrogen Rule & graphs
Formulation of Rule
It is an intramolecular rearrangement reaction in which the 1,2-migration of silyl group from carbon to oxygen under basic conditions.It involves the formation of a pentacoordinate siliconintermediate.Discovered by Adrian Gibbs Brook in 1958.
When you decide that you need to "do social" for your product, brand or company, are you sure you know what that means. Consider these five factors when launching your social campaign.
various parts of mAss spectroscopy, applications, principle, peaks, rules, typical mass spectra, various combinations, Fragmentation, rules of fragmentation and useful points which can help Chemical and analytical students and structural elucidation.
Introduction
working principle
fragmentation process
general rules for fragmentation
general modes of fragmentation
metastable ions
isotopic peaks
applications
Mass fragmentation of Carbonyl compounds(spectral analysis)MZzaddy
Discussed about the mass fragmentation of aldehyde and ketone in a very simplistic manner including mass spectrum.
mass to charge ratio, base peak and the cleavages that occur in the carbonyl compounds.
Isotopes are two atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes are specified by the mass number.
Content:
Basic concepts
Fragmentation Process
McLafferty Rearrangement
Mass spectrum
Metastable ion
Isotopic peak
Nitrogen Rule
Basic Concept:
Mass spectrometry uses high energy electrons to break a molecule into fragmentation.
A beam of high-energy electrons breaks the molecule apart.
The masses of the fragments and their relative abundance reveal information about the structure of the molecule.
Separation and analysis of the fragments provides information about:
– Molecular weight
– Structure
Fragmentation Process
Bombardment of molecules by an electron beam with energy between 10-15ev usually results in the ionization of molecules by removal of one electron (Molecular ion formation)
When the energy of electron beam is increased between 50-70ev, these molecular ions acquire a high excitation resulting in their break down into various fragments. This process is called "Fragmentation process".
McLafferty Rearrangement:
Fragmentation due to rearrangement of Molecular or Parent ion:
The cleavage of bonds in Molecular ion is due to the intramolecular atomic rearrangement. This leads to fragmentation whose origin cannot be described by simple cleavage of bonds.
When fragments are accompanied by bond formation as well as bond for breaking, a rearrangement process is said to have occurred.
Such rearrangement involves the transfer of hydrogen from one part of the molecular ion to another via, preferably, a six-membered cyclic transition state.
This process is favoured energetically because as many bonds are formed as are broken.
Compounds containing hydrogen atom at position gamma to carbonyl group have been found to a relative intense peak.
This is probably due to rearrangement and fragmentation is accompanied by the loss of neutral molecule. This rearrangement is known as Mc Lafferty rearrangement.
Thus , the molecular formula of the unknown compound can be determined from the various fragment ions and also the parent ion of the mass spectrum .
More example of McLafferty reaarangements are :
A double McLafferty rearrangement is also reported in ketones .
The second hydrogen atom originates exclusively from the γ – position .
A secondary hydrogen is preffered to a primary hydrogen atom in this process . The mechanism involves.
Ketonisation of the intermediate enol ion by the hydrogen transfer .
Hydrogen transfer to enolic oxygen . Consider the McLafferty rearrangement in 4- Heptanone.
Mass Spectrum :
It is a record of the masses and the relative abundances of the molecular ion and the positively charged fragments formed from it by the electron bombardment.
The molecular ion or Parent ion :
The electron bombardment with energy 10-15 eV usually removes one electron from the molecule of the organic compoound in the vapour phase it results in the formation of molecular ion
The mass of the parent ion gives the molecular mass of the sample. .
In mass spectrometry, fragmentation is the dissociation of energetically unstable molecular ions formed from passing the molecules in the ionization chamber of a mass spectrometer. The fragments of a molecule cause a unique pattern in the mass spectrum.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Fragmentation of important functional group- Alkane and corbonyl compounds
1. FRAGMENTATION OF
IMPORTANT FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS –
ALKANES
AND
CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
PREPARED BY
PRAVIN Y. PATIL
FIRST YEAR M. PHARM
(PHARMACEUTICS)
MODERN ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
PARUL INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY,LIMDA.
1
3. TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction.
Fragmentation process.
Fragmentation patterns and fragmentation characteristic
relation to parent structure and functional groups.
Alkane and it’s example.
Carbonyl compounds and it’s example.
References.
3
4. INTRODUCTION
An extremely useful result of Electron Impact ionization
in particular is a phenomenon known as fragmentation.
The radical cation that is produced when an electron is
knocked out of a neutral closed-shell molecule in
Electron Impact MS initially possesses a lots of energy.
4
5. CONTI…
Energy sufficient to break chemical bonds, radical cation
will usually break into a neutral radical and a cation. It
is also possible for a neutral closed shell fragment (such
as water) to fall off.
Peaks with smaller m/z values called fragment ion peaks
represent positively charged fragments of the molecule.
5
6. BACKGROUND
Mass spectrometry uses high energy electrons to
break a molecule into fragments.
Separation and analysis of the fragments provides
information about:
Molecular weight.
Structure.
6
7. CONTI………
The impact of a stream of high energy electrons
causes the molecule to lose an electron forming a
radical cation.
A species with a positive charge and one unpaired
electron.
+ e
-
C H
H
H
H H
H
H
HC + 2 e
-
Molecular ion (M+)
m/z = 16 7
8. CONTI…….
The impact of the stream of high energy electrons
can also break the molecule or the radical cation
into fragments.
8
9. FRAGMENTATION PROCESS
Bombardment of molecules by an electron beam with
energy between 10-15ev usually results in the ionization of
molecules by removal of one electron (Molecular ion
formation).
When the energy of electron beam is increased between
50-70ev, these molecular ions acquire a high excitation
resulting in their break down into various fragments. This
process is called “Fragmentation process”.
9
11. FRAGMENTATION
PATTERNS
The impact of the stream of high energy electrons
often breaks the molecule into fragments,
commonly a cation and a radical.
Bonds break to give the most stable cation.
Stability of the radical is less important.
11
12. SATURATED
HYDROCARBONS
STRAIGHT CHAIN COMPOUNDS:
Following are the features of the mass spectra of Alkanes.
The relative height of the parent peak decreases as the
molecular mass increases in the homologous series.
The Molecular ion peak (although weak) is normally present.
The spectra generally consist of clusters of peaks separated by
14 mass units corresponding to differences of CH2 groups.
12
13. CONTI….…
The largest peak in each cluster represents CnH2n+1
fragment. This is accompanied by CnH2n and CnH2n-1
fragment corresponding to the loss of one and two H
atoms respectively.
13
14. CONTI…….
BRANCHED CHAIN HYDROCARBONS:
Greater the branching in Alkanes less is the appearance
of the molecular ion and if it appears, intensity will be
low.
Bond cleavage takes place preferably at the site of
branching. Due to such cleavage, more stable secondary
or tertiary carbonium ions results.
14
15. CONTI…….
Generally, largest substituent at a branch is
eliminated readily as a radical. The radical achieves
stability by the de-localization of lone electron.
Greater number of fragments results from the
branched chain compound compared to the straight
compound. This is due to greater pathways available
for cleavage.
15
16. ALKANES
The general rules for alkane are as follows:
The relative height of the Molecular ion peak is greatest for
straight chain molecules and decreases as the branching
increases.
The relative height of the Molecular ion peak decreases with
chain length for a homologous series.
Cleavage is favoured at alkyl-substituted carbons, with the
probability of cleavage increasing as the substitution
increases. 16
17. CONTI…
Fragmentation often splits off simple alkyl groups:
Loss of methyl M+ - 15
Loss of ethyl M+ - 29
Loss of propyl M+ - 43
Loss of butyl M+ - 57
Branched alkanes tend to fragment forming the most
stable carbocations.
17
20. CONTI…….
The compound contains a chlorine, because M+2
peak is 1/3 the height of the molecular ion peak.
The base peak at m/z = 43 results from heterolytic
cleavage of the C–Cl bond.
The peaks at m/z = 63 and m/z = 65 have a 3:1
ratio, indicating the presence of a chlorine atom.
20
21. CONTI…….
A cleavage results from the homolytic cleavage of a C–C bond at
the α carbon.
21
22. PENTANE
The base peak of 43 in the mass spectrum of pentane indicates the
preference for C-2 to C-3 fragmentation.
22
23. CONTI…….
To identify fragment ions in a spectrum, determine the
difference between the m/z value of a given fragment ion
and that of the molecular ion.
Carbocations can undergo further fragmentation.
23
27. McLAFFERTY
REARRANGEMENT
Fragmentation due to rearrangement of Molecular
or Parent ion: Here cleavage of bonds in
Molecular ion is due to the intramolecular atomic
rearrangement.
This leads to fragmentation whose origin cannot
be described by simple cleavage of bonds.
When fragments are accompanied by bond
formation as well as bond for breaking, a
rearrangement process is said to have occurred.
27
28. CONTI…
Such rearrangement involves the transfer of hydrogen
from one part of the molecular ion to another via
preferably, a six-membered cyclic transition state.
This process is favoured energetically because as many
bonds are formed as are broken.
Compounds containing hydrogen atom at position
gamma to carbonyl group have been found to a relative
intense peak. 28
29. CONTI…
This is probably due to rearrangement and fragmentation
is accompanied by the loss of neutral molecule. This
rearrangement is known as McLafferty rearrangement.
The rearrangement results in the formation of charged
enols and a neutral olefins.
29
30. CONTI…
To undergo McLafferty rearrangement, a molecule must
posses.
1. An appropriately located heteroatom (Ex. Oxygen).
2. A double bond.
3. An abstractable Hydrogen atom which is γ (gamma)
to C=O system.
30
31. ALDEHYDES
The Molecular ion peak of aliphatic Aldehydes is weak.
Aromatic Aldehydes shows moderate intense peak.
R-CH=O+ R-C≡O+ + H+
Characteristic feature of Aldehyde (especially Aromatic Aldehyde)
is loss of α hydrogen.
Second common feature of Aliphatic Aldehyde is β cleavage.
For ex, Aldehyde with CH2-CHO end group gives rise to
characteristic M-43 peaks. 31
33. KETONES
Molecular ion peaks are more intense than Aldehyde.
Most of the abundant ions in the mass spectra of
Ketones can be accounted by α cleavage and
McLafferty rearrangement.
Strong molecular ion peak.
Formation of acylium ion (RCO+).
33
35. ESTERS
Weak Molecular ion peak but generally observable.
Loss of alkyl group attached to the carbonyl group
by α cleavage.
Formation of acylium ion (RCO+).
McLafferty rearrangement.
Acyl portion of ester is OR+.
Methyl esters: M-31 due to loss of OCH3.
Highly esters: M-32, M-45, M-46, M-59, M-60,
M-73 etc.
35
37. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
ALIPHATIC CARBOXYLIC ACID:
Weak Molecular ion peak but observable.
A cleavage on either side of C=O.
M-17 due to loss of –OH.
M-45 due to loss of –COOH.
McLafferty rearrangement gives base weak.
37
39. CONTI…….
AROMATIC CARBOXYLIC ACIDS:
Strong Molecular ion peak.
A cleavage on either side of C=O.
M-17 due to loss of –OH.
M-18 due to loss of HOH.
M-45 due to loss of –COOH.
McLafferty rearrangement gives base peak.
39