This document discusses 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy techniques. It defines 1D and 2D NMR, and describes their principles and applications. Key types of 1D NMR techniques discussed include regular, decoupled, and gated decoupling NMR. 2D NMR techniques covered include COSY, NOESY, HSQC, and HMBC. Examples are provided to illustrate how these techniques can be used to analyze molecular structure.
Two dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2D NMR) refers to a set of multi pulse techniques which were introduced to overcome the complex spectra obtained with NMR.
It is a set of NMR methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one.
MASS SPECTROSCOPY ( Molecular ion, Base peak, Isotopic abundance, Metastable ...Sachin Kale
CONTENT:
Molecular Ion Peak
Significance of Molecular ion & Graphically Method
Base Peak
Isotopic Abundance
Metastable Ion
Significance of Metastable ion
Nitrogen Rule & graphs
Formulation of Rule
NMR stands for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. It is a scientific technique used to study the structure, composition, and dynamics of molecules. In NMR spectroscopy, a sample is placed in a strong magnetic field and subjected to radiofrequency radiation. The atomic nuclei in the sample, particularly those with a nonzero spin, absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiation at specific frequencies. By measuring the frequencies at which the nuclei resonate, valuable information about the chemical environment and connectivity of the atoms in the molecule can be obtained. It is a powerful tool for chemists and other scientists working in fields related to molecular analysis and characterization.
Similarities and differences between 1D and 2D NMR techniques are broadly illustrated here:
Two dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2D NMR) refers to a set of multi pulse techniques which were introduced to overcome the complex spectra obtained with NMR.
It is a set of NMR methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one.
MASS SPECTROSCOPY ( Molecular ion, Base peak, Isotopic abundance, Metastable ...Sachin Kale
CONTENT:
Molecular Ion Peak
Significance of Molecular ion & Graphically Method
Base Peak
Isotopic Abundance
Metastable Ion
Significance of Metastable ion
Nitrogen Rule & graphs
Formulation of Rule
NMR stands for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. It is a scientific technique used to study the structure, composition, and dynamics of molecules. In NMR spectroscopy, a sample is placed in a strong magnetic field and subjected to radiofrequency radiation. The atomic nuclei in the sample, particularly those with a nonzero spin, absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiation at specific frequencies. By measuring the frequencies at which the nuclei resonate, valuable information about the chemical environment and connectivity of the atoms in the molecule can be obtained. It is a powerful tool for chemists and other scientists working in fields related to molecular analysis and characterization.
Similarities and differences between 1D and 2D NMR techniques are broadly illustrated here:
Ion exclusion chromatography is a technique,introduced by Wheaton and Bauman, used to separate ionic compounds from non-ionic compounds and to separate mixtures of acids.
Ion exclusion chromatography is a technique,introduced by Wheaton and Bauman, used to separate ionic compounds from non-ionic compounds and to separate mixtures of acids.
NMR, principle, chemical shift , valu,13 C, applicationTripura University
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong, constant magnetic field are perturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field [1]) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus. This process occurs near resonance, when the oscillation frequency matches the intrinsic frequency of the nuclei, which depends on the strength of the static magnetic field, the chemical environment, and the magnetic properties of the isotope involved; in practical applications with static magnetic fields up to ca. 20 tesla, the frequency is similar to VHF and UHF television broadcasts (60–1000 MHz). NMR results from the specific magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is widely used to determine the structure of organic molecules in solution and study molecular physics and crystals as well as non-crystalline materials. NMR is also routinely used in advanced medical imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The original application of NMR to condensed matter physics is nowadays mostly devoted to strongly correlated electron systems. It reveals large many-body couplings by fast broadband detection, and it should not be confused with solid-state NMR, which aims at removing the effect of the same couplings by magic angle spinning techniques.
Theory of NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance, instrumentation, solvents, chemical shift, photon NMR, spin coupling, coupling constant and applications.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
NMR - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).pptxmuskaangandhi1
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the study of molecules by recording the interaction of radiofrequency (Rf) electromagnetic radiations with the nuclei of molecules placed in a strong magnetic field.
It is concerned with absorption of certain amount of energy
by spinning nuclei in a magnetic field when irradiated with
radiofrequency radiation (RFR) of equivalent energy.
NMR gives the information about the number and configuration of
magnetically active atoms, like positions of different types
of Hydrogen over the C- skeleton of an organic molecule.
Absorption of RFR occurs when the nucleus undergoes
transition from one alignment in the applied magnetic field
to the opposite alignment, i.e. from parallel (ground state)
orientation to anti-parallel (excited state) orientation.
When the frequency of the oscillating electric field of the
incoming RFR just matches the frequency of the electric field
generated by the precising nucleus, then the 2 fields can
couple, and the energy can be transferred from the
incoming radiation to the nucleus, thus causing a spin change
(clock-wise to anti-clock-wise).
This condition is called "resonance", and the nucleus is said to
have resonance with the incoming electromagnetic wave
(RFR).
In NMR technique, the frequency of the RFR is kept constant
(60MHz) and the strength of magnetic field is varied.
At certain value of the applied field strength, depending
upon the nature of proton or nucleus, the energy required to
flip the proton matches the energy of radiation.
As a result, absorption takes place and a signal is observed
in the spectrum. Such a signal or peak is called an NMR
Spectrum.
NMR spectrum is graphical plot of relative intensity
(Y axis) and the δ value (x axis).
The nucleus of a hydrogen atom (proton) behaves as a spinning bar magnet because it possesses both electric and magnetic spin.
Like any other spinning charged body, the nucleus of hydrogen atom also generates a magnetic field.
Nuclear magnetic resonance Involves the interaction between an oscillating magnetic field of electromagnetic radiation and the magnetic energy of the hydrogen nucleus or some other type of nuclei when these are placed in an external static magnetic field.
The sample absorbs electromagnetic radiations in radio wave region at different frequencies since absorption depends upon the type of protons or certain nuclei contained in the sample)
Consider a spinning top. It also performs a slower waltz like motion,
in which the spinning axis of the top moves slowly around
the vertical.
This is processional motion & the top is said to be processing around the vertical axis of earth's gravitational field.
The precession arises from the interaction of spin with earth's gravity acting vertically downwards.
It is called Gyroscopic motion.
Proton will be showing processional motion due to interaction of Spin &
Gravitational force of Earth
Explaining all the difficult concepts with precise and accurate points, 3D models, animations and smart art graphics.
Principle
The NMR phenomenon
Theory
Precessional frequency (ν)
Chemical shift
Spin-spin interactions
Interpretation of NMR
Chemical shift (δ)
Multiplicity of the signal
Coupling constant
Instrumentation
Fourier NMR
Continuous wave NMR
Applications
Identification testing
Assay of drugs
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy, is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
3. It is a type of spectroscopy where the energy
states of spin-active nucleus placed in a
static magnetic field are interogated by
inducing transitions between the states via
radiofrequency irradiation.
Contain sequence of radio frequency pulses.
Plot-Chemical shift vs radiofrequency.
Includes regular H-proton spectrum, C-13
spectra.
4. PRINCIPLE
Consist of 2 sections
#Preparation
#Detection
PREPARATION-A 90 ͦ pulse is applied which
rotates the equilibrium magnetization along
Z axis to Y axis
5. This induces a signal in receiver coil.
The signal decays due to T2 relaxation & is
called as FREE INDUCTION DECAY(FID)
FOURIER TRANSFORMATION to get final 1D
spectrum.
6. TYPES
REGULAR
Sample reaches equilibrium.
RF signal is transmitted.
Signal is evolved(FID)
Fourier transformation
Final spectra is obtained
7. DECOUPLED
Heteronuclear coupling from another nucleus
with magnetic spin causes the signal to split
& sensitivity to fall.
Apply decoupling is necessary.
GATED DECOUPLING
Apply decoupling during relaxation time.
8. OTHER METHODS OF DECOUPLING,
-Off resonance
-Solvent suppression
-Deuterium substitution
Nuclear overhauser effect
The local field of one nucleus is
affected by another nucleus.
Causes reduction in intensity
of signal.
9. 1D NMR SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
Contain following information for analysis,
#Chemical shift
#Spin-Spin coupling
#Intensity
INTERPRETATION OF H-NMR
No:of signals-Indicates how many different
kinds of protons are present.
Position of signals: Chemical shift.
Intensity of signals: No:of protons.
Splitting of signals: No:of nearby nuclei
usually protons.
12. DEFINITION
It gives data plotted in space defined by 2
frequency axes rather than one.
13. PRINCIPLE
A 90 ͦ pulse is provided to sample & then
depending upon the type again a 90 ͦ pulse
is provided & this time, signal FID is
measured.
15. TYPES
# HOMONUCLEAR THROUGH-BOND
CORRELATION METHODS
*COSY *ECOSY *TOCSY *INADEQUATE
# HOMONUCLEAR THROUGH BOND-
CORRELATION METHODS
*HSQC *HMBC *HETCOR
# THROUGH SPACE CORRELATION METHODS
*NOESY *ROESY
16. HOMONUCLEAR
2 Frequency is provided to same nuclei in
sample.
COSY
Used to identify spins which are coupled to
each other.
2 axes are proton chemical shift.
Consist of 2 types of peaks
* Diagonal peaks
* Cross peaks
Diagonal peak-Corresponds to normal 1D
spectrum.
Cross peak-Spin-Spin coupling.
17. Cross peaks appears in matched positions in
the diagonal peaks.
TYPES
A)NORMAL COSY PULSE SEQUENCE
22. THROUGH SPACE CORRELATION METHODS
NUCLEAR OVER-HAUSER EFFECT
SPECTROSCOPY(NOESY)
Developed to observe NOE in 2D
spectroscopy.
Useful in structural elucidation.
Fig : Pulse in NOESY
25. REFERENCES
Spectrophotometric identification of organic
compounds by Silverstein, Barsler and Morril.
Fifth edition;227-267.
Instrumental methods of chemical analysis by
Gurdeep.R.Chatwal and Sham.k.Anand.
Himalaya publishing house:4.73-5.63
1D and 2D NMR experiment methods by
Dr.Shaoxiong.Wu : April 14:2011
